Table of Contents

Amakomiti esigebengu asebenza njengesisekelo senqubo yemithetho eUnited States Congress, esebenza njengamaqembu akhethekile ahlola, acwengisisa, futhi akha umthetho ohlongozwayo ngaphambi kokuba afike esitezini esigcwele seSigele. Lamakomiti asebenzisa ithonya elikhulu ngokuthi izindleko ziqhubekele kanjani futhi ekugcineni iziphi izakhamuzi zaseMelika. Ukuqonda isakhiwo, umsebenzi, namandla amakomiti eSishaya - mthetho kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kokuthi imithetho kahulumeni yakhiwe, ihlelwe kanjani, futhi ihlelwe kanjani.

Yini Amakomiti Esigele Abalulekile Futhi Kungani Ebalulekile?

AmaKomiti abalulekile ekusebenzeni okuphumelelayo kweSigele, ukuqoqa ukwaziswa ngezinkinga zesizwe nezizwe ngegunya laso ngokuhlola nokulalela ukuze kukhishwe umthetho, kucatshangelwe, futhi kutuswe ukuba amalungu aphelele eSigele. Ngaphandle kwamakomiti, iSigele singanqotshwa umthamo omkhulu weziphakamiso zomthetho oqala isimiso ngasinye.

Phakathi neminyaka emibili yoKhalantekoste izinkulungwane zemali kanye nezinqumo kubhekiselwa kumakomiti eNkampane. Lomsebenzi omkhulu udinga ukuba abasizi bathuthukise izinhlangano zobuchwepheshe ezingokwezimiso ezithile. Amalungu amakomiti asiza amalungu ukuba athuthukise ulwazi olukhethekile lwezindaba ezingaphansi kwegunya lawo, aqaphele izinhlelo zikahulumeni eziqhubekayo, aqaphele izindaba ezifanele ukubukezwa komthetho, aqoqe futhi ahlole ukwaziswa, futhi atusa izifundo zokuthatha isinyathelo eSigele.

Isimiso sekomiti sifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi ngaphandle kokubukeza umthetho. AmaKomiti ahlola izikhundla zomongameli zomphathi nokwahlulela futhi anikeze ukuqondisa kwemisebenzi kahulumeni kahulumeni. Le nkonzo yokuqondisa iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu imiswa ngokufanele yizinhlangano eziphethe futhi izinhlelo zikahulumeni zihlala zinesibopho egatsheni lomthetho.

Ukwakhiwa KwamaKomiti Esigele

Ukumiswa KweKomiti Yamanje

ISigele njengamanje siyikhaya lamakomiti angu-24: kunamakomiti amile ayi-16, amakomiti amane akhethekile noma akhethayo, namakomiti amane ahlangene. lesi sakhiwo siye savela ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka ukuze sihlangabezane nezidingo ezishintshayo zesizwe kanye nobunkimbinkimbi obukhulayo bokubusa kukahulumeni.

Isihlalo sekomiti ngayinye kanye neningi lamalungu ayo simelela iqembu elikhulu, lihlela uhlelo lwezinqumo zebhizinisi lekomiti. Lokhu kunikeza iningi ukulawula okuphawulekayo kokuthi yiziphi izindaba ezinakwayo naziphi izikweleti eziqhubekela phambili. Izihlalo zamakomiti zinethonya elikhulu kulenqubo.

Inqubo Yesabelo Sekomiti

ISigele simisa amakomiti ekuqaleni kweSishaya - mthetho ngasinye esineminyaka emibili ukuze siphathise amalungu aso umsebenzi futhi sithuthukise amakhono aso, sinikeze uSenator ithuba lokusebenza nozakwabo ezicini ezithile zezimiso, sithuthukise futhi sicabangele umthetho, futhi siphathe izindaba ezithakazelisayo zesizwe, nezinqumo zezabelo eziqhutshwa ngokuyinhloko amaqembu ngokwawo.

ISishaya - mthetho ngasinye, iSigele simisa amalungu aso emakomitini ngemihlangano yenhlangano yeqembu elandela ukhetho nangaphambi kokuqala kweSishaya - mthetho esilandelayo, lapho kuhlongozwa khona futhi kuvunyelwa khona ukuba amakomiti athathwe futhi avunyelwe khona ngokomthetho eSigeqeni ngokwamukela izinqumo ezilula ezinikezwayo ngenxa yengqungquthela yeqembu ngalinye.

Imingcele Yezindlela Zekomiti Nenkonzo

Amakomiti eNkathi yeSigele ahlukaniswa, ngokwenani elikhulu, ngokwezigaba ezintathu: Isigaba A, isigaba B, nesigaba C, namaSenator ngamanye ngokuvamile alinganiselwe ekukhonzeni amakomiti amabili A nekomiti eyodwa yesigaba B. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi izabelo zamakomiti zabelwe ngisho naphakathi kwezigelekeqe futhi sivimbela noma yimuphi umsizi oyedwa ekungeniseni amandla amakomiti amaningi kakhulu.

Zombili i-Democratic and Republican Conferences zihlukanisa amakomiti athile "A" njenge "Super A" noma amakomiti akhethekile, ngokuvamile ehlela ama-Sunator ukuba akhonze kwelinye lala komiti ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lamakomiti akhethekile avame ukuhlanganisa amabhodi anamandla kakhulu anjenge Appropriations, izimali, neNkonzo yezikhali.

Izinhlobo zamaKomiti Esigele

Amakomiti Amile

Amakomiti amile ayizindikimba ezihlala njalo ezinemithwalo yemfanelo nemithetho ethile echazwe emithethweni yeSigele. Lamakomiti asingatha umsebenzi omkhulu womthetho futhi anezindawo ezicacile zezimiso. Amakomiti amile ngokuvamile anemithetho elawulayo.

Amakomiti angu-16 amile ahlanganisa izindawo eziningi zezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti yeSishayamthetho yokuHlanza inomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa izimali zikahulumeni ngaphambi kwezindleko zomcebo. IKomiti yeSishaya-mthetho yezezimali ilawula ukumiswa kwemithetho yezezimali ezindabeni eziphathelene nentela, izikweletu, amasiko, ukuhwebela kwamanye amazwe, nezinhlelo zempilo ngaphansi kwe-Social Security Act enjenge-Medicare.

Nakuba amanye amakomiti edala cishe njengaleyo iSigele ngokwaso, iSigele sishintsha njalo amagama nezimiso zamakomiti amile ukuze sixazulule izindaba zezwe elishintshayo.

Khetha Amakomiti Akhethekile

Amakomiti amane akhethekile noma akhethiwe asungulwa ekuqaleni isinqumo seSigele sezinjongo ezithile futhi manje abhekwa njengahlala njalo.Naphezu kokuthi aye engokwesikhashana ekuqaleni, la makomiti aye abonakala ewusizo ngokwanele ukuba agcinwe ekhona.

AmaKomiti akhethekile noma aKhethayo amiswa ekuqaleni yiSigele isikhathi esilinganiselwe ukuze senze ukuhlolwa okuthile noma uphenyo, futhi la makomiti angase anikwe noma ancishwe igunya lokubika umthetho eSigeqeni. Ukukhetha namakomiti ahlangene ngokuvamile kusingatha imithwalo yemfanelo yokunakekela indlu.

Esinye isibonelo iSigele Esikhethekile seKomiti Yokuguga, esiqhubeka sihlola izindaba ezihlobene nempilo, iholo, indlela yokuphila, nezinye.

AmaKomiti Ahlangene

Amakomiti amane ahlangene, akhiwa abameleli nabameleli, anikeza ukubambisana kokuqondisa phakathi kweNdlu yendlu neSigele nokuhlola ukuzuzisa zombili lezi zindlu.

AmaKomiti ahlangene ahlanganisa amalungu azo zombili izindlu zoMkhandlu, ngokuvamile amiswe ngemithetho elinganiselwe futhi ngokuvamile antula igunya lokubika umthetho, njengoba ngokuvamile isihlalo sishintshanisa amalungu eSishaya - mthetho ngasinye esivela eMzini neSigeqe.

Namuhla amakomiti ahlala njalo aqhuba izifundo noma enze imisebenzi yokulungisa indlu kunokuba acabangele izinyathelo, neKomiti ePhakathi yokunyathelisa yengamela imisebenzi ye-Hulumeni Ekhipha Amaphepha nezimiso ezivamile zokunyathelisa zikahulumeni kahulumeni.

AmaKomiti Engqungquthela

Ikomiti yengqungquthela iyikomiti yesikhashana ehlangene ukuze ixazulule ukungezwani phakathi kwezinguqulo zeNdlu encintisanayo neSigeqe zesilinganiso esithile, ukuvumelana phakathi kwezikhundla zamagumbi amabili, abe esebekwa eMzini ogcwele naseSikhungweni seNdlu. La makomiti afeza indima ebalulekile ezigabeni zokugcina zenqubo yomthetho lapho amagumbi amabili edlulise izinguqulo ezihlukene zomthetho ofanayo.

Indlela Amakomiti Esigele Asebenza Ngayo

Inqubo Yokubukeza Imithetho

Lapho kukhishwa isikweleti eSigele, ngokushesha kubhekiselwa ekomitini elifanele elisekelwe endabeni yaso. AmaBhili ethunywe kuleyoNkathi ngokushesha abhekiselwa emakomitini amile ukuze ahlolwe okokuqala, amakomiti amile ehola ekunqumeni ukuthi imuphi umthetho iSigele esizowucabangela.

Ikomiti isebenza ukuze ifeze isilinganiso ngokulungisa isigwebo noma isinqumo, futhi lapho lololimi seluvunyelwe, ikomiti ithumela lesisilinganiso esiphethweni esigcwele, ngokuvamile inikeza umbiko ochaza injongo yesilinganiso. Lombiko wekomiti uba umthombo obalulekile wokuqonda injongo esekelwe ekwakheni umthetho futhi ungathonya indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo umthetho emacaleni azayo.

Ingxenye encane kuphela yezikweletu ezicatshangelwa amakomiti efika phansi eSigele. Lomsebenzi wokugcina amasango usho ukuthi amakomiti anamandla amakhulu okunquma ukuthi iziphi iziphakamiso ezithathwa ngokungathi sína futhi yiziphi ezifa ekomitini ngaphandle kokufinyelela ivoti yeSigele esigcwele.

Izindaba Zekomiti

Ukuqulwa kwamacala kungomunye wemisebenzi ebonakala kakhulu nebalulekile yamakomiti eNkampane. Amakomiti eNkampane avame ukumema ofakazi bawo abahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namalungu oKhokhandlu, izikhulu zekhabethe nezinye izikhulu zezisebenzi, abameleli bezinhlangano zezebhizinisi nezezisebenzi, nabanye ofakazi abangochwepheshe. Lokhu kuqulwa kufeza izinjongo eziningi: ukuqoqa ukwaziswa, ukwakha umlando wasobala, ukunikeza amalungu amakomiti ithuba lokunikeza izigxobo ithuba lokuveza imibono yabo.

Izindawo eziningi zokuqulwa kwezindaba nezinhlelo zokubhalisa zivame ukuvulelwa umphakathi, nakuba ngokuvamile kungavamile, ukuze kuxoxwe ngezindaba zokulondeka kwesizwe, ikomiti izohlangana ngemuva kweminyango evaliwe. Lokhu kuvumela izakhamuzi, izintatheli, namaqembu anegunya ukuba abheke inqubo yezomthetho futhi abameleli bazo balandise.

Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindlebe zifeza izinjongo ezihlukene. Izingqungquthela ziye zaqondisa igatsha eliphethe igatsha ngokuqondiswe ngokuqondile, ukubukezwa, ukuqashwa, nokuqondisa ukumiswa komthetho / ngokubekwa kwecala njengendlela eyodwa ikomiti engayisebenzisa ekuhloleni lokhu. Ikhambi lokuhlola lihlukile kunokuzwa kwemithetho noma ukuqulwa komthetho kuhilela ukumangalelwa kokungalungisi.

Amakomiti eNgqungquthela anegunya lokubeka icala ngezikhulu zikamongameli nakwezokwahlulela ezikhundleni eziphethe, njengoba uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSigele amandla "emvumeni nasemvumeni" ekuhlolweni komongameli. Lokhu kugunyazwa kungaphikisana kakhulu, ikakhulukazi eNkantolo Ephakeme.

Inqubo Yokuphawula

Ekuqedweni kwenqubo yokuqulwa kwecala, amakomiti "aphawula" izindleko ezihlobene, ngokuvamile elungiselela isikweleti esiqinisiwe noma esihlangeneyo."Phakathi nezikhathi zokubhalisa, amalungu amakomiti aphikisana ngamalungiselelo omthetho, ukunikeza izinguquko, nokuvota. Yilapho umsebenzi oningiliziwe wokwenza umthetho, lapho amalungu ekomiti exoxa ngokuhlehliswa nokucwengisiswa kolimi.

Le nqubo yokunyusa ivumela amalungu ekomiti ukuba amise umthetho ngokwezimiso zawo nokwaziswa okuqoqwe phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala. Izigwebo zingasukela ekulungiseni izinto ezincane zobuchwepheshe kuya ezinguqulweni ezinkulu eziguqula injongo eyisisekelo yemali noma izinga layo.

Izivumelwano Ezingaphansi

Ikomiti engaphansi isingatha izingxenye ezithile zemithetho ngaphansi kwekomiti ephelele, kuyilapho amakomiti akhethiwe namalungu ahlangene ngokuvamile enikeza ukuqondisa noma ukusingatha imithwalo yemfanelo yokugcinwa kwezindlu. Ikomiti ezingaphansi zivumela ukuba kwenziwe umehluko omkhulu futhi yenza amakomiti akwazi ukusingatha izindaba eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Izinhlangano ezingaphansi kungase kube nendima ebalulekile enqubweni yomthetho, amanye amakomiti enza izibopho ezizimele ezinezisebenzi ezilinganayo nezingasetshenziswa ezivame ukubhekisela ezindikimbeni ezincane ukuze zihlolwe kuqala futhi zivumele izibopho ezincane ukuba zihole ezindabeni eziphoqelelayo, izinyathelo zokuhlela nemibiko, futhi zibambe izimemezelo nokuphawula, kuyilapho kwamanye amakomiti, umsebenzi omningi wenziwa amakomiti agcwele.

Amandla Nethonya Lobuholi Bekomiti

Izihlalo ZaseKomitini

Isihlalo sekomiti sinamandla angavamile phezu kwemisebenzi yekomiti nakweziqeshana. Isihlalo sekomiti ngayinye kanye neningi lamalungu ayo simelela iqembu elikhulu, limise uhlelo lwebhizinisi lekomiti. Lamandla ahlela uhlelo avumela izihlalo ukuba zihlele izikweleti ezithile phezu kwabanye, zihlele ukuzwa ngezihloko ezizibheka njengezibalulekile, futhi ngokuphumelelayo zivimbela umthetho omelene nokwenqaba ukuwuhlela ukuze zihlolwe.

Ithonya lekomiti linganwebeka kuyo yonke inqubo yomthetho wokushaya umthetho, kubekwe izikweleti emthethweni, nelungu lekomiti, ngokuvamile isihlalo, lifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqondiseni ukucupha kweSigele esigcwele. Isihlalo ngokuvamile sisebenza njengomphathi wesitezi lapho umthetho wekomiti uphikiswana iSigele esigcwele, uvikela isikweleti kanye nabanye abasizi be-senet ukuze sivikele indlela yaso.

Amalungu ekomiti ayomiswa njengezibopho zokuhlanganisa isigebengu sencwadi yemvume edluliswa yiNdlu yabameleli. Lokhu kunikeza amalungu ekomiti, ikakhulukazi isihlalo, ithonya eliqhubekayo ngisho nangemva kokuba iSigele sesidlulise umthetho.

Amalungu Alwayo

Wonke amakomiti abekwa isihlalo yilungu leqembu elikhulu, nakuba izihlalo zivame ukusebenza eduze nelungu eliphezulu lekomiti, ilungu elikhulu kunawo wonke leqembu elincane ekomitini. Ilungu eliphethe lisebenza njengomholi weqembu elincane ekomitini futhi lingathonya ngokuphawulekayo umsebenzi wekomiti ngokuxoxisana nangokubambisana nesihlalo.

Ngokwesiko, amakomiti amaningi asebenza ngesisekelo sebhipartishani, ephethe izihlalo kanye namalungu aphezulu asebenza ndawonye ukuze athuthukise umthetho ongadonsa ukusekela kuwo womabili amaqembu. Lokhu kubambisana kuvame kakhulu emakomitini asingatha izindaba zokungahlukanisi abantu abaningi noma lapho ekhuluma ngezinto eziphuthumayo zesizwe.

Imingcele Yemithetho Yokuhola Kwamakomiti

I-Republican Conference ilinganisela inkonzo njengesihlalo noma ilungu elisesikhundleni esiphezulu lekomiti kumagama amathathu (noma iminyaka eyisithupha). Lomthetho, osebenza kumaRepublic kuphela, uklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukunqwabelana kwamandla amaningi kakhulu ezandleni zezihlalo ezinde ezihamba phambili futhi wenze amathuba amanye amalungu ukuba athathe izikhundla zobuholi.

Nokho, imithetho yeqembu laseRepublica igcizelela ukuthi ukuhola kwabo amakomiti amile kungase kungasebenzi amagama angaphezulu kwamathathu (iminyaka emibili inye) njengesihlalo noma njengelungu elisesikhundleni esiphakeme, ngaphandle kokuba umhlangano ogcwele ubanike umqaphi wokwenza kanjalo.

AmaKomiti Amile ESigele Ayinhloko Nezinsolo Zawo

IKomiti Yokunikeza Izinkulumo

IKomiti yeSigele ye-Appropria inomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa izimali zikahulumeni ngaphambi kwezindleko zomnikelo. Lekomiti ingenye yezinamandla kakhulu eSigeqeni ngoba ilawula izintambo zezikhwama zikahulumeni. Minyaka yonke, iKomiti yokuphanga kumelwe idlulise izikweleti zokukhokhela ukuqoqa izimali kuhulumeni, iyinika cishe zonke izici zesimiso sikahulumeni.

IKomiti Yezimali

I-Scount Committee on Sabian on Sabin (Ikomiti yezezimali) inemithetho elawula intela, izikweletu, amasiko, ukuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe, nezinhlelo zezempilo ezingaphansi kwe-Social Security Act enjenge-Medicare. Le komiti iphatha omunye wemithetho elandela impela ethinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwabantu baseMelika, kusukela kwemithetho yentela kuya ezinhlelweni zokunakekela impilo ezisiza izigidi zabazuzayo.

IKomiti Yezinkonzo Ezihlomile

ISigele seKomiti yeSishaya-mthetho yeZinkonzo ze-Admining siphethe umthetho kwezempi nakuvikelwa. Le komiti yengamela uMnyango Wezokuvikela, imisebenzi yezempi, nesimiso sokulondeka sesizwe. Sinendima ebalulekile ekugunyazeni ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yokuzivikela nasekulolongeni isimiso sezempi.

IKomiti Yobuhlobo Bakwamanye Amazwe

ISigele seKomiti yoMasipala e-Inforeign Relations samiswa ngo-1816 njengenye yamakomiti ayishumi amile eSigele. Le komiti engokomlando ibusa phezu kwemithetho yakwamanye amazwe, ubudlelwane bomhlaba wonke, nezivumelwano. Indima yomthetho ngokomthetho weSigele ekuvumeni inikeza lekomiti ukubaluleka okukhethekile ekulolongeniseni ubuhlobo baseMelika nezinye izizwe.

IKomiti Yommeleli

IKomiti yamaJadi iphatha umthetho ophathelene nezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ukulungisa umthetho-mthetho-mthetho, umthetho wobugebengu, ukufuduka, nenkululeko yomphakathi. Lekomiti futhi iphatha imvume yamajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, iyenza ibe elinye lamakomiti abonakalayo kakhulu phakathi nezimpi zokunqanda amakhosi.

Impilo, Imfundo, Izisebenzi, Nezintambo (HELP) Komiti

ISigele seKomiti yezempilo, yemfundo, yezisebenzi, neyamaPhoyisa siphethe izinhlangano eziningi, izikhungo, nezinhlelo zoMnyango Wempilo Nezinkonzo Zobuntu. Le komiti ikhuluma ngezindaba ezithinta izigidi zabantu baseMelika ngokuqondile, kusukela esimisweni semfundo kuya emsebenzini kuya ezimisweni zezempilo zomphakathi kuya eziqondisweni zezempilo zomphakathi.

Indlela Amakomiti Athonya Ngayo Umthetho Nomthetho

Umsebenzi Wokugcina Amasango

AmaKomiti asebenza njengabagcini bamasango abanquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweletu ezicatshangelwa ngokungathi sína nokuthi yiziphi ezingakaze zithathwe ngaphambili. Amakomiti anquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti nezinqumo eziqhubekela phambili ekuhlolweni yindlu noma iSigele sisonke.

Ngezikhathi ezithile, amalungu ngamanye afuna ukudlulisa amakomiti ngokulahla ikomiti yesilinganiso, kanjalo agcine umthetho phansi ucatshangelwa iSigele esigcwele, noma angagwema amakomiti angaba nobutha ngokunikela zonke izikweleti njengezingalungiswa kwezinye izikweleti ngesikhathi zicatshangelwa, kodwa ezimweni eziningi, amalungu asebenza ngesimiso samakomiti ukuze kudluliswe umthetho.

Ikhono Lokuziphilisa Nokuqamba Okukhethekile

Kuwo womabili la maqembu, iningi lalab ’ onolwazi bezimiso lisezikhungweni ezimisiwe - amakomiti - zinhlangothi ezivame ukuhola ekwakheni nasekuhloleni umthetho, njengoba amalungu avame ukusebenza emakomitini amancane, ngokuvamile iminyaka eminingi, ezivumela ukuba zibe nolwazi olujulile ezindaweni ezithile zezimiso.

Lokhu kuhlelwa okukhethekile kuzuzisa inqubo yomthetho ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izindaba zesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi zihlolwa yizikhulu eziqonda imininingwane yobuchwepheshe kanye nezici eziwusizo. Amalungu amakomiti akha ubuhlobo nochwepheshe, ababambi bezimali, nezikhulu zezinhlangano ezisezindaweni zawo zokubusa, eziwanikeza ithuba lokuthola ukwaziswa nemibono ememezela umsebenzi wawo womthetho.

Ukuphatha Nokulandisa

Amalungu amakomiti nezisebenzi bagxila isikhathi sabo esiningi ekuhleleni nasekucabangeleni iziphakamiso zokushaya umthetho, kodwa amakomiti ahlanganyela nakweminye imisebenzi, ephethe uMkhandlu onelungelo nomthwalo wemfanelo wokunikeza ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso, amakomiti awo ehola kulomzamo, futhi womabili lamakamu anikeza amakomiti awo amandla aphawulekayo nenkululeko yokuqondisa nokuhlola imibuzo yezimiso zomphakathi nemiphumela yawo.

AmaKomiti abuye alawule ukugunyazwa noma ukwenqatshwa komongameli, acabangele izivumelwano nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, aqule amacala futhi aqale ukuhlola ukuthi ukhona owenze isono.

Ukwakha Impikiswano Nokuhlehla

Inqubo yale komiti ivumela amalungu ukuba abhekane nokungezwani emphakathini okuncane kuneSishaya - mthetho, okwenza kube lula ukuthola isisekelo esivumelanayo nemithetho engokomthetho evumelanayo engadonsa ukusekelwa yi - bipartisan.

Phakathi nezikhathi zokubhapathiza, amalungu ekomiti asemalungwini womabili anganikeza izinguquko futhi axoxe ngezinguquko ezisemthethweni. Le nqubo yokulawula ivame ukuphumela ezikweletini ezibonisa ukufakwa kwemiqondo eminingi futhi zibe nethuba elingcono lokudlula iSigele esigcwele.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwesimiso Sekomiti

Ukukhetha Amakomiti Azimele

Isimiso sekomiti yeSigele siye savela ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ngezinsuku zokuqala zombuso. Ngemva kokufika ngezinhloso ezinkulu zomthetho ohlongozwayo, iSigele samisa ikomiti ukuze iguqule lemibono ibe umbhalo wesibhaka-bhuthi okhethekile, namakomiti amaningi akhethiwe kuma1790 amiswe ukuba acabangele izikweleti esezidluliswe yindlu, ezihlanganisa amalungu amathathu ebhizinisi lenqubo evamile namalungu amahlanu ezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi, namalungu akhethwe yi-collet yeSigele esiphelele nelungu elamukela amavoti amaningi amiswe njengesihlalo, futhi lapho ikomiti iphindisele isikhwama sokuqondisa izigwebo eSihlalo esigcwele, ngokuvamile phakathi namasonto athile, ukuthi ikomiti izakuchitheka.

Ukuyiswa esimisweni samakomiti amile kwashintsha ngokuphawulekayo inqubo yomthetho eSigele, nezindleko ezadluliselwa ngokushesha eSigele zabhekisela emakomitini acabangela kuqala kunokuba kuthathwe isivumelwano esiphelele seSigele esifinyelela umthetho futhi sibhalise ikomiti ekhethiwe ukuze iwufeze, ivumela amakomiti amile ukuba ahole ekunqumeni ukuthi imuphi umthetho iSigele esiyowucabangela.

UMthetho Ka - 1946 Wokubuyisela Imithetho

Ukwanda komsebenzi kahulumeni phakathi neGreat Depression neMpi Yezwe II kwaholela kokunye ukulungisa isimiso sekomiti, ngoMthetho ka - 1946 Wemithetho Wehlisa inani lamakomiti kusukela ku - 33 kuya ku - 15, kulinganisela inani lezihlalo ekomitini ngayinye, ukushintsha imibuso, nokwandisa ikhono lamakomiti lokuqondisa izinhlangano eziphethe nokuhlola izindaba ngokunikeza izisebenzi ezingezona ezisezingxenyeni, ezingochwepheshe.

Ngaphambili, amakomiti kwakudingeka athembele ngokuyinhloko ezinhlanganweni zegatsha eziphethe nasemaqenjini okuphatha ukuze athole ukwaziswa okungalawuleki, kodwa anda futhi andisa izisebenzi futhi asiza ekuthuthukiseni ikhono lamakomiti lokuhlola umsebenzi kahulumeni owenzelwa kude nezinkinga ezibucayi zezenhlalo nezomnotho ezibhekene nezwe. Lokhu kumiswa kwezisebenzi zekomiti kwaguqula amakomiti anekhono nazimele kakhulu.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Kwesimiso Sekomiti

I - partisan Polaryation

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ukwanda kokuhlanganiswa kwamaqoqo kuye kwathinta indlela amakomiti asebenza ngayo. Nakuba amakomiti ngokwesiko esebenza njengezindawo zokubambisana nokuhlehla, ukuhlukana okukhulayo kwemibono phakathi kwalamaqembu kuye kwenza kwaba nzima ukuthola isisekelo esifanayo. amavoti ekomiti ancipha kakhulu ezindaweni ezihlangene, futhi amalungu ambalwa angase azizwe engahilelekile enqubweni yemithetho enenjongo.

Ukugxilisa Amandla

Isimiso sekomiti sigxilisa amandla aphawulekayo ezandleni zezihlalo zamakomiti namalungu asemadala.

Izingxabano Ezibangelwa Impikiswano

Njengoba izindaba zesimiso ziba yinkimbinkimbi futhi zihlangene, imingcele yemithetho ephakathi kwamakomiti ingadala izinselele. Icala elilodwa lingase lithinte izimpikiswano ezilawulwa amakomiti amaningi, okuholela ezingxabanweni zokuthi ikomiti kufanele isingathe umthetho noma ifuna ukubambisana phakathi kwamakomiti amaningi.

Ukubona ngale nokungena

Nakuba ukuqulwa kwezindaba eziningi kuvulekele umphakathi, umsebenzi omningi oningiliziwe wamakomiti uyenzeka ngezikhathi ezingabonakali. Izinkulumo zokuphawula, izingxoxo phakathi kwamalungu ekomiti, nezingxoxo nezisebenzi zingase zingalitholi izinga lokuhlola umphakathi njengezingxoxo zaphansi, kubangele ukukhathazeka ngokuba sobala nokulandisa.

Indima Yabasizi Bekomiti

Amalungu ezisebenzi zekomiti afeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu kodwa evame ukunganakwa enqubweni yomthetho. Laba basebenzi abaqeqeshi banikeza ubuchwepheshe bezimiso, ukucwaninga, umthetho ohlela ukuqulwa kwemithetho, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, nokuphatha ukusebenza kwamalungu usuku nosuku. Iningi neqembu elincane ligcina izisebenzi zalo zamakomiti, liqinisekisa ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi ziyakwazi ukusekelwa ochwepheshe.

Amalungu asebenzayo avame ukuthuthukisa ulwazi olujulile ekubuseni kwekomiti yawo futhi alondoloze ubuhlobo nezikhulu zegatsha eziphethe, amaqembu enzalo, kanye nochwepheshe bangaphandle. Lobu buchwepheshe buwenza abe nenzuzo kumanxusa okunakekela okumelwe ahlele izabelo zekomiti eziningi neminye imithwalo yemfanelo.

Ukwenziwa kwezisebenzi zekomiti, ezaqala ngo-1946 Legislative Reorganization Act, kuye kwathuthukisa ikhono loMkhandlu lokuzihlela nokuqondisa kwegatsha eliphethe. Amalungu abasebenzi angahlola iziphakamiso zezinhlangano, ahlole imiphumela engase ihloselwe umthetho, futhi aqaphele izimpikiswano ezilandelayo ezifanele ukunakekelwa kwenhlangano.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo NamaKomiti ESigele

Ukuhlolwa Komsebenzi Wekomiti

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukulandela umsebenzi wekomiti yeSishaya - mthetho zinemithombo eminingi. ingosi yeSigele (ingosi ye - www.senate.gov) inikeza ukwaziswa mayelana namalungu ekomiti, izikhundla ezihleliwe, nezindaba ezihlelelwe ukuqulwa kwecala.

Amakomiti amaningi alondoloza amawebhusayithi awo aneminye imithombo, kuhlanganise namazwi abhalwe ngezindlebe, ubufakazi nezinto eziyisisekelo.

Ukufakazela Ukuqulwa Kwezindlebe

Nakuba ofakazi abaningi emakomitini bemenywa amalungu ekomiti noma izisebenzi, ngezinye izikhathi izakhamuzi nezinhlangano zingacela amathuba okufakaza, ikakhulukazi lapho kuqulwa izindaba ezigxile ekuqoqeni ukwaziswa komphakathi. Ukunikeza ubufakazi obulotshiwe ngomlando wokuqulwa kwecala kuvame ukuba lula kunokuthola isimemo sokufakaza.

Amalungu EKomiti Axhumana Nawo

Izakhamuzi zingathintana nabaphathi-msekeni abasebenza kumakomiti ahlobene nezinkathazo zabo. Amalungu amakomiti nezisebenzi zawo banakekela ngokukhethekile ukuxhumana ngezindaba ezisebusweni bekomiti yabo, njengoba lezi ziyizindawo lapho umphathi we-senetor enethonya eliqondile khona emthethweni.

Ukusebenza Namaqembu Anesithakazelo

Amaqembu anesithakazelo nezinhlangano zezezimali ngokuvamile agxila kakhulu emakomitini ahlobene nalendaba, njengalapho kulapho ingaba nethonya elikhulu khona ekwakheni umthetho. Izakhamuzi zingakhulisa amazwi azo ngokusebenza nezinhlangano ezihlanganyela isimiso sazo kuqala futhi ziye zamisa ubuhlobo namalungu amakomiti nezisebenzi.

Ikusasa LamaKomiti Esigele

Isimiso sekomiti yeSigele siyaqhubeka siguquka ngenxa yokushintsha kwezindlela zezombangazwe, izinselele zenqubo, kanye nokusungulwa kwemisebenzi yezobuchwepheshe.

Izembu jikelele kanye nokubonisa ngaphaya: amathuluzi amanani namapulatifomu kwenza imisebenzi yamakomiti ifinyeleleke kakhulu emphakathini. Ukuphila kugcwele ukuzwa, ukunyatheliswa kwezincwadi kuwebhusayithi, kanye nokuhlangana kwezezokuxhumana kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukulandela umsebenzi wekomiti kalula kunanini ngaphambili.

Izindawo ezixhumeneyo zomthetho:[ Izinselele ezintsha ezinjengokungakhuli, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kanye nokuhlelwa kobhadane kungadinga ushintsho emagunyeni amakomiti noma ekudalweni kwamakomiti amasha noma izibopho ukuze kuxazululwe lezindaba ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukubambisana kwe-Bipartisan: Naphezu kokwanda kwezindawo ezihlukene, amanye amakomiti ayaqhubeka esebenza ngesisekelo se-bipartisan, ikakhulukazi lapho esingatha izindaba ezingaphambukeli kahle emigqeni e-qualis. Ukuphumelela kwamakomiti esikhathini esizayo kungaxhomeka ekhonweni lawo lokugcina izithuba zengxoxo eyakhayo.

I-Institutional Cap: Ukulondoloza izisebenzi zekomiti eziqinile nengcebo kusadingeka ukuba iziKhomishane zengamele igatsha eliphethe ihhovisi futhi zithuthukise umthetho onolwazi. Izimpikiswano mayelana nobukhondla-mfantu kanye nemithombo ekhona kumakomiti ziyoqhubeka.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo KwamaKomiti Esigele

Amakomiti esigebengu asalokhu ebalulekile enqubweni yokushaya umthetho, esebenza njengamaqembu akhethekile ahlola izindaba zesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi, aqoqa ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, amise imithetho yezobuciko, futhi eqondisa ukumiswa kwegatsha eliphethe imithetho.

Ukuqonda indlela amakomiti asebenza ngayo kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngendlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo nendlela izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela ngayo ngokuphumelelayo nohulumeni wazo. Kusukela ekuqulweni kwesivumelwano sokuqulwa kwecala ngokuqulwa kwecala, ngezikhathi zokukhangisa, nangengxenye yokugcina, amakomiti akha umthetho kuzo zonke izigaba zenqubo.

Amandla amakomiti okunquma ukuthi iziphi izikweleti eziqhubekela phambili kanye nezifa emakomitini, kanye negunya lezihlalo ezihleliwe, enza lezi zidumbu zibe abagcini bamasango ababalulekile enqubweni yomthetho. Lokhu kugcwala kwamandla nakho kokubili kunezinzuzo . . Ubuchwepheshe bokusebenza nokusebenza kahle kwe-"nentengiselwano"nentethelelo evimbela ukungenela kwentando yeningi nokubonakala.

Njengoba iSigele siqhubeka silwisana nezinselele ezicindezelayo zesizwe, isimiso sekomiti siyohlala sisemqoka ekhonweni woMkhandlu wokusebenza ngokuphumelelayo, ukuphathwa kokwengamela okunenjongo, futhi umele izithakazelo ezihlukahlukene zabantu baseMelika. Izakhamuzi eziqonda indlela amakomiti asebenza ngayo zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuba zihlanganyele enqubeni yentando yeningi futhi zigcine abameleli bazo benecala.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngenqubo yomthetho, vakashela Conrer.gov, iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yokwaziswa kwemithetho kahulumeni. Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngamakomiti eSishaya-mthetho akhethekile nangemisebenzi yawo yamanje, vakashela ikhasi leKomiti [[[FLT:] Lezente].