Ukulinganisela Phakathi Kwezimpi Nezindaba Eziyimfihlo

ISichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States siqinisekisa ilungelo labantu lokuvikeleka ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqubukeni. Kulenkathi ye-nalog, lesisivikelo sigxile emakhaya angokoqobo, emaphepheni nasemiphumeleni. Nokho, namuhla, ulwazi lwethu olushesha kakhulu luphila nge-makhalekhukhwini, abaqondisi bamafu, nangalé kwezindawo eziyimfihlo zokuthumela imiyalezo. Njengoba amandla omthetho ekwazi ukugunyaza ukugcinwa kwemisebenzi yobuchwepheshe, izinkantolo nemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho ye-projekthi ephoqele ukuba iphinde ibuze imibuzo eyisisekelo: Kunini lapho uhulumeni udinga isiqinisekiso sokuthola ubufakazi bezobuchwepheshe? Futhi la sihloko sihlola kanjani ukudluliswa kwemibandela edinga imibandela edinga imvumeni namalungelo eyimfihlo kwezobuchwepheshe banamuhla, ukuhlola izikhangiso zobuchwepheshe, ukulwa kwemithetho yemithetho, nokulwa kwempi ukuze ukukhululeka kwabantu ngabanye ngabanye.

Izimfuneko Ezinhle: Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Imfuneko yokugunyazwa ingenye yezindawo eziyinhloko zeSichibiyelo sesine. Ukuze kutholakale isiqinisekiso sokufuna, ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kwanelise izici ezintathu eziyisisekelo: kungenzeka imbangela, izimpawu, kanye nokuvunyelwa kokwahlulela. Imbangela efanelekile idinga amathuba okuba ubufakazi bobugebengu butholakale endaweni okuzoseshwa. Ukungagwegwegwesi kufuna ukuba lo mbhalo uchaze indawo ethile futhi uthathe izinto. Ekugcineni, umahluleli kumelwe ahlole ifomu lesicelo ngaphambi kokuba kuphenywe.

Ngokomlando, lezisivikelo zavimbela imvume yosizo oluvamile, eyayivumela iziphathimandla zaseBrithani ukuba ziseshe ngesihle. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikelela ikholelwa ukuthi ukuphenya ngaphandle kwesizathu akunangqondo, kubekwa kuphela kwabambalwa abashintshwe ngokungakhethi [ njengokuvuma, izimo eziguquguqukayo, ukuphenya isenzakalo sokuboshwa, nemfundiso ecacile.

Ukulindela Okunengqondo Kovivinyo Lomuntu Ongasese

Katz v. United States (1967), iNkantolo Ephakeme yandisa isivikelo seSine Isichibiyelo esingaphezulu ngaphaya kwesiphambeko esingokomzimba. INkantolo yathi ukuvala kukahulumeni imbobo yocingo yomphakathi kwakha ukuphenya, ukusungula “ukulindela okunengqondo kwemfihlo”. Ngaphansi kovivinyo lokuhlola izinto zomuntu siqu. Katz[, ukuseshwa kwenzeka uma (1) umuntu ebonise ukulindela okungokoqobo kwemfihlo, futhi (2) ukulungele ukuqaphela ukuthi ukulindela okunengqondo. Lokhu kwaba yisisekelo sokuhlola ulwazi lwezethulo lwezindaba zobuchwepheshe.

Amalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Enkathini Yezinombolo

Ukuphakama kwe-inthanethi, imishini ehambayo, kanye nokubhala i-comptation kuye kwashintsha kakhulu ukuthi yikuphi ukwaziswa okukhona kuhulumeni. Ucingo olulodwa lungaqukethe umlando wendawo, ama-imeyili, imiyalezo, izithombe, imininingwane yempilo, amarekhodi emali, nemikhuba yokufuna ukuthungatha. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iqaphele ukuthi izibalo zale mininingwane azisinciphi isidingo somthetho sisekelo.

Imfundiso Yesithathu Nemingcele Yayo

Emashumini eminyaka, “imfundiso yesithathu” yavumela uhulumeni ukuba angene emarekhodini aphethwe amabhizinisi ngaphandle kwemvume, emfundisweni yokuthi abantu baveza ngokuzithandela ukwaziswa kubantu abahlukene futhi kanjalo balahlekelwe ithemba elifanele lokuzifihla. Smith v. Maryland[ [1979], iNkantolo yasekela ukuthi uhulumeni angasebenzisa ipeni (eliqopha izinombolo) ngaphandle kwemvume ngoba abasebenzisi bocingo bacabanga ukuthi inkampani yocingo izothatha lezo zinombolo. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT:] United States. [[FLT:][FLT]] [FL:] [12] [6] [FLT]] amarekhodi avicishicile]

Nokho, ukuqhuma kwemizwa kuye kwayikhubaza imfundiso yesithathu. Carbate v. United States (2017), iNkantolo Ephakeme yenqaba ukunweba le mfundiso entweni esendaweni ezungezile (CSLI). IJaji eliyinhloko uRoberts labhala ukuthi “inguquko yezesayensi yobuchwepheshe” yenza ingxenye yesithathu ye-sethi “ifanelana nenkathi ye-miligic. INkantolo yathi uhulumeni kumelwe athole isiqinisekiso sokufinyelela ezinsukwini eziyisikhombisa noma ngaphezulu zeCSLI, iqaphela ukuthi le mininingwane inikeza“ ifasitela elihambisana nokuphila komuntu.”

Izici Eziwuphawu Ekuncintisaneni Kwabahlali Nobuchwepheshe

Carpbate v. United States (2018)

Ngokulindelekile] i-FORPenter iyisinqumo esibaluleke kakhulu sokufihla imfihlo yemishini yenkathi yanamuhla. I-FBI yasebenzisa izinsuku ezingu- 127 zeCSLI kuTimothy Carpenter ku-cell selm ukuze imbeke eduze kwezindawo zokuphanga. Uhulumeni waphikisa ngokuthi amarekhodi ayeyimibhalo yezebhizinisi yeqembu lesithathu (isithuthi se-meternet) futhi kanjalo angangenisi ngaphansi kwemfuneko somthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme ayivumelani nesinqumo sika-5-124, inquma ukuthi “umuntu ulindele imfihlo esemthethweni yemicimbisweni yakhe yezenzo zakhe ezingokoqobo njengoba ibambeke ngeCSLI. INkantolo yagcizelela [[FLT] engokomlando [FOFOL] [3]

kodwa u-Karplate akawuthathanga umthetho Smith noma Miller[ kodwa wanciphisa ukusebenza kwabo ekuvezeni ubuchwepheshe. Isinqumo siye saba nemiphumela efinyelelwe ekutheni umthetho ubopheke kanjani ukuthatha indlela, kanye nezinkantolo eziningi eziphansi zisebenzisa umqondo waso kwezinye izinhlobo zemininingwane ethintayo ye-GPS ezithintayo evela ezimotweni noma emamitheni amahle.

Riley v. California (2014)

I-Riley v. California, iNkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngokuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile awakwazi ukuhlola okuqukethwe yinombolo yocingo oluphathwayo olubanjwe ngaphandle kwemvume. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi ama-cellphone anamuhla “ama-“minuputer” aphethe ukwaziswa okuningi komuntu siqu, nokuthi ukuphenya okungavumelani nokuvinjelwa, okuvumela ukuphepha kwesikhulu nokulondoloza ubufakazi, akukuthetheleli ukuphenywa kocingo. Ijaji lomthetho uRoberts yaphawula ukuthi“ imininingwane egcinwe kumakhalekhukhwini yemoto ayinakusetshenziswa njengesikhali sokulimaza isikhulu esibopha noma ukubopha ukuboshwa.”

Jones (202)

ku-United States v. Jones, iNkantolo yacabangela ukuthi ukunamathisela umshini wokulandelela iGPS emotweni futhi ihlola ukuhamba kwayo izinsuku ezingu-28 kuhlanganisa ukuphenya kwe-GPS yesine Isichibiyeli. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi ikwenza, kodwa esisekelweni esincane sokuphambuka okungokomzimba. ISivumelwano sobuSotomayo, nakuba, siphakamise imibuzo ejulile ngemfundiso yesithathu nenkambiso yobuchwepheshe, efanekisela [[FLT:] Carplated . Zonke lezi zinqumo, zenza i-tractive sholote’s short [[FLT]''''

Imisebenzi Yokumisa Izigcawu Ngalé Komthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesine sinikeza isisekelo, iSivumelwano siye samisa imithetho elawula ukufinyelela kukahulumeni emininingwaneni ye-ographic Communications Ancy Act (ECPA) ka-1986 kanye nengxenye yayo, i-Vedd Communications Act (SCA), ihlela izindinganiso zikahulumeni zokuthola izingxoxo zezokuxhumana ngogesi kanye nemibhalo yezincwadi zomgunyaziso. Ngaphansi kwe-SCA, uhulumeni angadinga imvume yokungena (njenge-imeyili) egcinwe izinsuku ezingaphansi kuka-80, kodwa okuqukethwe noma okungahlanganisiwe, okungakhonjwangakho konke kungatholakala ngemithetho engaphansi kwe-Propoena noma ngemithetho yenkantolo eqinile.

I-ECPA iye yagxekwa njengephelelwe yisikhathi, eklanywe ngaphambi kokuba i-Internet ibe yinto eyinhloko ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Amaqembu amaningi okufunda, kuhlanganise ne- Erectronic Foundation Foundation , aye abiza inguquko. Ngo-2018, uMkhandlu udlulise i-Classingles Oreverse Areas Usebenzisa I-DCOUD (CLOUD), Act, ebhalwe ngesiphambano esiphambanayo kodwa engawudlulisi umthetho wesisekelo wemithetho. Imithetho eminingi iye yamisa imithetho yayo ye-athomfory, njenge-Preglycial Act (CECPAC), ifuna isiqinisekiso sokwaziswa okuphethwe yi-electal amaqembu amathathu.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Ezingokomthetho Nezindaba Eziqhubekayo

Ukubhala Okuyimfihlo Nemfuneko Yempi

Uhulumeni uye waphikisa kakhulu ngokuthi izinkampani kufanele ziklame izimiso zokungena ngokomthetho, ngisho nangemvume. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi noma yimuphi umnyango onjalo ungenza ukuba bonke abasebenzisi bantentententententente. Impi ka-EFBI ka-2016 ngokuvula i-apple ye-irnader’s i-iPho - Phoone ibangele ukuba i-implate. Nakuba icala lixazululwe ngaphandle kwesimiso sokukhipha umthetho, [[FLT:] i-FBI’s 2016 ingenza ukuba bonke abasebenzisi bangakwazi ukuphepha. [FOLT:] ukulwa no-Applet 2016 ngokuvula i-San Bernarnardo flaser'. [FLD:1] ihlala ingenakulungiswa.

Imininingwane Yezinto Eziphilayo Nezisebenzi Ezisebenza Ngezakhi Zomzimba

Njengoba izisetshenziswa eziningi zisebenzisa imishwana yeminwe, ukuqaphela ubuso, nokugunyaza izwi, izinkantolo ziyaphikisana ukuthi uhulumeni ungaphoqa umuntu ukuba avule isisetshenziswa. Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesihlanu ekuzifakeni i-password kodwa ngokuvamile singasebenzi ku-biomitric, okubhekwa njengezici ezingokomzimba kunokuqinisekisa ukuxhumana. Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zakholelwa ukuthi amaphoyisa angaphoqa umuntu ukuba aqale ucingo ngomnwe, kuyilapho iphasiwedi idinga isiqinisekiso noma i-agnomenti.

Iqoqo Lokwaziswa Kwama - bulk Eliwumthetho

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo i-algorithm ezibikezelayo neqoqo lemininingwane eminingi ukuze zihlolwe. Izinhlelo ze-NSA's metadata njengeqoqo le-MS (elibekwe ngu-Edward Snowden) zaphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi iqoqo elikhulu elingenamvume liyiphula iSichibiyelo sesine. I-USA Freedom Act ka-2015 iqede uhlelo lwemimeta-minu yocingo kodwa ivumele ukuqoqwa okuqondiswe ngaphansi kwe-Sivumelo se-Internent Surveillance Court. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwe-metam-metrial metamento nemfihlo kuyaqhubeka kuvivinywa ezimweni ezinjenge [[FLD:] United States [FFLD] v. Moal: [FLT] [FFF] 20] [20], lapho i-ANCERC]

Izinkinga Zenhlangano, Umthetho, Nobuchwepheshe

Ukuqinisa Izindinganiso Zomthetho Zokucwaninga Ngezinombolo

Iqoqo lezincwadi ezigunyaziwe ezidingwayo ezisezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zokwaziswa kobuchwepheshe libangela ukungaqiniseki kokubili ukugcinwa komthetho nezakhamuzi. Izazi zomthetho ziye zahlongoza “ISichibiyelo Sesine” esizosebenzisa indinganiso efanayo yayo yonke imininingwane ebucayi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi igcinwe endaweni noma inengxenye yesithathu. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengo-Utah no-Washington, kakade zimise imithetho edinga imvume yokuba noma imuphi uhulumeni ukwazi ukufinyelela ulwazi olusemzimbeni.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukucaca Kwemininingwane Kahulumeni

Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe manje zinyathelisa imibiko yokubonana njalo imininingwane enanini lezicelo zikahulumeni ezizitholayo. Nokho, iziyalezo ezingadiscipulose zivame ukuvimbela izinkampani ukuba zazise abasebenzisi lapho imniningo yazo ifinyelelwe. Umthetho onjengayo i-Emailmfistal Act, odinga isiqinisekiso kuzo zonke izingcingo zobuchwepheshe ezigciniwe, uye wenziwe kodwa awudluliswanga. I-ACLU iyaqhubeka isekela [ izimfuneko eziqinile kanye nezivikelo ze-process.

Ubuchwepheshe Obukhuthazayo Bokugcina Imfihlo

Ukuklama ubuchwepheshe obungaqondakali kusengqondweni." ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi “ukungafundi ngokuklama"""----------kakhulu kunganciphisa isilinganiso semininingwane ezwelayo iziphathimandla ezingayifinyelela ngaphandle kogunyazo. Ukuvulwa kombhalo ofingqiwe ekupheleni, ekuhlelweni kwe-device, nokuncitshiswa kwemininingwane kuyizibonelo zezilinganiso zobuchwepheshe ezihambisana nezivikelo ezingokomthetho. Amakhampani anjengo-Apple aye ahlanganisa izici ezinjengezimfihlo ezihlukene kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-decece Siri ukulinganisela iqoqo lemininingwane.

Ukufundisa Umphakathi Ngamalungelo Ezobuchwepheshe

Abantu abaningi abazi ukuthi imisebenzi yabo yezobuchwepheshe ingaqashelwa kangakanani ngaphandle kogunyazo. Imikhankaso yemfundo yomphakathi ngamaqembu anjengethi 'I-FF''’s “Yazi Amalungelo Akho” iqondisa [ isiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde lapho ukugcinwa komthetho kungathola imininingwane yazo futhi kuvikeleke kanjani. Enkathini yokuqapha okuyinkimbinkimbi, imvume yolwazi iyinto ekhohlisayo ngaphandle kokuqaphela.

Ukutuswa Kwezimiso Zekusasa Elilinganiselayo

Ukulinganisela izidingo ezingokomthetho zokugcinwa komthetho kanye nesivikelo esiqinile sezindaba zomuntu siqu kudinga ukucophelela.

  • Ukusebenza nge-ECPA: UKhomishane kufanele uvuselele i-Electronic Communications Privacy Act ukuze idinge isiqinisekiso sakho konke okuqukethwe, kungakhathaliseki ubudala, futhi ilinganisele ukutholakala kwemeta-meta ngaphandle kobuqondisi bomthetho.
  • I-Adopt “indinganiso yokwaziswa”: abenzi bomthetho kufanele bafake i-'usekelo [ ukuze noma isiphi isicelo sikahulumeni semininingwane yezobuchwepheshe ezwelayo/ukubekwa, impilo, i-biometrics, noma ukuxhumana /mething process shorts short.
  • [ Izivikelo zobuchwepheshe obuzuzweyo: Izinhlangano zeFederal kufanele zifake imali ekucwaningeni nasekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokuhlola ngasese ezivumela uphengululo oluhlolwe ngaphandle kweqoqo elikhulu.
  • [ sungula ukuqondisa okuzimele: Ukumisa amabhodi okubukeza avamile ukuze ahlole ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhlola futhi aqinisekise ukuvumelana nezimfuneko ezigunyaziwe.
  • isivikelo sokufihlwa kohlelo: Abenzi bomthetho kufanele bamelane nezingcingo zokwenza buthaka ukuvulwa kwemisho eyimfihlo futhi esikhundleni salokho bahlole izinqubo zomthetho, njengemiyalo elondekile yasenkantolo eqinisekisa ukufihlwa, ukuze kungeneke ngokomthetho.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlangana kwezimfuneko ezigunyaziwe namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu embonini yanamuhla akuyona indawo eqinile engokomthetho ekhona, eshintshayo nge-project, zonke iziqu zeNkantolo ePhakeme, kanye nokushintshana kwemizwa yomphakathi. Isimiso seSichibiyelo sesine sisasele: uhulumeni kumelwe athethelele ukungeniswa kwayo ekuphileni kwethu kwangasese. Njengoba iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu iqaphelekaliswa , [FLT], [FLT] Carpartent [[FL:3], futhi ezinye izigilaye, ulwazi lwezemicimbi akufanelenga neze isivikelo ngenxa nje yokuthi igcinwe efwini noma ithwalwe ephaketheni.

Ukuqhubekela phambili, umthwalo wemfanelo awukho kubahluleli nabenzi bemithetho kuphela kodwa futhi nakubezazi zezobuchwepheshe nezakhamuzi ezivamile. Ngokuklama izimiso ezihlonipha ukuzifihla, ezikhuthaza izindinganiso ezicacile zokugunyazwa kwemithetho, nokuhlala sinolwazi ngamalungelo enombolo, singaqinisekisa ukuthi isithembiso seSichibiyelo sesine siyaqhubeka enkathini yobuchwepheshe. Indlela ayilula, kodwa umgomo ucacile: umphakathi lapho umthetho ungaphishekela khona ubulungisa ngaphandle kokudela imfihlo eyisisekelo somphakathi okhululekile.