Table of Contents
Uhambo lwasenyakatho nenyakatho ye-Ireland lwempi enobudlova oluya enkathini yamashumi amashumi okuthula okuntekenteke luye lwathonya kakhulu izimiso zayo zobuphostoli nobulungisa. I-Good Wesihlanu Agreement ka-1998 yaqala uchungechunge lwezinguquko ezihloselwe ukwakha izinhlangano ezingakhethi, ezilandisayo, nezithenjwa yiyo yonke imiphakathi. Nokho, izinselele ezingapheli ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabili eminyaka kamuva, izinselele ezinkulu. Izikhalo ezingokomlando ezijulile, izinsozo zokulondeka eziqhubekayo ezivela kumaRepublic aphikisayo, ukufa kwezombangazwe, nefa elingaphenduli lezinkinga ziyaqhubeka zibangela ukuba kube yindida enzima. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele eziphikelelayo kubalulekile ekuqapheleni umsebenzi wokwakha isiteshi, umphakathi waseNyakatho nenkabeni ye-Ireland namuhla.
Umlando: Ifa Lokungathembani
Imsuka yenkinga yamaphoyisa eNyakatho Ireland isendaweni ehlukanisa i-Ireland ngo-1921 kanye nokwakhiwa kweRoyal Ulster Consabulary (RUC) ngo-1922. I-RUC yayinamandla amakhulu, amaProthestani ayesebenza ngaphansi kokulawula uhulumeni we-Sportonment Act. Kuwo wonke amaKatolika amaqembu, i-RUC yayibhekwa njengelungu lomthetho nohlelo, kodwa njengethuluzi lokucindezela uhulumeni. Lo mbono waqiniswa amashumi eminyaka esigaba somthetho wezempathilitha, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwe-Oyedwa kwe-Promagements Act, ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala, nokucwaswa kwecala, nokucwaswa kwemithetho yobulungisa.
Ukwehlela eZinkingeni (11994-1988) kwandisa lo mhosha. Phakathi nempi, i-RUC yayisemgqeni ophambili wempi phakathi kwempi yamabutho alwayo, amaqembu athembekile, neButho laseBrithani. Izikhulu zempi zaziphakeme — amaphoyisa angaphezu kuka-300 abulawa. Isimo sokulondeka saphoqelela i-RUC ukuba isebenze emkhakheni wezempi, iqhubeke ihlala ngokuqhelelana. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokuthula, idumela lamaphoyisa lalingcolisiwe kangangokuba inguquko yayingeyifanelekile nje kuphela kodwa yayibalulekile kunoma yisiphi isakhiwo esihlala njalo.
I- Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland, eyayiphethwe nguChris Patten, yakhipha umbiko wayo ovelele ngo-1999. IPatten Report yatusa ukukhishwa kwegama okuphelele: igama elisha (iNkonzo yamaphoyisa aseNyakatho Ireland – PSNI), uphawu olusha neyunifomu, isimiso esingu-50:50 sokuthola imvume yokufinyelela amandla engeziwe amelela amalungelo abantu kanye namaphoyisa omphakathi. I-Patten Report yatusa ukuguqula inqubo yokusebenza eqenjini leqembu ibe isibonelo sokulandisa nokuphatha.
Izinselele Eziyinhloko Ekushintsheni Isimilo
Ukwakha kabusha Ukwethemba Umphakathi
Naphezu kwentuthuko ephawulekayo — i-PSNII manje imelelwa amaKatolika acishe abe ngu-30% phakathi kwabaphathi bayo, uma kuqhathaniswa nangaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-8 e-RUC — ukuthembana akukalingani. Ukuhlolwa [[FLT: 0] okungu-2022] kwe-PS [Pricimpalign Colicent Board [[ kwathola ukuthi nakuba i-PSNI iphakeme kakhulu phakathi kwamaProthestani, igcwele phakathi kwamaKatolika, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisebenzayo zesizwe. Kwezinye i-Riphabliki, i-PSNI isabhekwa ngokusolwa, futhi izikhulu ziyanqikaza ukugamela ngaphandle kwezimoto ezigwetshwe.
Izinhlelo zamaphoyisa zomphakathi ziye zaba yizisekelo eziyinhloko kulolu hlelo lwenguquko, kodwa intuthuko ayihambi. Ukwethembana akudingi ukuba khona nje okubonakalayo kodwa ubuhlobo obuqotho nabantu bendawo. Lokhu kunzima ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho amabutho ezempi — kokubili amarepublic namasekela — eqhubeka nokulawula, ukusebenza kwazo "ubulungisa" futhi kwesabisa labo ababambisana namaphoyisa. IPSNI kumelwe ihambe ngomngcele obucayi phakathi komthetho nomphakathi, ngokuvamile onemithombo elinganiselwe.
Ifa Lobudlova Nokulandisa
Mhlawumbe akukho mpikiswano egcwele kunendlela yokulungisa izenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule. Izinkinga ezishiywe zifile ezingaphezu kuka 3 600 futhi zilimele amashumi ezinkulungwane. Abaningi balabo ababulawa babesezandleni zebutho lokhuseleko, kuhlanganise ne-RUC ne-British Army. Izisulu nabasindayo, ukulandisa kuyimfuneko yokubuyisana. Nokho ohulumeni abalandelanayo baye bazama ukuthola inqubo egcwalisa wonke amaqembu.
I-Historical Enquiries Team (HET), eyasungulwa ngo-2005 ukuze ihlole iZiphepho ezihlobene nokufa, yabangela impikiswano. 2013 ukubukezwa kweHermaster’s Inpectorate of Consatalialy[[[FLT: 1]] kwathola ukuthi i-HET yasebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlukene ezihilela amabutho empini ezihlanganisa amasosha, inciphisa ukuthembeka kwayo. I-Reface Investigation Brants iyaqhubeka ibhekana nokumangalelwa kobandlululo nokwephuza.
Ngo-2021, uhulumeni we-UK wakhipha i-Ell yase-Northern Ireland Troubles (Izigebengu Nezivumelwano) u-Bill, ohlongoza umthetho wokulinganiselwa kwezehlakalo ezenziwa ngaphambi kuka-1998 kanye nekhomishane entsha ezimele ukuze kutholakale ukwaziswa. Isivumelwano siye saba inqatshelwe ngokuqinile yizinhlangano zamalungelo abantu [, amaqembu ezisulu, nohulumeni wase-Ireland. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ingenze inqaba yabahlaseli futhi inqaba imikhaya ilungelo lokufuna iqiniso nobulungisa ngokuvumelana ne-European Convention on Human Rights.
Izingxabano Zezombangazwe Nezinhlangano
Inguquko engokobupolitika eNyakatho Ireland ayinakwehluka kumongo wezombangazwe obanzi. Izinhlangano ezisusa amandla asebenza e-Spomont ziye zamiswa kaningi, muva nje kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-202020 kuya ku-2022. Phakathi nalezi zikhathi zokukhubazeka kwezombangazwe, izinqumo ezihlelekile kumaphoyisa — kuhlanganise nemali, ukuphatha, nokumiswa kwezikhulu ezinkulu — kushiywe kusuka ku-cromo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu amabili amakhulu kakhulu, iDemocratic Union Party (Dupu) neSin Féin, anezikhundla ezihlukene kakhulu ekuguquleni amaphoyisa. Nakuba iSinn Féin manje isekela i-PSNI futhi ikhuthaza abashisekeli besizwe ukuba bahlanganyele, leliqembu liyaqhubeka ligxeka izimiso ezithile futhi liye lafuna ukulandisa okukhulu. i-Dup, ngenkathi eshibhile, iye yamelana nokunye ukushintshwa, iphikisa ngokuthi ukutusa kukaPaten kuye kwasetshenziswa ngokugcwele nokuthi manje kufanele kuphumelele.
Lokhu kuhlukana kwezombangazwe kwenza kube nzima ukuvumelana ezindabeni ezibucayi njengokusingatha imikhankaso, amafulege, nezikhumbuzo — konke okungabangela ukuphazamiseka komphakathi nokuhlola ukungakhethi kwamaphoyisa.
Ukusongela Kwezokulondeka Okuqhubekayo Okuvela Eqenjini Elingahambi
Nakuba ukuyeka kwe-IRA ukushiswa nokukhishwa kwemvume kuphele umkhankaso omkhulu werepublic, amaqembu amancane ahlukene njenge-IRA, Óglaigh na hÉirean, ne-Connutive IRA ayaqhubeka esebenza. Abangela usongo oluphikelelayo kodwa oluphansi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisemngceleni nasezindaweni ezisemngceleni zaseBelfast naseDerry/Londonderry. Ukuhlasela kuhlanganisa ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu, ukudutshulwa, ukushaywa, ukujeziswa, nokuhlaselwa kwezikhulu zamaphoyisa nemikhaya yawo.
Le ndawo yokulondeka ifuna izikhulu kakhulu. Kumelwe zenze umsebenzi wobupholi ovamile kuyilapho beqaphile ngokuqapha. Ukucindezeleka kwengqondo kukhulu, okunamazinga aphakeme okucindezeleka kwangemva kokucindezela kwabikwa phakathi kwezisebenzi ze-PSNI. Ukuzigcina nokuzigcina sekuyimpikiswano enkulu, njengoba amanani encipha eminyakeni yamuva.
Izinselele Ezinhlanganweni Zobulungisa Zezinguquko
Ukubhekana Nesikhathi Esidlule: Ukulingwa, Ukuphenywa Kwamacala Nokululama Kweqiniso
Isimiso sobulungisa eNyakatho Ireland sisebenza ekusingatheni inqubo ethatha kancane, ebuhlungu yokudambisa izigebengu ezihlobene. Ezinye zalezi zihilela ukumangalelwa kwamasosha angaphambili, amaphoyisa, namanxusa ombuso. Ubunkimbinkimbi bezenzakalo ezenzeka emashumini eminyaka adlule, ngokuvamile ezinobufakazi obulinganiselwe nezinkumbulo zofakazi eziphelayo, zikhulu kakhulu. Ukubulawa akuvamile, futhi uma kwenzeka, kungabusa ukuxabana komphakathi.
Indaba yeMarine A (Alexander Blackman) kanye nokumangalelwa kwamasosha ngokufa ngeSonto le-Bloony ziyizibonelo eziphawulekayo. Okwamanje, i- Ligiggation Investigation Branch inekhulu lamacala avulekile [, amaningi awo asewahleli iminyaka eminingi.
Ukululama kweqiniso kungenye inkundla ephikiswayo. IProtory Institutional Abuse Inquiry neMama neBaby Homes eziqhubekayo zingamanyathelo okuvuma amaphutha adlule, kodwa ikhomishane yeqiniso elibanzi yamaNkingo — njengoba kutuswa umphakathi womphakathi omningi — ayikaze imiswe. Ikhomisha ehlongozwayo kahulumeni entsha ngaphansi kweRegacy Bill ingasebenza kakhulu ngemva kokuvalwa kweminyango, iphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokukhanya nelungelo lokuzwa kahle.
Ukubuyisana Nobulungisa
Enye yezingxabano ezijule kakhulu emiphakathini yangemva kokutholana kwemvume ukulinganisela phakathi kobulungisa bokusakaza nesidingo sokuphulukiswa kwezenhlalo. Enyakatho ye-Ireland, ukukhetha akukona nje phakathi kokushushiswa nokuxolelwa; kuphathelene nendlela yokwakha ikusasa elihlanganyelwe lapho udumisa izisulu. Inqubo yokuthula yakhiwa ngokuyekethisa: ukukhululwa kweziboshwa zezombangazwe kwasekuqaleni, ukumiswa kwe-Propainst Ombudsman, kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-Northern Ireland Human Rights Commis.
Kodwa izisulu eziningi zinomuzwa wokuthi ukwahlulela ngokulunga kuye kwanikelwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe. Baphikisa ngokuthi umbuso uye wangazimisele ukumangalela amabutho awo siqu, kuyilapho amabutho empi eye abhekana nokulandisa okulinganiselwe. Inkulumo ethi "ilungelo lezempi" ngokwalo liye lakhubazeka, futhi imiphakathi ehlukene ichaza leligama ngezindlela eziphikisanayo.
Izinhlelo zokubuyisana, njengalezo ezilawulwa SAVAME TRAuma Centre kanye nomphakathi oxhunyaniswe ngesiphambano, zisebenza ezingeni lotshani. Zihlanganisa izisulu zombili ukuze zihlanganyele okuhlangenwe nakho futhi zakhe ukuqonda. Nakuba zibalulekile, lemizamo ihlala incane ngokwesilinganiso uma iqhathaniswa nobukhulu bobuhlungu obukhona.
Ukuzimela Kwezinhlangano Nokuphumelela
Izinguquko zangemva kuka-1988 zadala izinhlangano ezintsha zokwengamela amaphoyisa nobulungisa: i-Policence Board, i-Police Ombudsman, i-Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission, ne-Elaty Commission. Ukuzimela kwabo kubaluleke kakhulu, kodwa ngokuvamile baye babhekana nokucindezela kwezombangazwe nokungahleleki kwemali. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Police Ombudsman ibilokhu isendaweni yezimpikiswano zokuhlola kwabo izindaba ezingokomlando, ngokusho kobandlululo lwawo womabili ama-midiyan kanye nolwesizwe.
Isimiso somthetho silwa nezinselele ezisebenzayo. Izinkantolo zase-Northern Ireland zisasebenza ngaphandle kwecala elingathi sína lecala elithile labahluleli, elaziwa ngokuthi "izinkantolo ze-Diplock," ifa leziNkingo. Nakuba zaziklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukusongelwa kwamajaji, zihlala zisendaweni yamacala athile ahlobene namabutho, ziphakamisa izindaba zokulunga nokuqiniseka komphakathi. Ukuguqula lezinkantolo kuyinqubo ephucuzayo, exhomeke esimweni sokhuseleko nentando yezombangazwe.
Indlela phambili: Ukusekela Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Ne - Agency Yendawo
Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zisaqhubeka zifeza indima ekusekeleni imizamo yokuguqula i-. Uhlelo lwe-European Union lwe-PUS POUS, oluqala ngo-2027, lunikeza izimali zemisebenzi ekhuthaza ukubuyisana, ukuvuselelwa kwezomnotho, nezindawo ezihlukene. I-United States, nge-Envoy yayo ekhethekile eNyakatho Ireland, iye yaba umsekeli ongaguquki wenqubo yokuthula, ikhuthaza abaholi bezombangazwe ukuba basekele izimiso ze-Good Wesihlanu Actrition.
Nokho, ushintsho oluqinile ekugcineni luxhomeke kubadlali bendawo. IPSNI iye yenza intuthuko yangempela ekuqeqesheni amalungelo abantu, ekuqeqesheni amalungelo abantu, nasekuthuthukiseni umsebenzi wayo wokuxhumana nomphakathi. Ukwakhiwa kwe-District Policing and Community Safety Parnestinarchp kuye kwanika abameli bendawo ne-professor i-aderns i-application engokomthetho esendaweni kanye nabameleliniki esendaweni ekuthatheni iziphakamiso zamaphoyisa. Kodwa lezi zakhiwo zingasebenza ngokuphumelelayo uma kunokuzinziwa kwezombangazwe futhi zizimisele ukuhlehla.
Enye indawo lapho intuthuko ibonakala khona inani elandayo lezikhulu zamaKatolika eziphezulu. Ngo-2023, ngokokuqala ngqá, isikhulu samaKatolika — umncedisi omkhulu uMark McEwan — samiswa kwesinye sezikhundla ezine eziphezulu zokuqondisa. Izindaba zeMithetho, kodwa kumelwe zihambisane nezinguquko ezisezingeni eliphansi endleleni amaphoyisa ahanjiswa ngayo.
Olunye uphawu olunethemba inani elandayo lamaqhinga obulungisa asekelwe emphakathini. Lezi zinhlelo, ngokuvamile eziqondiswa yizinhlangano zendawo eziqondiswa yi-PSNI, zinikeza enye indlela yokujezisa ubugebengu obuphansi. Banikeza imiphakathi igxathu ekuvikelekeni kwayo futhi banciphise ithonya lamaqembu aqaphile. Nokho, bayaqhubeka bephikisana, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabasekeli bemibutho ephikisa ngokuthi basekela ukuhileleka kwezempi ekuphileni komphakathi.
Isiphetho
Izinselele zokuguqula amaphoyisa nobulungisa eNyakatho Ireland azizona nje imishini noma ukuphatha — zihlangene kakhulu nokuzichaza, inkumbulo, namandla. Inqubo yokuthula yaphumelela ekuqedeni ubudlova obukhulu bezombangazwe, kodwa ayizange ixazulule ukuphuka okusemqoka emphakathini. Ukwakha inkonzo yamaphoyisa nesimiso sobulungisa esiyala ukuba abantu bathembeke kuyo yonke imiphakathi kungumsebenzi wesizukulwane.
Kusele izithiyo eziyinhloko: indlela yokusingatha ifa leZinkathazo ngendlela elungile nenokwethenjelwa; indlela yokulwisana nosongo oluqhubekayo oluvela kubantu abavukelayo ngaphandle kokuphendukela embuthweni wempi; indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuvumelana kwezombangazwe emhlanganweni ovame ukuxabana; nendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano ezinjenge - Policist Board nezinkantolo zizimele futhi ziyaphumelela.
Kodwa intuthuko yeminyaka engu-25 edlule akumelwe ithathwe kalula. Ukubona isikhulu se-PSNI esivela esizindeni samaKatolika sihlola izwe lobuzwe, noma isazi sezombangazwe saseSinn Féin esihlezi eNorthern Ireland Policing Board, kwakungaba yinto engacabangeki ngawo-1980. Ushintsho belungaphelele, beluncintisana, futhi lungaphelele — kodwa lukhona ngempela. Indlela engaphambili idinga ukubekezela, isibindi sezombangazwe, kanye nokuzinikela okuqhubekayo ezimisweni zamalungelo abantu, ukulandisa, kanye nokuvumelana okusekela i-Reformation Reformation Reformation Revention.
ENyakatho Ireland, ukuphishekela ubulungisa nokulondeka kuseyisenzo esibucayi sokulinganisela — esiyonquma ukuthi ukuthula kuba okuhlala njalo ngempela noma kuhlale kunemibandela phakade.