Isingeniso: Ukulingana Komshado Ngazo Zonke Izici Zokulingana Kwezinhlanga

Ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo omshado kubantu abangathathi-gazi nabangangeni hlangothi kuyakheka njengomngcele ochazayo emzabalazweni wembulunga yonke wokulingana kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Nakuba amazwe amaningi eye agunyaza umshado ofanayo, izidingo ezingokomthetho eziqondile zabantu abathatha i-trangender nonverbinary ngokuvamile azinakwa noma azinakwa. Imithetho yomshado iye yakhiwa ngokuqonda ubulili obubodwa nangabobulili obubodwa, yakha imingcele ephawulekayo yalabo ababushiya ngaphandle kwaleso simiso. Lesihloko sihlola intuthuko engokomthetho, intuthuko eqhubekayo, ukucwasana okuqhubekayo, kanye nemizamo yokungalawuleki ehloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yomshado ivikela amalungelo abo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangobobulili babo.

Ukuqonda lamalungelo akuyona nje indlela yokufunda; kunemiphumela yangempela yomhlaba ekwakhekeni komkhaya, izinzuzo zobusha, ifa, nokuqashelwa kwezenhlalo. Njengoba ukuqapha kwezenhlalo kukhula, izimiso zomthetho ziyazivumelanisa kancane kancane, kodwa ijubane loshintsho lihluka kakhulu ezikhungweni zemfundo. Kubantu abangebona abaseziKongorabiya nabahlukile, ikhono lokushada ngokwendlela yabo esemthethweni yobulili buyisici esiyisisekelo sesithunzi somuntu nesizwe esilinganayo.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho Ngokuthi Ungubani Ongowohlanga

Isisekelo samalungelo omshado kubantu abangashadile abangavumelani nobuntu babo. Ngaphandle kwekhono lokushintsha uphawu lobulili bomuntu ngokomthetho emabhukwini angokomthetho anjengezitifiketi zokuzalwa, amalayisense omshayeli, namapassport, abantu bangaphoqelelwa ukuba bashade bebodwa futhi bangafanelani nobuntu babo bobulili obungafani. Ukwaziswa kobulili ngokomthetho [ kuhilela inqubo kahulumeni evumela umuntu ukuba ahlaziye igama lakhe nophawu lobulili. Nokho, izimfuneko zalenqubo ziyahluka kakhulu.

I-eper-Decration v. Izimfuneko zezokwelapha

Amazwe amaningi aye adlulela kuhlobo lokuhlola ngokwawo ngo-2012, oluvumela abantu ukuba bashintshe ubulili babo obungokomthetho ngokumane bavume ukuthi bangobani, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhlinzwa, amahormone, noma ukuhlolwa kwengqondo. I-Argentina yayiyiphayona kulokhu, idlulisa umthetho weGerder Dimonity Law ngo-2012, evumela ushintsho olusekelwe ekuzibonakaliseni kwabo kuphela. Ngokufanayo, u-Malta’s Gender Identificity, Gender Messisticus no-Scodecial Act ka-201515 isusa noma yiziphi izimfuneko zokwelapha. Lemithetho eqhubekayo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukudlulisa i-Genergen kanye nabantu abangakholiter, abavumela ukuba baphinde bashade ngokwesimo sabo.

Ngokuphambene, ezinye izifunda ezihlukene zidinga ukungenela kwezokwelapha njengokuhlinza kobulili, ukuvala inzalo, noma isehlukaniso ngaphambi kokushintsha kwendlela yokuvimbela ubulili kuvunyelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iJapane, idinga ukuhlinza nokuvala inzalo ukuze iqaphele ubulili ngokomthetho, futhi umuntu kumelwe ahlale engashadile futhi engenabantwana. Izimfuneko ezinjalo azikona nje kuphela ukubulala inkanuko kodwa futhi zakha ukukhetha okungenakwenzeka kubantu abangase bangafuni ukuhlinzwa noma abangakashadi. Ilungelo lobuHuman Watch ibhale phansi indlela lemithwalo ethinta ngayo abantu ngokungenakulinganiswa, ibasunduza ekungabazeni okungokomthetho.

Ithonya Emshadweni

Uma ubulili bomuntu bungavumelani ngokomthetho, imithetho yomshado ingaba inqwaba yamabhomu. Ngokwesibonelo, indoda eshintsha ubulili bayo ishintshele ebulilini ishade nowesifazane, futhi umshado uzoqashelwa njengesibopho esihlukile sobulili. Kodwa uma izelwe ingenye indoda ingabe isahlela abesifazane, eminye imithetho ingaphatha umshado njengesibopho esifanayo, ingawulahla uma umshado ofanayo ungavunyelwe ngokomthetho. Ngokuphambene, abantu abangabobubhinabhinari abangakwazi ukuthola isigqebhezana esingokomthetho esingabalula noma esingabangenisiyo kungase kuphoqelelwe ukukhetha isitifiketi sobudoda noma sowesifazane lapho usebenzisa ilayisenselo lomshado, lapho uthatha isibopho esiwuhlukanisayo futhi ungenza ukuba ungabi khona inseko olungokomthetho kamuva, njengasekuwufaka esabelweni noma ifa lesahlukaniso.

Amalungelo Omshado Abantu Abangawatholi Futhi Abangashintshi

Uma ubulili buqashelwa ngokomthetho, imithetho yomshado ivumela abantu ukuba bashade ngokuvumelana naleso sibonakaliso. Nokho, isimo siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kubantu abangebona abafakelwayo , okubonakala kwabo kwabesilisa noma abesifazane kuphela. Imithetho eminingi yomshado isabhalwa ngokwezici ezimbili. Imishado eminingi ichazwa ngokomthetho njengesibopho phakathi kowesilisa nowesifazane, noma kwamanye amazwe athuthukayo, phakathi kwabantu ababili. Abantu abafana no-Nongradary bavame ukuwela endaweni empunga engokomthetho.

Imithetho Yomshado Yenkululeko Yesibili Nemingcele Yayo

Ezindabeni ezingadlulele ngalé kwesimiso esisakhiwe ngokubili, umuntu ongeyena i-granitary angase angakwazi ukushada, noma angaphoqeleka ukuba azidukise esitifiketini somshado. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United Kingdom iyawuqaphela umshado phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane (oplaterasex) futhi phakathi kwabantu ababili (i-comsadex), kodwa umqondo ongokomthetho we-“Umshado” awuvumelani kalula nomngane womshado ongeyena umbhalisa. Umthetho womthetho u-Gender Stagnictial Act uvumela ukuba kuvunyelwe iSatifiketi sokwethalo kodwa unikeza kuphela abesilisa nabesifazane. Ngakho abantu ababili abakhishwa ekuqapheleni ngokomthetho, benza amalungelo abo omshado abengakholeki kalula.

Ezinye zithi e-U.S., njengeCalifornia neWashington, D.C., ziye zathatha izinyathelo zihlanganisa iziphawuli ezingathathi ubulili ezigwegwegweni zokuzalwa nezimvume zokushayela, futhi lezi zivame ukwamukelwa kumalayisense omshado. Nokho, imithetho yomshado kahulumeni isasebenza esimisweni esimbaxambili ngezinjongo eziningi. Umthetho we-American Liberties Union useke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abangenisi nemithetho yomshado abangeyo-gronabina ayiphiwe imvume yomshado, kodwa ukusebenza kwemithetho kahulumeni kudala ukuguquguquka okukhulu.

Umshado Ofanayo Wesilisa Nobulili Njengomsebenzi Ofanayo

Emazweni amaningi lapho ukushada ngokweshelana kungokomthetho, abantu abathatha isibopho sokushada nabantu abangashadile nabo kungakhathaliseki ubulili obungokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uma owesifazane othatha i-trangender eshada nendoda, isibopho singaphathwa ngokomthetho njengomshado ohlukile (uma ubufana nowesifazane) noma umshado ofanayo (uma ubulili bakhe buqashelwa ngowesifazane) noma njengomshado owengeziwe (uma ubulili bakhe bungaqashelwa). U-Obergefell v. Hodges will v. Umshado ofanayo osemthethweni wase-665 (20) u-65) uvikelwa ngokungaqondile imishado yabantu abaningi abadlulisayo. Kodwa ngisho nangaphansi kokubusa, abantu abangebonayo inkantolo ibhekene nezinsolo ngenxa yokungaqiniseki ngenxa yokuthi inkantolo ishosho ukuthi inyuko phakathi kwabantu ababili, bengaqapheli ngokuqondile ukuthi abantu ababili.

I- International, Lesbian, Gay, Bibialia, Trans Trans and Interssex Association (ILGA) ithatha ukulingana kwembulunga yonke futhi ibike ukuthi kusukela ngo-2024, okungenani amazwe angu-36 avumela umshado ofanayo wesix, kodwa kuphela inani elicacile elingabhekisiwe edwani lamalungelo angewona ama-19672 phakathi kwemithetho yabo yemishado. Leligebe libonisa isidingo semithetho edlula i-on kanye cellsex / ngokuphikisana ne-69sex dichotomy futhi esikhundleni sokwamukela i-fakthro egcwele.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nokucwaswa

Naphezu kwentuthuko eqhubekayo, abantu abangahlangene nabangebona abesilisa nabesifazane bayaqhubeka bebhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho ezinkulu kanye nobandlululo uma kuziwa emshadweni.

Isehlukaniso Esiphoqelelwe Nemithwalo Engafanele

Amazwe amaningana asafuna umuntu ozohlukanisa ngaphambi kokuba ashintshe ubulili bawo ngokomthetho. Lomkhuba, owaziwa ngokuthi uphoqelele isehlukaniso , uwukwephulwa kwelungelo lokushada nokuphila komkhaya. Ngokwesibonelo, eJapane, iNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2019 yasekela imfuneko yokuthi umuntu angabi nasibopho sokushintsha ubulili bakhe obungokomthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umuntu owadlulayo emishadweni ejabulisayo, eqashelwa ngokomthetho, kumelwe akhethe phakathi komshado wakhe nophawu lwabo olungokomthetho. Izivumelwano ezifanayo zikhona ezingxenyeni zeYurophu nase-Asia, naphezu kwelungelo lomhlaba wonke ezikhuthaza ukukhishwa kwazo.

Ngisho nalapho isehlukaniso singaphoqelelwe ngokuqondile, inqubo yokuqaphela ubulili ingaba umthwalo omkhulu kangangokuthi idumaza abantu ukuba bafune ukuqashelwa ngokomthetho. Izinhlu zokulinda isikhathi eside ukuze kuhlinzwe, izindleko eziphakeme, nokuxilonga okungalawuleki kuvimbela abaningi ukuba bakhiphe izincwadi zabo. Ngenxa yalokho, bangase bashiywe esimweni esingokomthetho esingavumelani nokuzichaza kwabo, okwenza umshado wabo ube yizisulu zokubhekana nenselele, ikakhulukazi uma bethuthela endaweni engathuthuki kakhulu.

Ukucwaswa Emshadweni

Ubandlululo lungavela kubantu abangathathi gazi kanye nabangekho emasimini omshado ngesikhathi abafaka ngaso isicelo semvume yomshado. OCrerk banganqaba ukunikeza imvume uma i-arhente yomfaki wesicelo ingavumelani nokubukeka kwabo noma uma beveza izimpawu zobulili ezingavumelani ne-[67]. Kwezinye izifundazwe zase-U.S., oonobhala baye baziwa ukuthi badinga ukubhalwa kwezincwadi ezengeziwe, njengamazwi kadokotela, ngaphambi kokuba bakhiphe imvume kumuntu owenziwe nge-transder. Le mithetho yokuvala i-discrinitarinanti ayivunyelwe ngokomthetho eminingi elwa nomthetho onqandayo, kodwa iyaqhubeka ngenxa yokungagunyazi lutho noma ukuqashelwa komphakathi.

Ngo-2015, ISinkampano Samalungelo Abantu [ sabika amacala lapho imibhangqwana edlulisa imoto yangenwa khona amalayisense omshado noma yatshelwa ukuthi ayinakushada ngoba ubulili bayo obungokomthetho abuvumelani nezinketho ezimbili ezikhona. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izifunda eziningi ziye zakhipha isiqondiso esiqinisekisa ilungelo labantu abadlulayo ukuba bashade, kodwa ukusungula kuhlala kungalingani. Abantu abangameleki babhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu nakakhulu ngoba ngokuvamile akukho lungiselelo elingokomthetho lomngane womshado ongeyena ngqamani lika-18762 ezigwegwegwe, zibashiyele ezivumelweni ezingokomthetho.

Imiqondo Nentuthuko Yomhlaba Wonke

Amanye amazwe emhlabeni wonke aye enza intuthuko ephawulekayo ekuvikeleni amalungelo omshado abantu abangewona ama - PObinal nabangenazo izigebengu.

I - Argentina: Indlela Esekelwe Kumalungelo

I-Argentina ivame ukuvezwa njengomholi wembulunga yonke wamalungelo omhlaba. Ngo-2015, i-Gerner Imanuty Law yayo ka-2012 ivumela abantu ukuba bashintshe igama labo nobulili emabhukwini asemthethweni ngenqubo elula yokuphatha, ngaphandle kokufuna ukungenela kwanoma yimuphi umsebenzi wezokwelapha. Lo mthetho usebenza ngokufanayo kubantu abangakho e-677, abangathola uphawu lwe-screental olubonisa ukuthi bangobani. Ngo-2015, i-Argentina yavumela futhi ukukhethwa kwe-ID (ukusebenzisa i-“X” uphawu). Njengomphumela, amalayisense e-mganothi e-yo-yokungagunyaza besilisa ababili. [[FLT: 0] Uhulumeni [FLT] u-Artenthine] uthuthukise kakhulu lolu shintsho, nenani elingokomthetho lobufana.

IMalta: Izivikelo Eziwubukhazikhazi

IMalta ingomunye umbukiso wayo, neGender Ixter Act, Gender Explorences and Sexmostics Act (2015) enqabela ukucwaswa kobandlululo futhi igunya elingokomthetho elisekelwe ekuzibekeleni ngokwayo. iMalta futhi ivumela iziphawuli ezingagunyazi ubulili ezibhalwe emabhukwini emininingwane. Imithetho yayo yomshado iwubulili obungabufana nobu-sandunu, okusho ukuthi noma yibaphi abantu ababili bangashada kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangobufana ngokomthetho. Lokhu kuveza iMalta i-malta i-Rainbow ephezulu kakhulu e-ILGAPreeu-eu - Finic. Impumelelo ye-Maltaltah ibonisa ukuthi ubulula obungokomthetho namalungelo abantu bangahambisana.

ECanada NaseNdiya: Intuthuko Yokwahlulela

ICanada ayinawo umthetho womshado kahulumeni; kunalokho, umshado ulawulwa yizifundazwe, ezivumela umshado olinganayo (umthetho kusukela ngo 2005) futhi ziqaphele izinguquko zezesilisa. Ngo-2017, iCanada yasungula isiphawuli esingathi sisbrogosa (“X”) sezincwadi zokungena emakhaya nezinye izifundazwe zikahulumeni, futhi izifundazwe eziningi zilandela umthetho ofanele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-Canada engakhonjwa ngokwezimo zayo, nakuba ezinye izimpikiswano ezisebenzayo zisekhona (umz., izitifiketi zomshado ezikhishwa yizifundazwe ezisasebenzisa amafomu amabili).

INkantolo Ephakeme yaseNdiya, ecaleni eliyingqophamlando Igunya Lesizwe Lemithetho Yomthetho Igunya Lezezimali ngokuvalwa kwe-Union ye-Indiya (, yaqaphela ubulili besithathu futhi yayala uhulumeni ukuba anikeze ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho kwabantu abathatha i-transgender nongebona ababhitane. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo kuye kwehlisa ijubane. Inkantolo yayeka ukuhluleka ukushaya imithetho yomshado elinganisela imibhangqwana ehlukene neyamaphakathi kwe-63, ishiya amalungelo omshado e-transgender ecacile. Ngo-2023, iNkakhulu yenqaba ukubhalisa umshado ofanayo, okuthinta abantu abaqashelwa ubufana babo ubufana nobufanayo. [[FLT:] Ihhovisi le Nhlangano ephakeme yeZizwe Ezihlangene yenkululeko yenkululeko yenkululeko [FFT]]

Iziyalezo Nezesikhathi Esizayo

Abasekeli bayaqhubeka bephoqelela izinguquko ezingokomthetho ezibanzi eziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yomshado ihlanganisa zonke izici zobulili. Umgomo awukona nje ukususa ukucwasana okusobala kodwa futhi nezimiso zokuklama eziqinisekisa ukuhlukahluka kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu.

Kudingeka Izinguquko Ezingokomthetho

Izinguquko eziphambili zihlanganisa: (1) ukuzivumela ukuba kuqashelwe ngokomthetho ubulili ngaphandle kwezidingo zezokwelapha noma zomshado; (2) ukuqaphela izimpawu ezingagunyaziyo kanye nezinhlobo zobulili kuzo zonke izincwadi ezingokomthetho, kuhlanganise nezitifiketi zomshado; (3) ukuguqula imithetho yomshado ukuze ichaze umshado njengenyunyana yabantu ababili abangabhekiseli ebulilini noma ebulilini; futhi (4) ukuvimbela ukuvikelwa kwemishado emahhovisi angenamthetho. IHhovisi lamaLungelo lomphakathi [[[FLT: 1]] ikhiphe iziqondiso ezigcizelela ukuthi kumelwe zihloniphe ilungelo lokushada ngabo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangobulilini.

Indima Yemfundo Nokuqaphela

Ushintsho olungokomthetho lodwa alwanele. Ukuqonda komphakathi i-ongeyo-blinary ne-transgender DIM kuhlala kulinganiselwe, kuholela ekuhlazweni nasekucalulweni. Imikhankaso yemfundo ebhekiswe ezikhulwini zikahulumeni, ezikhulwini zomshado, nasemphakathini jikelele ibalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, omakabhalane baqeqeshela ukuhlela izicelo zomshado kubantu abaneziyalezo ezingezona ezezi 76bina. Ukuqashelwa komsebenzi wezemthetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi abameli nabehluleli basingatha izindaba ezihlobene nozwela nobuchule.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi ezinjenge- International Bar Association’s LGBTQ+ Committee yoMthetho zisebenza ekuqeqesheni abameli nokusekela umthetho wesibonelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumelelwa kwemidiya nemibhangqwana engekho e-6abinary kungaguqula imikhaya ehlukene futhi kunciphise ubandlululo.

Isiphetho: Ukufinyelela Ekuluthalweni

Amalungelo abantu abangathathi hlangothi futhi abangathathi hlangothi ezimisweni zomshado ayingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yomzabalazo wokulingana kwabesilisa nesithunzi sobuntu. Nakuba kuye kwenziwa intuthuko ephawulekayo − ikakhulukazi emazweni aye amukela imithetho yokuzinqumela kanye nemithetho yomshado engathathi hlangothi zobulili (b) nezimiso eziningi zomthetho zisenezimfuneko eziqinile ezihlukanisayo nezilimazayo. Isehlukaniso esiphoqelelwe, izimfuneko zezokwelapha ukuze kuqashelwe ubulili, nokuntula izinqumo ezingekho kwezitifiketi zomshado eziyizigwebo eziphikelelayo ezidinga inguquko ephuthumayo.

Izeluleko, inguquko engokomthetho, nemfundo yomphakathi kumelwe kuqhubeke kunezici ezihlukene. Ngokufunda ngempumelelo yase-Argentina, eMalta, nakwamanye amaphayona, amazwe emhlabeni wonke angakha imithetho yomshado eqaphela ngempela ukuthi ubani ungubani. Umphakathi olungile nongahlukene ngeke ushiye noma imuphi umuntu ngemva kwe-("i-palender, nonggradbinary, noma isiphi esinye isici sobudoda. Ilungelo lokushada kufanele libe jikelele, futhi umthetho kumelwe ufinyelele lowo mqondo.

Ekugcineni, ukuqonda nokusekela lamalungelo akuyona nje incwadi engokomthetho; kuphathelene nokuhlonipha okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu abaningi abaphilayo futhi baxoxe ngezindaba zabo, imfuneko yokuziphatha edinga ushintsho iyaqina. Ukulingana komshado kubo bonke ubulili akuwona umgomo ofinyeleleka, ufuna ukuba kube yiqembu kuphela elizokwenza kube ngokoqobo.