Ayini Amalungelo Ezombangazwe?

Amalungelo ezombangazwe ayizivumelwano eziyisisekelo nezivikelo ezenza abantu bakwazi ukuthatha iqhaza ekubuseni izwe labo. Bangamathuluzi angokomthetho izakhamuzi ezisebenzisa ngawo ithonya ezinqumweni zomphakathi, zikhethe abameleli bazo, futhi zibe namandla okulandisa. Lamalungelo awayona nje izifiso ezingabonakali; angamathuluzi asebenzayo aguqula isikhulu sibe isakhamuzi. Amalungelo ezombangazwe ahlanganiswa kakhulu emithethweni yesizwe, izivumelwano zezizwe, nemithetho yemithetho yezizwe. UMthetho Ongameleli womthetho wenkululeko yamalungelo abantu [ [UR] [US] [i] (UDHR]) aveza imibono eminingi yala malungelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuthatha ingxenye yezwe elilodwa (i-Actlettery 21). Ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kwemithetho yezombangazwe, izakhamuzi ngeke zikwazi ukuhlelwa kwemibono engokomthetho, njengoba zingena, noma abaholi abaholi, noma abaholi babo.

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa amalungelo ezombangazwe nenkululeko yomphakathi. Inkululeko yomphakathi, njengenkululeko yokucabanga noma yokufihla imfihlo, ivikela abantu ekuphazanyisweni umbuso. Amalungelo ezombangazwe, ngokuphambene, ayi- imvume enika izakhamuzi amandla okulungisa umbuso ngokwawo. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokuvota liyilungelo lezombangazwe, kanti ilungelo lokuhlola ngokulunga liyinkululeko yomphakathi. Zombili zizimele: ngaphandle kwenkululeko (inkululeko yomphakathi), ukuvota okunenjongo (ilungelo lezombangazwe) akunakwenzeka.

Amalungelo ezombangazwe ahlanganisa, kodwa awagcini kulawa:

  • ngakwesokudla sokuvota okhethweni oluqotho, lwezikhathi ezithile, nolukhululekile.
  • ngakwesokudla ukumela ukhetho ehhovisi lomphakathi.
  • [ Inkululeko yokusho [ ezindabeni zezombangazwe, kuhlanganise nokugxekwa kukahulumeni.
  • [ Inkululeko yomhlangano ukuhlela imihlangano yezombangazwe, imibhikisho, nemihlangano.
  • [ Inkululeko yokuhlangana [ ukujoyina amaqembu ezombangazwe, izinyunyana zokuhwebelana, namaqembu enzalo.
  • [ Ilungelo lokucela [ uhulumeni wokulungisa izikhalo.
  • inikeza ukwaziswa komphakathi [ ngezenzo zikahulumeni nokusetshenziswa kwemali.

I - International Paravement on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) yengeziwe indlela amazwe okumelwe awavikele ngayo lamalungelo, kuhlanganise namalungiselelo ezinhlangano ezizimele zokuqondisa okhetho kanye nokwenqabela ubandlululo ekuhlanganyeleni kwezombangazwe.

Ukubaluleka Kwamalungelo Ezombangazwe

Amalungelo ezombangazwe awayona into yokunethezeka noma ecatshangelwayo emphakathini wentando yeningi.

Ukunikezwa amandla

Amalungelo ezombangazwe aguqula izakhamuzi ezingasebenzi zibe izakhamuzi ezikhuthele. Anika abantu abavamile amandla angokomthetho okuthonya imithetho, amabhange, nezimiso ezithinta ukuphila kwabo kwansuku zonke. Uma izakhamuzi zingavota, zikhulume, futhi zihlele, azisanciki emseni wababusi. Lokhu kugunyaza kubaluleke kakhulu ekwahlukanisweni kwemithetho engokomlando, njengabesifazane, abantu abambalwa besizwe, nabantu bomdabu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokumiswa kwe-Voting Rights Act ka-1965 eUnited States, ukubhalisa ama-Afrika eNingizimu kwasuka ku-23% kuya ku 60%, kubonisa indlela amalungelo angokomthetho angaveza ngayo amandla ezombangazwe.

Ikhasi lokulandisa

Izikhulu eziqashelwayo eziyazi ukuthi zingavotelwa ngaphandle kwesikhundla zithambekele kakhulu ekusabeleni ezidingweni zomphakathi futhi zigweme ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya. Amalungelo ezombangazwe adala indiva: izakhamuzi zihlola ukusebenza, zigxeke ukwehluleka, futhi zithathe indawo yabenzi abangaphansi. Lendlela ivimbela ukonakala nokungabi nakhono. Ukucwaninga I House iveza njalo ukuthi amazwe anamalungelo aqinile avikela amalungelo ezombangazwe anezinga eliphansi kakhulu anezinga eliphansi lokonakala. Emphakathini lapho amalungelo ezombangazwe ebuthakathaka, abaholi ababhekenemiphumela ephansi, okuholela ekungajezisweni nokubola.

Umemo

Idemokrase enempilo kumelwe ibonise ukuhlukahluka kwenani labantu bayo. Amalungelo ezombangazwe aqinisekisa ukuthi imibono ehlukene, kuhlanganise naleyo yamaqembu amancane nawangaphansi, inesihlalo etafuleni. Lokhu kudlulela ngalé kokuba khona nje; kusho ukuthi imithetho nezimiso zitshelwa ngokuhlangenwe nakho okuningi. Ngokwesibonelo, izimiso zokumelela ngokulingana, ezinika amaqembu amancane ithuba lokuwina izihlalo, ngokuvamile zisuka emalungelweni aqinile ezombangazwe. Uma wonke amaqembu engahlanganyela, imiphumela iba ngeyodwa futhi ingathandeki kakhulu ezithakazelweni eziphambili.

Ubulungisa Bezenhlalo

Amalungelo ezombangazwe ayithuluzi elinamandla lokuthuthukisa ubulungisa bezenhlalo. Bavumela imiphakathi eswele ukuba ifune ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo, iholo elifanele, ukufinyelela imfundo, nokuphela kobandlululo. Inhlangano yamaLungelo e-Civil Rights e-United States iyisibonelo sencwadi yezincwadi: ngokusebenzisa ilungelo layo lokuhlanganisa, ukunxusa, nokukhuluma, abashisekeli baphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba aphule imithetho kaJim Crow futhi amise umthetho ongokomthetho ongokomthetho ongokomthetho onjengomthetho ka-Cvinigal Rights Act ka-19464. Ngokufanayo, izinhlangano zabesifazane emhlabeni wonke zisebenzisa amalungelo ezombangazwe ukuze ziqinisekise amalungelo okuvota, okwaholela ekubeni imithetho ethinta ukungalingani kwezehlukani kwabesilisa.

Ukulondeka

Ngokuphambene nenkolelo yokuthi amalungelo ezombangazwe abangela isiphithiphithi, ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi imiphakathi ehlonipha amalungelo ezombangazwe iqinile futhi inokuthula. Uma abantu benezindlela zokuthula zokuveza izikhalo nokushintsha ukuhola, cishe abakwazi ukuphendukela ebudloveni. Ukuhlola kweWorld Bank kwabika ukuthi amazwe anamalungelo aqinile ezombangazwe nenkululeko yomphakathi abhekana nezimpi zombango ezimbalwa kakhulu futhi imizamo yokugumbula. Inqubo ilula kakhulu: uma isimiso sivumela ushintsho ngebhokisi lebhola, akumelwe. Amalungelo ezombangazwe anikeza isivikelo sokunganeliseki.

Umlando Wamalungelo Ezombangazwe

Izenzakalo ezingokomlando azizange zandise uhlu lwamalungelo kuphela kodwa futhi zachaza futhi ukuthi ubani obalulekile njengesakhamuzi. Ukuqonda lomlando kusisiza ukuba siqonde ukuwohloka kwalamalungelo namuhla.

Isisekelo Sangaphambi Kwesimo

Amagna Carta (1215) ngokuvamile kucashunwa njengenyathelo lokuqala, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo emalungelweni ezombangazwe kulinganiselwe. Yaqinisekisa ukuthi inkosi yayingangaphezu komthetho nokuthi abantu abakhululekile babenamalungelo athile, kodwa ayidalanga ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwakuyi- [[FLT:] Commercian Bill of Rights [1689], , elinganisela amandla enkosi futhi eqinisekisa ilungelo lePhalamende lokuhlangana nokuphikisana ngokukhululekile, kanye [[FLT:] ne-[FLT] i-P] e-kungahlangani kwe-Queight [16].[FLT]

Inkathi Yokuziphendukela Kwemvelo (yekhulu Elingu - 18th C.E.)

INguquko yaseMelika (1775 - 17783) yaveza uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. (1787) neSigqi Samalungelo (1787), inkululeko ehlangene yokukhuluma, umhlangano, nesicelo. Nokho, kwathatha amakhulu amabili eminyaka ukuze lamalungelo anwetshwe kubesifazane, ama-Afrika, namaMelika Omdabu. Inguquko yaseFrance (1789)[FLT] yamemezela inkululeko, ukulingana, ukulingana, nokuhlangana, kanye neSimemezelo samalungelo abantu nezakhamuzi, kanye neSimemezelo samalungelo abantu abakhona esikhathini esizayo sokuba isilinganisi selungelo lokubusa kwabantu. Nokho, iFrance yabhekana futhi nokuBusazisa kwezethu, isikhumbuzo sokusizwa kwezinhlangano zezombangazwe.

Ukuhlasela Nokwanda (Ikhulu Le - 20 - 20)

I-[FLT] Ilwela amalungelo okuvota kwabesifazane, ifeze izenzakalo eziqanjiwe eNew Zealand (1893), iFinland (1906), kanye neNyakatho Melika ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. [ ISivil Rights Movement (1950s-1960s)[FLT]] yasusa ubandlululo olungokomthetho eUnited States, ifinyelela ekubekeni iMithethombo Yamalungelo eMthethweni we-Ongemuva ka-1965]. Izwe lonke, inkathi yeMpi yeMpi yeZwe yeZwe II yabona ukuhlaziywa kwelungelo lezombangazwe (1950:4] [FLT]] i-Activeractivection of Human Human Rights of Human Rights of Human Human Union [194]) ihleliwe ngokungendlela ebuthaka, nakuba intengonyaka ka-1984]

Ukushikashikeka Kwangesikhathi Esidlule

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 nasekuqaleni kwelama-21, amalungelo ezombangazwe aye abhekana nezingcindezi ezintsha. Ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi kwavuleka okwesikhashana indawo yentando yeningi eMpumalanga Yurophu nasezingxenyeni ze-Afrika, kodwa ukunqanda kwe-athorital kuye kwaba namandla emazweni anjengeRussia, i-Hungary, ne-Turkey. Ukwanda kobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe bezesayensi kuye kwaveza amathuba amasha okuhlanganyela (umzz. izikhalo zezentengo zezenhlalakahle, i-socialism) kodwa futhi kunezinsongo ezintsha: ukuhlukanisa, i-inthaneti-illigate-sve, nokuvimbela ukuphikisa. Ukuvikela amalungelo ezombangazwe namuhla kudinga ukuvumelana nalalelwa la maqiniso amasha.

Amalungelo Ezombangazwe Emhlabeni Wonke

Isimo samalungelo ezombangazwe siyahlukahluka kakhulu. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njenge House yeFreedom ne-Economist Intelligence Unit zishicilela izinqumo zaminyaka yonke. Inkululeko House’s “ezweni” ibika amazwe amaningi ngenqubo yokukhetha, ubuningi bezombangazwe, ukusebenza kukahulumeni, kanye nezinye izilinganiso. Kusukela ngo-2024, amazwe amaningi awela“ ngenkululeko ehlukene” noma“ kungezona izigaba ezikhululekile”, okubonisa izikwelebezo ezingathi sína.

Isivikelo Sezigebengu

Amazwe ase-Nordic (umz., Norway, Sweden, Finland) ahlala ephezulu kakhulu. Ahlanganisa ukhetho olukhululekile nolungakho, ukubusa okunamandla komthetho, ukonakala okuphansi, nokhetho oluphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe anjenge Costa Rica, iNew Zealand, neCanada anikeza amalungelo aqinile ezombangazwe ngokuvikela okukhulu ngokuhlanganyela kwabambalwa. Lamazwe anamakhothali abazimele, abezindaba abakhululekile, kanye nemiphakathi ephambili ebuka uhulumeni.

Izinselele Nokuncipha

Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, amalungelo ezombangazwe ayahlaselwa. Imibuso yobukhompuyutha enjengeChina, Russia, North Korea, ne-Iran] icindezela ukuphikisana ngezindlela ezihlelekile ngokuhlola, ukuboshwa, nobudlova. Ukukhetha, uma ekhona, awekho, awekho noma angakhethi. [FLT]] ilulaza inani lamalungelo ezombangazwe; lapho ukukhetha kukavoti kuncishwa ngokufumbathisa noma ukukhohlisa, ilungelo lokuvota lisuke lingasho lutho. Emazweni afana naseNdiya, ukuphambuka kobukhoshiya amacala ngokwentando yeningi. [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [[FLT]]

Imingcele yezezomnotho ivimbela abaningi ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo ezombangazwe. Imithetho ye-Voter ID, ukuvala indawo, nezithiyo zokubhalisa ngokungenakulinganiswa zithinta imiphakathi empofu nembalwa, ngisho nasebuthweni lentando yeningi elimisiwe. E-U.S., ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi imigqa emide nezimfuneko eziqinile ze-ID zinganqanda ukuphephuka ngo-2-3% kokhetho.

I-Disformation iwusongo olukhulayo. Ukwaziswa okungamanga okusakazwa ngemithombo yezokuxhumana kungaphazamisa ukuqonda komphakathi ngezindaba nabazofuna ukubhapathizwa. Imithetho yomthetho ivame ukuhlanganisa izinto ezididayo nezidukisayo, ikwenze kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi. Ukulwa nalokhu akudingi nje izinyathelo ezingokomthetho kodwa futhi nemfundo yokufundisa imithombo yezindaba.

Indlela Yokumelela Amalungelo Ezombangazwe

Ukulwela amalungelo ezombangazwe akuwona umsebenzi kwabashisekeli abambalwa; kuwumthwalo wemfanelo wazo zonke izakhamuzi.

Zifundise Wena Nabanye

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho kuyisinyathelo sokuqala. Funda umthetho - sisekelo wezwe lakini, funda ngamathuluzi alwela amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, futhi landela imithombo ehloniphekile enjenge-Amnesty International or Human Rights Watch. Hlela amashabhu ezikoleni, ezikhungweni zomphakathi, noma ezinhlanganweni zenkolo ukuze uxoxe ngamalungelo ezombangazwe nendlela yokuwasebenzisa.

Ukuhlanganyela Embusweni Wezombangazwe

Ukuqamba kusesona senzo esibaluleke kakhulu, kodwa kumane kuyisiqalo. Yiba khona emahholo edolobha, emihlanganweni yesikole, nasezingxenyeni zomkhandlu wedolobha. Zivolontiya imikhankaso noma ukhonze emabhodini okuhlola. Ugedelela ihhovisi [ . .__Izikhundla zendawo ngokuvamile zinemingcele ephansi yokungena futhi zingaba itshe eliya ehhovisi eliphezulu. Ukukhuthaza amaqembu angeniswe ngaphansi ukuze enze okufanayo.

Imithetho Engokomthetho Egunyazwa Amalungelo Isekela

Abameleli bemithetho endisa ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe: ukuvota okuzenzekelayo, ukuvota kwandisa ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, izikhomishane ezizimele zokuzimela ukuqinisekisa, ukuveza izimali, kanye nesivikelo ekusabiseni abavoti. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, phikisa imithetho evimbela ukungena kwevoti noma ukubhikisha ngokuthula. Bhala izimemezelo zomthetho, izicelo, nokujoyina izinxulumani ezilwela lezinguquko.

Ukusebenzelana Nezinhlangano

Izinzuzo, amaqembu osizo olungokomthetho, nezinhlangano eziqaphayo zisezinhlangothini ezingaphambili. Amaqembu asekelayo anjenge ALU (Inani le-Civil Liberties Union) elithi litifains ukuvikela amalungelo ezombangazwe, noma i-Comtion Coalition Constitution [ enikeza usizo olungokomthetho kuvoti.

Ukuphazanyiswa Kwezibalo Nemibiko

Sebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukuze ubhale izinkinga. I-Mobile apps njenge- “Vote Report” noma“ Ushahidi” ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibike izindaba zomjaho noma ukwesabisa. Izezindaba zomphakathi zingakhulisa izinkinga, kodwa futhi ziqinisekise ukwaziswa ngaphambi kokuhlanganyela. Bika ukuphulwa kwemikhakha yokhetho, izindikimba zamalungelo abantu, kanye nemithombo yezindaba. Ukunqanda ukuxhashazwa kokusetshenziswa kabi kwezindawo.

Khuthaza Ukufundwa Kwemithombo Yezindaba

Melana nokugxeka ngokufundisa ukugxeka imithombo. Khuthaza izingosi ezihlola amaqiniso njenge Snopes noma i-Check.org. Thubhisela izifundo ezisezikoleni ezihlanganisa ukuhlola ukwaziswa kuyi-website. Izakhamuzi ezingabona iqiniso empandweni eqanjiwe zibalulekile ekusebenziseni amalungelo ezombangazwe ngendlela efanele.

Isiphetho

Amalungelo ezombangazwe ayisici esiyinhloko sesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi. Asiza abantu ukuba babumbe uhulumeni wabo, bagcine abaholi benomlando, futhi bakhe umphakathi olungile. Umlando walamalungelo uyindaba yokwanda okuqhubekayo, kodwa akuyona indlela eqondile. Inzuzo eminingi eyenziwa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka manje isongelwa ukubusa ngempoqo, inkohlakalo, nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe. Ukuvikela namalungelo athuthukisiwe ezombangazwe kudinga ukuzikhandla, ulwazi, nokuqashelwa okuqhubekayo yizo zonke izingxenye zomphakathi. Ngokuqonda ukuthi lamalungelo abaluleke ngani, kungani, futhi kungani isakhamuzi ngasinye singasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi idemokhrasi izizukulwane zihlala zikhona zinamandla. Umsebenzi awuqediwe, kodwa amathuluzi awethukile, kodwa amathuluzi akhona.