Umlando: Izinkinga Nendlela Eya Esivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu

Imsuka ye-Good Wear Agreement iphakathi kwamashumi amathathu eminyaka yempi yezombangazwe eyaziwa ngokuthi iNkingo, eyabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka - 3 500 phakathi konyaka ka-1960 nonyaka ka-1998. Inhlangano yase-Northern Ireland ehlukene kakhulu (iningi lamaProthestani, efisa ukuhlala iyingxenye ye-United Kingdom) nezwe (iningi lamaKatolika, elilwela ukuya e-Ireland enobunye) yanda ngokuqhubekayo ngenxa yobandlululo lwezesimiso sobuzwe, ubudlova bempi, kanye nokusabela kokuphepha kwaseBrithani okuvame ukuhlukanisa abantu.

Imizamo yokuphazamisa i-Irish Advertice yaqala kudala ngaphambi kuka-1998. Isivumelwano se-Sundingdale sango-1997 sasiwumzamo wokuqala wokumisa umqondisi ophethe amandla, kodwa yawa phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa ngenxa yokuphikiswa kwe-Unionism nesegalelo. Isivumelwano se-Anglone-Irish , (1985) sanikeza i-Riphabliki lase-Ireland indima yokuhlola eNyakatho ne-Ireland, i-Irish Union kodwa yabeka isisekelo se-Generaltic Union kodwa i-Provisions. Ngasekuqaleni koomnyaka ka-199959, i-imfihlo, i-kamfihlo i-kadensi izinkulumo ezidluliswa abefundisi, abaholwayo, abaholwayo, nabameli bamabhizinisi, nabameli bama-media (ababhishobhishobhishobhili ababhisi) abaholi abanyuselwe ukuhlanganisa i-Best Adrust Revertsburgsburg (evert) e-Estrian) e-Est, i-Estrientlesmu

Izimiso Zomkhonto Zokupholisa Amandla

I-Good Wear Agreement iyisikhawu esihlanganisayo − uhlobo lwentando yeningi oluklanyelwe ukusingatha ukuhlukana okujulile kobuhlanga ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amaqembu amakhulu ahlanganyela ezombangazwe. Abaklami bawo badwetshwa ngenkolelo-lwazi yezesayensi yezombangazwe u-Arend Lijphart. Izimiso eziyinhloko ezibekwe ku-Isivumelwano zihlanganisa:

Uhulumeni Ongokwenhlalo

Esikhundleni sesimiso sobuholi lapho iqembu elikhulu lilawula khona uhulumeni, i-Aspect igunya lokubusa ngokulingana phakathi kwabashisekeli be-Union, i-Nationalistes, nalabo abathi abakho. Lokhu kufinyelelwa ngesivumelwano esiphoqelelwe: wonke amaqembu awela umnyango wezihlalo ezilinganiselwe eMhlanganweni anelungelo lokuthola isikhundla sokukhonza. Isimiso siklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma imuphi umphakathi ukuba ulawule omunye, ngaleyondlela kuqinisekiswe ukumelelwa nokuvikela amalungelo amancane.

UVumo lwesiphambano

Ukuvimbela izinqumo ezihlukanisa uhlangothi olulodwa, isivumelwano sifuna ukuba izinqumo ezithile eziyinhloko cishe njengokukhetha kweSpeaker, ukuhlela uhlelo, nezinguquko zokuma iziyalezo, kuthathwe kuphela uma iningi labo bobabili i-Union and Nationalist bevumelana. Lokhu kwaziwa njengemvume efanayo. Okunye, ukuvota okuningi (kuyi-60% yawo wonke amalungu, kuhlanganise nanoma yi-40% yomphakathi ngamunye) kungasetshenziswa. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho unesisekelo esikhulu phakathi kwengxenye ehlukene, uphoqelela ukuhlehlela nokuvumelana.

Imishini KaDhôdt Nokuthutha Kwenkonzo

Ministerial posts in the Northern Ireland Executive are allocated using the D’Hondt formula, a proportional representation method. After an Assembly election, the largest party nominates the First Minister, the next largest the deputy First Minister (who is of a different community), and further ministerial positions are distributed among parties according to their seat share. This mathematical approach removes any discretion about who enters the government, preventing exclusion and ensuring that the executive mirrors the Assembly’s community balance.

Izikhungo Ezisuthiwe Zamiswa Isivumelwano

Isivumelwano sakha izakhiwo ezintathu ezihlangene: Izinhlangano zangaphakathi zase-Northern Ireland (ezinye), izindikimba zaseNyakatho-ntshonalanga ezihlanganisa i-Ireland neRepublic yase-Ireland (eMinyaka wesibili) nezindawo ze-West ezihlanganisa i-UK, i-Ireland, nezinye iziqhingi zaseBrithani (ezintathu). Amalungiselelo alawula amandla abonakala kakhulu eStrand Odwa.

Umhlangano WaseNyakatho Ireland

I-Assembly iyisishaya-mthetho esine-undage esingu-90 samalungu e-Legislative Assembly (MLS), ngasinye sikhethwa ngevoti eyodwa edluliswayo (STV) ezingxenyeni eziyi-18 eziyisihlanu. Sinegunya lomthetho phezu kwezindaba ezihlukene njengezempilo, imfundo, ezolimo, nezobulungisa. Ngokuka-Crucily, i-Convention isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sokuvumelana kwesiphambano somnqamlezo, njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla. Izinhlangano zayo zezezimali zezezimali zezemfundo nezikhonzi zivale ukuvota.

Isikhumulo SaseNyakatho Ireland

Isikhulu esiphethe sihlanganisa uNgqongqoshe Wokuqala, isekela likaNgqongqoshe Wokuqala (ihhovisi elihlangeneyo, hhayi indima encane", futhi izikhonzi eziphethe iminyango ephethe. Wonke amaqembu afanele athathe izihlalo zawo ngaphansi kuka D'Hondt; awanakukhetha ukuhlala ngaphandle kukahulumeni. Lesi simiso sesivumelwano esingokomthetho siye saba amandla okuhlanganisa − − futhi umthombo wesici, njengoba amaqembu anemibono ephikisanayo kumelwe alawule ndawonye. Isigaba sesikhulu senze izinqumo ngesivumelwano, futhi noma isiphi isimo sidinga ukusekela kwe-communy.

Umfundisi Wokuqala Noyisekela Lomfundisi Wokuqala

Amahhovisi kaNgqongqoshe Wokuqala nesekela likaNgqongqoshe Wokuqala uhlukile: Bobabili bakhethwa kanye yi-Orly besebenzisa amavoti axhunyiwe. Bahlanganyela amagunya alinganayo futhi basebenza ndawonye ezindaweni eziningi (ngokwesibonelo, besekelana isikhulumi, benza ukuhambela kwezizwe zonke, futhi bamelela i-Northern Ireland). INgqongqoshe Yokuqala ivela eqenjini elikhulu kakhulu egatsheni elikhulu kakhulu (i-Union noma i- Nationalism), kanye nesekela leNgqongqoshela Yokuqala eqenjini elikhulu kakhulu kwezinye iziqu. Lokhu kufica isigaba sabefundisi nezimpawu kuveza ubudlwane obulinganayo.

Isicelo Sokukhathazeka

Ukuze kuvinjelwe amalungelo ayisisekelo futhi kuvinjelwe iningi lemiphakathi encinyanisayo, i-Actrict yasungula i-Angle of Concentum. Noma yiliphi i-ML 30 inganxusa ukuba ifune ukuvota okuxhumeneyo ngendlela ethile, ngokuphumelelayo inikeza i-voti yedlanzana ezindaweni ezibucayi. Ekuqaleni yayiklanyelwe ukuvikela ukulingana nokuvimbela izinqumo eziphikiswayo njengokushintsha igama lamaphoyisa, leli cebo liye lagxekwa ukuze lisetshenziswe ngokweqile ezindabeni ezingezona ezibalulekile. Noma kunjalo, liseyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla azwelayo ayizicimbi ziyiqiniso futhi izithakazelo ezimbalwa ziyavikelwa.

I-Strand 2 ne-3: Izinhlangano zeNyakatho ne-West

UMkhandlu Wenkonzo Wasenyakatho - neningizimu

I-Good Wesihlanu Agreement yamisa i-Night - South Service Council (NSMC), ihlanganisa izikhonzi ezivela e-Northern Ireland Idetigue kanye noHulumeni wase-Ireland ukuba zibambisana ezindabeni zesithakazelo sobungane . NJENGEzokuthutha, ezolimo, ezokuvakasha, indawo ezungezile, nempilo. i-NSMC ihlangana ezindaweni ezihlangeneyo nezinezingxenye zomphakathi futhi isekelwa yimikhakha yesithupha ekwakheni imikhawulo yesipha esiphambanayo (umz., Waterways Ireland, IntradeIreland). Lolu phawu lubonisa i-Nationalian Adrist Adbooths esondelene ne-Ireland, kanti i-Union Union iqinisekisa i-Union ehlangene ne-Precial evumelana ne-ocestertivey ezindaweni ezivunyelwe ukuhlangana futhi imele ukusekela kuzo zombili.

UMkhandlu WaseBrithani Nengqungquthela Kahulumeni

I-British Irish Council (BiC) ihlanganisa abameleli bohulumeni base-UK nase-Irish, kanye nabaphathi abanciphisiweyo baseScotland, eWales, kanye noMnumzane we-Chenencices. Isiza izingxoxo ngezinselele ezifanayo njengamandla, izisekelo zemishini, nendawo ezungezile, ikhuthaza umuzwa obanzi wokuncintisana. I-Intergovernmental Conference, okwamanje, inikeza i-Foroman kuhulumeni baseBrithani no-Irish ukuba baxoxe ngezindaba ezinganciphi mayelana ne-Northern Ireland, ngokugxila ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu nokuthuthukisa ukubuyisana.

Ukusebenza Nezinqumo: Isivumelwano SeSt Andrews Nangemva Kwaso

I-Good Freevement yokuqala yayingaziqedi; izinhlangano zayo zazifuna ukuqhubekelwa kwentando yezombangazwe nokulungisa ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngemva kokunqandwa ngokuphindaphindiwe kwe-Assembly ngenxa yezinkinga (umz., ngaphezu kwe-IRA yokugunyaza ngo-2002), i-St Andrews Reconfrective (2006) yaxoxwa ukuba ibuyisele ukubuyiselwa kwemithetho yokulungisa nokucwenga amandla. Yanezela amalungiselelo enza ukuba uNgqongqoshe wokuqala nesekela leNgqongqongqoshe Yokuqala ziqine ngokwengeziwe futhi yaqeda imfuneko yokulungisa imibandela esobala ye-MLS (amaGatafume S (amagamead Castrialmmental Convectal Convectrial). Kamuva, i-Prolectrigiment (20146) ehlelekile ne-osahlulel House (ievement) ne-Soundation (ievement) yamazwe azama ukulungisa izimpikiswano zezenhlalakahle nen mpstmo.

Naphezu kwalemizamo, izinhlangano zamandla ezinakekela amabutho ziye zawa isikhathi eside cishe kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-2020 ngempikiswano ngolimi lwase-Ireland, umshado ofanayo nowesilisa, necebo lokufudumeza izakhiwo elivuselelwe. I-Dreek Entsha, isivumelwano sokuThintikitsha ngo-202020 yabuyisela iSikhundla soMphathi-Mnyango ngolimi kanye nokuzichaza. I-Norvest Ireland Protocol nohlelo lweposi lwe-Brxit luye lwasibekela phambili isimiso sawo, njengoba i-Union iphikisa ukuthi i-Britishat syst futhi yakha umngcele osoLwandle lwase-Ireland. Ngesikhathi sokubhala, izinhlangano ezihlukanisayo ziphinde zibe sengozini ngenxa yokuphikisa okuqhubekayo kwe-Union-Protooctive, ibonisa ukuthi amagunya ahlala encithalile.

Impumelelo Nezinselele Zesibonelo Esinamandla

Ukuncishiswa Kobudlova Bezombangazwe

Uma kulinganiswa ukumiswa kwemikhankaso yamabutho amakhulu, i-Good Wear Agreement iye yaba impumelelo engenakuphikwa. Ukufa okuhlobene neziNkingo kwehla ngokushesha ngemva kuka-1998. Nakuba amaqembu aphikisayo alwayo namaphekula ayaqhubeka esebenza, abangela usongo oluncane kakhulu kune-IRA ne-UVF ye-1990. Inqubo yezombangazwe iye yafaka izikhalo ekuhlanganyeleni kwentando yeningi kunokulwa ngezikhali.

Ukungaguquguquki Kwezombangazwe Nokungalondeki

Kusukela ngo-1998, i-Assembly and Guide iyasebenza ezindaweni ezinkulu kodwa futhi iye yabhekana nokunqanyulwa nokuwa okuphindaphindiwe. Isibonelo esibotshelelweyo sibopha amaqembu ukuba abusa ndawonye, kodwa ingawabopha futhi angene epenini-yum esheshayo lapho izinkinga zikhula khona. Imfuneko yemvume yokunqamuka kwe-communment isuke ibangele ukunqanda i-glackbock, njengoba izimpikiswano ezinkulu (umshado, ukushushisa okungokobulima, amalungelo olimi) zifa ngenxa yokuthi akukho mphakathi okwazi ukuphoqelela umbono wawo ngokushesha. I-An'intery isetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni okungavumelani ukuphikisa, kuholela ekukhonoleni ukuthi ivimbela intuthuko.

Intuthuko Engokwenhlalo Nengokwesiko

I-Inyakatho Ireland iye yashintsha kakhulu kusukela ngo-1998. I-Royal Ulster Constabulary yathathelwa indawo i-Putholist Service yase-Northern Ireland nge-ethos entsha. Isivikelo samalungelo abantu saqiniswa, kwamiswa umthetho wokulingana, futhi isimiso semfundo esihlangene kakhulu siye sakhula kancane kancane. Izimpawu zesigaba ```iflags, imibukiso,' yokugubha, , kodwa kunesisekelo esiphakathi: ukwanda kwenani labantu ababona ukuthi akukho Nhlangano yezizwe ne-Nationalist, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezizukulwane ezintsha.

Izinkinga Eziqhubekayo Eziwukuphikisana

Izindaba eziningana ezingokwefa azikapheli. Ukusingatha izikhankaso zezeNkingo nokuquliswa kwecala kubekwa icala ngokwezombangazwe, nemikhaya eminingi yezisulu ezifuna ubulungisa kuyilapho ngaphambili ilwile ukubuza. Ulimi lwase-Ireland nolwe-Ulster Scots baye bamiswa; izifungo zokudlulisa u-Irish Language Acts zisuke zibambezele. Umshado we-Irland-ex ekugcineni wamiswa yi-UK Palamente ngo-2019 ngemva kokuba umhlangano uvinjelwe ukwenza kanjalo. Izimiso zezemfuno ze-omfanzi ze-Crishton House Applity azikalangazekile ngokugcwele. Futhi i-Brexit ayizange isetshenziswe nge-Bregister: I-National uNational ibona ihlangene njengezinto ezinokwenzeka ngokwengeziwe, kuyilapho i-U K i-U Union inomuzwa wendawo yayo.

Ifa Elihle Lesivumelwano SangoLwesihlanu Nethonya

Isibonelo samandla esisekela i-Good Wear Agreement siye saba impumelelo yokuxazulula izingxabano emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Izici zayo ezihlanganisa abantu ziye zahlolwa futhi zavunyelwana nezinqubo zokuthula eBosnia naseHerzegovina, eNingizimu Afrika, eLebanon, nakwezinye izindawo. Izazi ziphawula ukuthi nakuba lesibonelo siye saphumelela eNyakatho-nyaka ye-Ireland, impumelelo yayo ixhomeke ekuzibopheleleni okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe, ukusekela kwangaphandle kohulumeni base-UK nase-Ireland, kanye nesilinganiso esiqotho sobuPragmat kubaholi.

I-Northern Ireland, i-Ayrence ihlala ikhona. Inikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuthula, kodwa ayikakuxazululanga ukuphikisana kwezwe okuyisisekelo kwempi-zwe. Amalungiselelo amandla adinga ukuvuselelwa njalo, njengoba izenzakalo ezifana ne-Brexit nokuguquguquka kwenani labantu zihlola ukuqina kwesimiso. Noma kunjalo, isimiso esiyisisekelo `uhulumeni kumelwe uhlangane, ungasitholi isiqinisekiso esingcono kakhulu sokubuyela ebudloveni base-Northern Ireland.

Isiphetho

Amalungiselelo anamandla asungulwe yi-Good Freeve Act i-Application ephawulekayo. Ngokulinganisela ukumiswa kwezombangazwe, idinga ukuvunyelwana kwesiphambano, futhi isungula izinhlangano ezixhumanisa i-interern Ireland kuzo zonke izinga, ziye zaguqula i-Ireland yaseNyakatho ukusuka endaweni yempi kuya kwenye yezi-(atting ._ukuthula. Isimiso asiphelele; imposiso, ithatha ijubane, futhi ithambekele enkathazweni. Kodwa iye yabonisa ukuthi ngisho nasemphakathini ohlukaniswe amakhulu amaningi okungathembana, ukubambisana kwentando yentando yeningi kuyenzeka. Njengoba i-Interern Ireland ihamba ikusasa layo le-Britit, izimiso zamandla ziyophinde zihlolwe futhi, kodwa zihlala zikhona ezimweni ezikhona emphakathini ozinziwayo. Okunye ukufunda ngezindlela ezisekungalawule i-FOctive. [FU.][5][5][FFFS] kuleyo kumqulu ombazwe i-Estton:[Fose.]