UMongameli we-United States unendima ekhethekile ekubuseni kweMelika, esebenza kanye kanye njengenhloko kahulumeni nomphathi kahulumeni. Lokhu kusebenza okukodwa kwenza ukuba isikhulu sigcine ububanzi bomthetho-siseko, umthetho, i-statory, namandla angahleliwe alawula isimiso somphakathi, ubudlelwane bangaphandle, kanye nemishini yokulondeka kwesizwe. Ukuqonda amandla kamongameli nemithwalo yemfanelo yesizwe kubaluleke kakhulu hhayi kubafundi bakahulumeni kuphela kodwa kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda ukuthi igunya likahulumeni lisetshenziswa kanjani, lilinganiselwe, futhi libekwe icala. Umongameli wanamuhla uvele wavela kakhulu kumapulani omklamo wokuqala, wanweba nezinga ezimeleni, ngezingalo ezingokomlando, iziphathi zomthetho, nezincazelo zomthetho. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okuningi kwemibuso yombuso, imisebenzi esebenzayo, izinhlelo zesimiso sezokuhlola, nokulawula izikhulu zezengalo.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo: ISiphakamiso II

Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uhlela amagunya kamongameli eSiphakamiso II, i-spost "Gunya eliphethe" kumuntu oyedwa. Ngokungafani neSiphakamiso Isimiso Esidwetshiwe sohlu lwamandla ombuso, iSiphakamiso II sifushane futhi sibhalwe kabanzi, okuholela ekuchazeni nasekwandiseni kwamakhulu eminyaka. Abahleli baphikisana ngesilinganiso esifanele segunya lobuphathi eSivumelwaneni soMthetho-sisekelo, ekugcineni behlala emklamweni owenzisa amandla alinganiselwe nowokugcina isikhulu ngokuhlola kwamanye amagatsha. Ingxenye yeSiphakamiso II imisa umongameli njengomphathi-nhloko, inikeza amandla okuthethelela, igunyaza ukuhlanganisa isivumelwano neseluleko seSishaya-Sishayamthetho, futhi ifuna umongameli ukuba anakekele ukuthi imithetho ikhishwe ngokwethembeka. Lolu hlelo lokugcina luye lwazingela ukunakekela amagatsha enqandayo, kuhlanganise neziqondiso zemithetho yemithetho.

Imibuso kamongameli ingahlukaniswa ibe yizindawo ezine eziyinhloko: isikhulu, i-agnostic, imicimbi yokwahlulela, nezindaba zakwamanye amazwe. Isifunda ngasinye siphethe amagunya ahlukene nemingcele, futhi ngasinye sibunjwe ngezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, imithetho ehlangeneyo, kanye nomkhuba ongokomlando. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kunikeza uhlelo lokuhlola noma isiphi isenzo somongameli.

Amandla Abaqondisi

Ukuqinisekisa Ukwenziwa Komthetho Ngokwethembeka

Umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko kamongameli uqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni i- "efectant". Lesiqondiso sinika umongameli igunya elibanzi phezu kwe-compantment, kuhlanganise namandla okuqondisa izinkampani, ukunikeza izincwadi zeziqondiso, nokuphoqelela imithetho. Umongameli wegatsha eliphethe izisebenzi eziphethe eziyizigidi ezimbili nezisebenzi zempi ezikhuthele ze-Province. Nge-Office of Management and Drucation, umongameli uhlela izinqubo zokusetshenziswa kwezimiso kanye nezenzo zezinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukuthi zivumelana nezandulela zezezehlakalo. La mandla aye andisa ngokuphawulekayo kusukela enkathini entsha yobukhosana, lapho i-Hulumente inikeza igunya eliphawulekayo lokuphatha izinhlangano zezempatho.

Ukumiswa Nokususwa Kwezikhulu

UMthetho-sisekelo unika umongameli amandla okumisa "amahhovisi ase-United States" ngeseluleko nemvume yeSigele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa onobhala bamaKhabhinethi, iziphathi, amajaji kahulumeni, namanxusa. Umongameli futhi umisa izinkulungwane zezikhundla eziphansi, kuhlanganise namalungu e-opulatifomu ne-oventine. Amandla okususa, nakuba engashiwonga ngokucacile eMthethweni weSishaya-mthetho, aqiniswe yiNkantolo Ephakeme njengeyamongameli wezikhulu. Nokho, i-Congress ingabeka imingcele ekususweni kwezinhlangano ezizimele njenge-Federal Reserves okanye i-Securectives Commissiontion eqekelwe ngokusemthethweni. Icala lesifunda se-Entegrance [FLDent:0] i-Interruption of providentment Board Board [FF1] [2010] ezindaweni ezisemthethweni zokuvimbela ukumiswa kwegunyazwa kwemithetho.

Izimiso Neziqondiso Eziphethe

Iziqondiso ezisemthethweni zivela kumongameli u-Franklin D kumphathi wenhlangano kahulumeni olawula indlela yokumisa imithetho. Baphethe i-Gaqo-mthetho kodwa kumelwe bashintshwe eMthethweni noma egunyeni. Omongameli baye basebenzisa iziyalezo zokuqondisa ukumisa izakhiwo zesizwe, ukulawula ukufuduka, ukunikeza izijeziso, nokuhlela kabusha izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uFranklin D. Umthetho olawulayo u-Roselder 9066's ugunyaziwe eJapani phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, futhi kamuva ulahlwa njengendawo engenabulungisa. Ngokushoshosho kabanzi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukukhokhwa kwemali, nokulondewa komnyango. Umongameli u-George u-George u-Greastrison, u-cceliwe ngumthetho noma imingcele, noma u-mthetho owehliswa yinkantolo ye-unithoristrugory. [F.]

Isikhulu Esiphethe Negunya Lempi

ISiphakamiso II senza umongameli abe yiNdlu yeMpi, iButho, neButho likahulumeni lapho ebizwa ukuba asebenze. Leligunya linikeza umongameli ukulawula imisebenzi yezempi, ukubekwa kwamabutho, nezinqumo ezingokomthetho. Nakuba uMkhandlu unegunya lokumemezela impi, amongameli baye basungula umsebenzi ongokomthetho ngaphandle kwezaziso ezingokomthetho — kuhlanganise neMpi yase Korea, iVietnam, kanye nezimpi zangemva-9/11 e-Afghanistan nase Iraq. Isinqumo seMpi sonyaka ka-197379 sizama ukulinganisela amandla kamongameli okubeka izimpi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwesivumelwano somthetho womthetho, kodwa ukuphumelela kwawo kuqhubekela phambili. Umongameli ugunya ugunyaza imisebenzi yempi ngomphakathi, ukuhlanganisa iziyalezo ngaphansi kwe-National Sectivement Act. [FUT] [5]

Amandla Okushaya Indiva

Amandla E - Veto

Igunya lomongameli elicacile lomthetho lingu-veto — amandla okwenqaba izindleko ezidluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu. ISiphakamiso I, iSigaxa sesi-7 sifuna ukuba zonke izikweletu zezindlu zidluliselwe umongameli, ongase azisayine emthethweni, awuvumele ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi, noma awubuyise unqabe (i-veto evamile). Inani elikhulu lamagumbi ngalinye kuzo zombili izikweleti lidingeka ukuba lidlulise i-veto, isikhawu esiye samiswa ngokwezinga elivamile. Abaholi baye basebenzisa iphakethi - nhlobo i-oveto Officet — uma i-Prodentessston ingasayini yezinsuku eziyishumi zokunikeza isimemezelo somthetho nomongameli angasayini u-Rogesterin, ngaphandle kwe-osethi ye-Roveto, i-Asburg, i-All.

Isifundazwe Sama - Union Nemithetho

UMthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba umongameli anikeze u- "ngesikhathi ngasinye u-Congress Information of the State of the Union" futhi utusa izinyathelo ahlulela ngazo ezidingekile nezisebenzayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kwashintshela e-State of the Union yaminyaka yonke, isenzakalo esikhulu lapho umongameli echaza izinto eziza kuqala ze-ccomments. Nakuba ukutuswa kungabopheki, amakheli afule impikiswano yenqubo yesizwe futhi angashukumisa umbono womphakathi. Umongameli ufaka futhi isicelo semali ehlelweni eMkhandlwini, ibhukwana elinelisa amazinga anele okusetshenziswa kwesimiso ngasinye sombuso. Nakuba i-Congress Congress engadies edingekangamelani imali esetshenziswayo enqulwini yomthetho, imisa izinqumo zezingxoxo ze-socials programual nezimpawu eziphambili.

Ilungelo Eliphethe Nenkulumo

Umongameli futhi usebenzisa ithonya lemithetho ngelungelo lokulawula — ilungelo lokugodlela ulwazi kuKhongolo-mfutho nasezinkantolo ukuze avikele ukucubungula kobuhlakani bamagatsha aphethe. Lamandla, nakuba engaqasheli ngokuqondile eMthethweni, aye aqashelwa iNkantolo Ephakeme e eUnited States v. Nixon [19974], nakuba kungeyona into ephelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhono likamongameli lokuxhumana namalungu eKhondlu yomthetho, ukunikeza ukusekela noma ukuphikisa, futhi asebenzise ipulatifomu lehhovisi ekwakheni izakhiwo zamandla ewuhlelo elibalulekile.

Amandla Okwahlulela

Ukumiswa Kwamajaji Abangama - Federal

Umongameli umisa amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme nabehluleli abaya ezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni, okudingeka isiqinisekiso. Lokhu kumiswa kuphakathi kwezinqumo ezihlala njalo zikamongameli, njengoba abahluleli bakahulumeni befeza izimfuneko zokuphila konke phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle. Ngokumiswa kokwahlulela, omongameli bangahlela ukuchazwa koMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho kahulumeni emashumini eminyaka ngemva kokuphela kwenkathi yabo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-studiation of Court of Courtsting Confective iship ishivince ishintshe kakhulu ngokuhlela okusha, okuthinta izinqumo zomkhankaso, izimali zomkhankanti, amalungelo okuvota, namandla aphethe. UMongameli uDonalden Trump umise amajaji amathathu eNkantolo, ayisa inkantolo ezindaweni ezindilinganayo [FLDig:0] ehlela izigebengu-e. [ngesikhathi samuva nje amashumini eminyaka]

Amapardon Nezimbali

Ukuthethelela kukamongameli amandla, okunikezwa eSiphakamiso II, iSiqendu 2, sivumela ukuvunyelwa kwecala likahulumeni nokuthethelelwa kwecala ngaphandle kwezimo zokungagunyazwa. Lamandla acishe aphelele — iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yakholelwa ukuthi ayiyona i-convent commandagement noma ukubukwa kwemithetho (ngaphandle kwemithetho engokomthetho). AmaPardon anganikezwa ngaphambi noma ngemva kokuvunyelwa, futhi angabekwa imibandela (umzz, adinga ukwamukelwa kwemisho ethile). Amakhosi aye asebenzisa ukuphulukisa izigaba zesizwe — njengentethelelo kaRold Forald’s Richard Nixon — noma ikhelistry ne-geverstrives. Isibonelo, uMongameli uBarcacbadsdapr, i-mfandla yamandla engekho ka-Sch. I-Chell, i-Schemond, i-Aumpharist, njengoba ixoxis athethelela i-Arse. ISivir. UPriempester umpharist, umphariaw. Amandla aso wo

Amandla Ezindaba Zakwamanye Amazwe

Isivumelwano Sokuhlobana Nezivumelwano Zezizwe Zonke

Umongameli unegunya elikhethekile lokuxoxa ngezivumelwano namazwe angaphandle. Nokho, izivumelwano zidinga ukumiswa ngezivumelwano ezingaphezulu kakhulu kwezimbili kwezintathu eSigqeni ngaphambi kokuba ziboshwe. Lemfuneko iye yaholela omongameli ukuba bafune ezinye izivumelwano zezizwe zonke ezingadingeki izivumelwano zeSishaya-mthetho, njengezivumelwano zezikhulu nezivumelwano zokuhlanganisa izivumelwano zesivumelwano. Izivumelwano eziphethe izivumelwano ze-authoric zisenziwa kuphela egunyeni likamongameli, nakuba izivumelwano zokuhlanganisa izivumelwano zokuhlanganisa izivumelwano zidinga ukuvunyelwa yinqwaba yazo zombili izindlu. Izivumelwano ezinkulu zezizwe namuhla zithatha isimo sezivumelwano zezobuphathi hulumeni, zisuka ekulweni kwezivumelwano zezohwebo zezohwebo zezikhali ukuze zilawule izivumelwano zezikhali. Iran isebenza ngokwesivumelwano senyuklimende se-Active, izivumelwano eziphikiswanazomthetho eziphikiswayo. Izivumelwano ezinkulu zezivumelwano ziye zasetshenziswa yizivumelwano ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezinkulu kakhulu, nakuba izikhulu zikamongameli ezisezinyuselwa kakhulu kule komiti.

Ukumiswa Nokuqashelwa Kwabantu

Umongameli umisa amanxusa, abefundisi, nezikhulu ze-consons, ngaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kweSigele. Laba bameleli bezizwe bakhonza njengezwi likamongameli emanhloko- dolobha akwamanye amazwe nasezinhlangano zomhlaba. Ngalé kokumiswa, umongameli unamandla akhethekile okuqaphela ohulumeni namazwe angaphandle. Ukuqashelwa kuyisenzo sobumongameli ongenaye umongameli ofaka umthetho futhi enze ukuba kube nobuhlobo obuqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Barack Obama uphinde wabuyiselwa ubuhlobo bezohwebo noCuba ngo-205 mashumi eminyaka ngemva kokuhlukaniswa, kuyilapho umongameli uDonald Trump wasusa isifunda se-U.S. inxusa lakwaIsrayeli, liqaphela iJerusalema njengenhloko yenhloko yezwe. Izinqumo zinezici zomthetho ezingathi zikhona ezinkantolo ezingathi zikhona.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamabutho Empi Aphesheya

Njengomphathi-kakhulu, umongameli angayala amabutho amabutho ukuba alwe ngaphandle kokumemezela impi. Lombuso uye wasetshenziswa ezimpini eziningi, kusukela eBarbary Warss eRiphabliki yakuqala kuya ekungeneleni kwe-2011 eLibya. Umongameli weWar Powers of 1973 ufuna ukuba azise umongameli weSivumelwano phakathi namahora angu-48 okulwa nokubekwa imingcele ezimpini ezilwayo (inkathi engamashumi amathathu) engekho engqungqungqungqutheleni noma isimemezelo sempi. Nokho, umongameli ngamunye kusukela ekumisweni kwakhe uye wabuza ukumiswa komthetho, futhi ukuthobela kwakhe kuye kwaba okungavumelani. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhankaso wempi kaBack Obamaska ngokumelene no-ISuss (inkathi ewunyaka ka-2014) ngaphambi kokuba umongameli wempi akhulume ngayo. Isikhulu sesikhulu sempi sisalwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nesekusetshenziswa kwemikhampatho yempi yempi. [Fog.] njalo ngemvume yenkonzo yenkonzo ye-Fog.[10]

Amasheke Nokulinganisela Ebusweni Bobumongameli

Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela

I-Congress iqondisa igatsha eliphethe ngokulalela, ngokuhlola, ngokuhlola, ngezangaphakathi, nangamandla esikhwama. Indlu yabameleli iqala ukuchitha izikweletu, izenza zibe namandla kakhulu kunezinto eziphambili. ISishaya-mthetho singamisa izinhlelo ezingokomthetho, ibeke imingcele engokomthetho, futhi ifune imibiko nebufakazi kubaphathi. Iseluleko seSigele kanye nendima yokuvuma ukumiswa kwesivumelwano kunikeza olunye ukuhlolwa. Ukuhlola kwemithetho yamakhomishane — njengokuhlola kwe-Watergate, ukuphenya kwe-Iran-Contra, nokubuza ekuhlaseleni i-Capitol ngoJanuary 6 — kuye kwaba amathuluzi anamandla okuveza ukuziphatha okubi kwesikhulu. Usongo (intebo ephansi) lusebenza futhi njengesehlolo olungavamile, nakuba kusetshenziswayo futhi kunzima.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zeFederal, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, zinegunya lokumemezela izenzo zobumongameli ngaphandle kwegunya lobuPresidenti noma ukudlula igunya lobuProfente. Intsha ehamba phambili i-Stown Comment Comment & Tube Co. v. Sayer [1952], iNkantolo ishabalalise uMongameli uHarry Truman umthetho wesikhulu wezensimbi phakathi neMpi yaseKorea, imise imikhawulo eqinile elawulayo emandla kamongameli. Icala lihlala liyindinganiso yokuqonda imingcele yegunya lesikhulu. Muva nje, iNkanto engokomthetho yezenzo zezezobungameli ekuthulweni kwezwe, izingalo zokukhishwa kwamandla kamongameli, nemingcele yamandla okuxoxiswa. I-Gagen anikeza ukumiswa kwecala elibheke emuva ngeminyaka eminingi yeze yezomthetho, nakwenyuka kweNkakhulu leNkanto yezongale yezongameli yesizwe.

Ukuzifunela

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iNdlu yabameleli amandla okungagunyazi kanye neSigele amandla okuzama ukunqanda. Umongameli, isekela likamongameli, nazo zonke izikhulu zomphakathi zase-United States zingagunyazelwa "ubugebengu obuphakeme nobuMisdeator" indinganiso eyenzeka ngokusebenza: ukunqanda ukubusa kuyinqubo yezombangazwe, ingesona isigebengu, futhi iNdlu yendlu ichaze "iCrimes neMisderaears" ukuze ihlanganise ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya, ukuvinjelwa kobulungisa, nokukhashelwa kwenzalo yesizwe. Amakhosi amathathu aye angayifundiswa yiNdrea: Johnson (1868), uBill Clinton (eqentiase, noDonald (okanye ne-Tronalson, kabili, 2019 na-201) i-Pricidelian, nakuba uRichardenn uRichman, umongameli wesizwe elindele ukuba athole inqubo yokuvotasi. Isikhulu esingcono kakhulu, idinga ukunxephenduku esenzeka yenze inqubo yeze kakhulu

Umbono Womphakathi Nokukhetha Kwawo

Mhlawumbe ukuhlola okuyisisekelo kakhulu ngenqubo yokukhetha umongameli. Abameli basebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emine futhi bangaphinde bakhethwe kanye ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye. Umbono womphakathi unqanda ukuthatha isinyathelo somongameli ngesikhathi sangempela, njengoba izilinganiso eziphansi zokugunyaza zinganciphisa inhloko-nhloko yezombangazwe nombuso wesigungu. Imithombo yezindaba, umshini wokunyathelisa, kanye nomphakathi wesizwe onamandla usebenza njengenhlolo yethukela ngokubamba umongameli ngokuhlola nangokuphendula. Ekugcineni, amandla kamongameli asetshenziswa esimisweni esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma yiliphi igatsha ekulawuleni. Ukuhlakanipha kwe-freal congress kusekhe sisendaweni lapho ukufuna izikhundla, nalapho abantu begcina khona amandla okubusa ngebholo.

Impikiswano Yanamuhla Nezindaba Eziqhubekayo

Izimpikiswano zamanje ezihlobene namandla kamongameli zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kweziqondiso zokuvimbela ukuqubuka kwe-conoral, ukukhula kwesenzo sobumongameli esithatha isinyathelo sakwelinye indlela, imingcele yobumongameli enqubeni engokomthetho, nendima kamongameli ekuphenduleni izimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT:][FLM] v. [FLT] [20] . [iNkantolo] yama-Mazars [20]]) ibhekisa umthetho [ku-painssss sholoacracy erekhodini yezezimali, [[FFLT] futhi [FLT] v]. V [FLT] v.[FLT].[FLT] umbiko wemisebe olukhulu wezomthetho owembusayokusetshenziswa yizimposo-mthetho we-mthetho ophakemeyonke.[intshiswe yizinga likahulumeni] [intshiswe izinyathelo] [i yeze-E] [FT] [Foglome] [Fod

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda amagunya kamongameli nemithwalo yemfanelo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela uhulumeni wase-United States osebenza ngayo nokuthi uye wavela ngayo phakathi kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka. Umongameli namuhla usebenzisa igunya elikhulu (ukusuka ekuqondiseni kwempi enamandla kakhulu yomhlaba wonke ukuthonya umnotho wesizwe ukuba ulolonge uhulumeni wezwe. Kodwa ukuthi igunya lilokhu lihlolwa yiSishaya-mthetho, izinkantolo, izigodlo, nezikhundla zokhetho. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, kuyilapho ngezinye izikhathi sihamba kancane futhi sikhungathekisa, isithibe inselele isibopho sokuziphendulela idemokhrasi. Njengoba izinselele ezintsha ziphuma ````icyber', izinsonsomi, izibhebhedu, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokubhulozwa kwezobuchwepheshe, impikiswano emayelana nobukhulu bamandla omongameli bayo. Abahlali benziwa kakhulu futhi bayaqhubeka benolwazi olucacile lokuqonda kahle lwalezimiso zomthetho wombuso wombuso wombuso wentando yeningi. I-Dromente ayikho kuphela, futhi ayilawulwa i-demonsi ehhovisi elinamandla kakhulu.