Ukunxusa izikhulu zikahulumeni kuyisici esiyisisekelo sokuhlanganyela ngentando yeningi, okwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuveza izinto ezizikhathazayo, ukucela izinguquko, futhi zigcine abaholi benecala. Nokho, leli lungelo aliphelele; lisebenza phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho ehloselwe ukulinganisela ukukhulumela komuntu ngamunye nokuphepha komphakathi nokuhleleka. Ukuqonda lemingcele kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhilelekeni ngokuphumelelayo nangokomthetho. Nakuba umqondo wokunxusa ulula emfundisweni", ukudlula isicelo sommeleli futhi ulindele ukucatshangelwa kwezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho-mthetho, iziqondiso zomthetho, iziqondiso, nezincazelo zokwahlulela. Lesi sihloko sihlola imingcele engokomthetho yokunxusa kwezikhulu zikahulumeni, ukudweba ezingokomlando, amacala ayinhloko enkantolo, nezibonelo eziwusizo ekunikezeni incazelo ebanzi yokufuna amalungelo ezakhamuzini.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Selungelo Lokunxusa

Ilungelo lokucela linemisuka ejulile esikweni lomthetho wamaNgisi namaMelika. IMagna Carta ka-1215 yamisa izimiso zakuqala zokukhononda nokulungisa, kodwa ilungelo elingokomthetho laqiniswa kuyi-Ngishi Bill of Rights ka-1689, eyamemezela ukuthi izihloko zinelungelo lokunxusa inkosi ngaphandle kokwesaba isijeziso. Lomqondo wadluliselwa ezindaweni zaseMelika futhi wafakwa esiGuqulweni sokuqala eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, ovikela ilungelo labantu ukuba bahlangane ngokuthula futhi banxuse uhulumeni ukuba bafake izikhalo.

E-United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ilungelo lokunxusa njengenye yezinkokhelo eziyigugu kakhulu, ngokuvamile iwuhlanganisa nenkululeko yokukhuluma nokuhlangana. Icala lengqopha - mlando United States v. Cruikshank [1876] iqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokucela liyimfanelo yesizwe, kuyilapho NACP v. But [1963] isivikelo sokuhlanganisa i-ligiant kanye nezenzo ezingokomthetho njengezindlela zokunxusa. Lezi zigcizelela ukuthi isicelo asilinganiselwe ezicelweni ezilotshiwe kodwa sihlanganisa nezinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi ehleliwe, enjengasekuthungathwa, ngisho nokubhikijela.

Ilungelo lokucela liqashelwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. ISimemezelo somhlaba Wonke samalungelo abantu (Artle 19) siqinisekisa inkululeko yokucabanga nokukhuluma, okuhlanganisa ngokuphelele nelungelo lokufuna isenzo sikahulumeni. Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi inezimiso zezicelo eziqondile, njengezithiwa zezakhamuzi zaseYurophu e-European Union noma iziteshi zokuhlola ezisetshenziswa yi-UK Paramente nohulumeni wase-Australia. Le nqubo ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziphakamise izimpikiswano ngokuqondile, ngokuvamile zifune inani elithile lezicelo ze-ocessigists ukuze zifune ukucatshangelwa okungokomthetho.

Izinga Lesicelo Esivikelwe

Ivikela isicelo esihlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi. Ngalé kweminye imisebenzi ebhaliwe, ihlanganisa izicelo ezibhaliwe, izincwadi, ama-imeyili, nokuzithoba okungokomthetho ezinhlanganweni zezezishayamthetho noma ezinhlanganweni zezikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, isakhamuzi singafaka isicelo emkhandlwini wedolobha ukuze sishintshe umthetho owenzelwayo noma sinikeze impendulo phakathi nenqubo yokumiswa komthetho obala. Ngaphandle kwezincwadi ezibhaliwe, izinkantolo ziye zavikela imisebenzi enjengokuqoqa izimemezelo zezicelo zomthetho, ukuhlela imihlangano yasobala yokuxoxa ngezikhalo, nokuhlanganyela ekuqululweni kwezindaba zezokuphatha.

Ngokufanelekile, ilungelo lokunxusa lidlulela nasemisebenzini yomuntu ngamunye nasebuthweni. Amaqembu angahlanganisa imithombo yokuqasha abangenisi, angene emikhankasweni yokuqaphela umphakathi, noma amahele amise ukuthi imizamo yokuthonya izicelo zikahulumeni ngezicelo ezingokomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme e- ivikelekile ngaphansi kweSiphendulo Sokuqala, ngisho noma ithathwa ngenjongo yokulwa ne-Complicendorrand Religister Conference v. Noerr Frectight, Inc. [FLD] [1961] [1961] [1961]) yasungula ukuthi imizamo yokuthonya izicelo zikahulumeni ngezicelo, ukudlulisa izigwebo, nokusakaza ivikeleka ngaphansi kweSiphetho Sokuqala, ngisho noma isenziwa ngenjongo yokulwa kwenkambiso, uma nje ukuziphatha kuzama ngempela ukuthonya inkambiso kahulumeni. [FT:]

Izinhlobo Zokuvuma Izicelo Ngomthetho

  • Izikhalo Eziqondile: Izicelo ezibhaliwe noma ezishiwo ngomlomo ezikhulwini ezikhethiwe, ezinhlanganweni, noma ezinkantolo.
  • Ukuqamba Amanga: Imithetho ibekela izenzo zikahulumeni inselele noma ifune izinguquko ezingokwesimiso.
  • Izicelo: Izindawo ezihlanganisa izinombolo ezisiza ukudlulisa izikhalo, njengewebhusayithi yezicelo zikaWhite House.
  • Izindlela zokulwa: Izihlongozo zezakhamuzi zokulungisa imithetho emisha noma izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo.
  • Ukukhulumela komphakathi: Ukuzithoba phakathi nezinqubo zokubusa ezingokomthetho.

Nokho, akuzona zonke izinkulumo nezikhulu zikahulumeni ezifanelekela ukuvikelwa njengesicelo esivikelwe.

Imingcele Engokomthetho Ngesikhathi, Indawo, Nendlela Yokuphila

Nakuba uhulumeni engenakukuvimbela ukunxusa ngokuqondile, ungabeka imingcele enengqondo esikhathini, indawo, nendlela yemisebenzi echazayo. Lemingcele kumelwe inganeliswe, ihloselwe ukunikeza isithakazelo sikahulumeni esiphawulekayo, futhi ishiye eminye imikhondo yokuxhumana evulekile. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukufuna imvume yemihlangano emikhulu, ukubeka imithetho yomsindo phakathi namahora athile, nokuhlela izindawo ezithile zokubhikica eduze kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni.

Izimfuneko Zokuvumela

Izindawo eziningi zidinga imvume yokubhikisha, imibuthano, noma izicelo ezinkulu eziqongelelwe ezindaweni zomphakathi. Imvume ivumela iziphathimandla ukuba zixhumanise izenzakalo eziningi, zilawule izimoto, futhi ziqinisekise ukuphepha komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu elifuna ukuqoqa izigqebhezana eziphithizelayo emgwaqweni wedolobha ohamba phambili lingase lidinge imvume kamasipalasipala wendawo ukuze livimbele ukugebezela kwabantu abahamba ngezinyawo. Izinkantolo zisekela izimiso zemvume uma nje zingasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela inkulumo esekelwe kulokhu. Thomas v. Chicago Park Park [2002], iNkanto Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi icebo lokusetshenziswa kwepaki lisebenza ngomthetho ngisho nakuwo wonke amaqembu.

Imingcele Eseduze Nezindawo Zikahulumeni

Izindawo ezithile zivame ukuphatha imingcele ekhuliswe kakhulu. Izinkantolo, izikhumulo zezindiza, nezikhungo zezempi zingaba nezikhawu lapho ukunxusa kulinganiselwe khona ukuvikela ukulondeka nesithunzi. INkantolo Ephakeme . AmaMadlen v. Abesifazane beHealth Center, Inc. [1994] [1994]) basekela indawo evimbelayo eseduze komthola-mthola-khaya wempilo ukuze bavimbele ukuhlukunyezwa kodwa kamuva bashaye izifunda ezibanzi [[FLT:] Mclen v. Coakley v. [izezeze-ikhulu] [ikhulu] (ikhulu]] izikhulu zikahulumeni ezivinje kakhulu., zivika izikhala eduze namakhaya azo noma amahhovisi omphakathi., ngokwemithetho emelene nokuvinjelwe., ngokwemithetho emelene naziphi naziphi izinkulumo eziqondile.

Umsindo Nokungacabangeli

Umsindo, umsindo okhulisiwe, nokuhlabelela okuphikelelayo kungalawulwa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphazamiseka kwebhizinisi likahulumeni noma ukuthula okuhlala abantu. wald v. Rock Against Racial (1999) yasungula ukuthi amadolobha angabeka imingcele yemikhawulo yamakhonsathi emapaki omphakathi, uma imithetho ingeyokungathathi hlangothi futhi ivumela ukuveza okunengqondo. Ngokufanayo, ukunxusa okuhilela ukuvala indlela yokungena, ukuphazamisa izimoto, noma ukuphazamisa ngezinkonzo eziphuthumayo kuxhomeke ekungeneni ngokushesha ngokomthetho.

Imingcele Esekelwe Ekufuneni Izicelo

Ngokungafani nesikhathi, indawo, nezimiso, imingcele esekelwe ekuqukethe ihlonishwe kakhulu futhi ayisekelwa kakhulu. Uhulumeni anganciphisa kuphela ukunxusa okukhona uma kungena ezinhlotsheni ezithile ezimngcingo zenkulumo engavikelekile. Lezi zigaba zihlanganisa ukubhebhethekiswa kobudlova, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukuhlanjalazwa, nokusongelwa kweqiniso. Nokho, ngisho nakulezi zigaba, izinkantolo zichaza imingcele ngokucophelela ukuze zigweme inkulumo ehlasimulisayo.

Ukushukunyiselwa Ubudlova

Izimemo noma inkulumo eqondile, ekhuthaza, noma eveza isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo ayivikelwe. Ukuhlolwa okuvela ku Brandenburg v.Ohio [1969] (1969]) kudinga ukuba inkulumo ihloselwe ukuvuselela futhi iveze ukuziphatha okungavunyelwe ngokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, isicelo esicela ukugumbuqelwa kobudlova kukahulumeni noma ukunxusa isixuku ukuba sihlasele isikhulu esithile ukuba sihlasele isivikelo somthetho. Ngokungafani, ukuvukela okungaqondakaliyo kwenguquko noma ukugxekwa kwezimpawu ngokuvamile kuvikelwa.

Ukuvukela Namazwi Amanga

Ngokwazi izinkulumo ezingamanga ngezikhulu zikahulumeni noma izibalo zomphakathi zingaholela emiphumelani engokomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme ku-New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964) yamisa ibhande eliphakeme lezibalo zomphakathi ukuze ithole iziphakamiso, ifuna ubufakazi [ obusemthethweni : ulwazi lokuthi lamazwi ayengamanga noma angalinaki iqiniso. Nokho, ukunxusa ukuthi ngamabomu ukwandisa amanga ukuze uthathe umthetho womphakathi, njengokubhalisa komgunyathiso noma ukukhohlisa kobufakazi obuyinkohliso emkhankanyeni, kungaveza abantu abanecala ngaphansi kwemithetho noma ngaphansi kwemithetho yemithetho noma imithetho yemithetho engokomthetho.

Unya Nenzondo

Izindawo eziqinile, njengoba zichazwe Miller v. California [1773]), azivikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala futhi azinakuba yingxenye yesicelo uma zicela izithakazelo eziqinile, zibonisa ukuziphatha kobulili ngendlela enengekayo, futhi zingenalo inani elingathi sína. Inzondo, nakuba ngokuvamile inyanyeka, ivikeleka ngaphandle kokuba idlulela ezinsongweni zeqiniso noma ekuhlukunyezweni. Ngokwesibonelo, isicelo esihlanganisa ukudumaza kohlanga kodwa senza isicelo esingokomthetho sivikeleke, kanti esohlose ngokuqondile ngobudlova obusemthethweni ngeke.

Ukuhlukunyezwa Nokuthuswa

Izingxoxo eziphikelelayo, ezingafunwa ezingafezeki injongo esemthethweni zingabekwa imingcele. Imithetho kahulumeni nokahulumeni inqabela ukusongela, ukuhlukumeza, nokwesabisa izikhulu zikahulumeni. Virginia v. Black [2003] [2003], iNkantolo Ephakeme yabambelela ukuthi ukuvutha ngenjongo yokusongela akuvikelwanga inkulumo. Ngokufanayo, ukunxusa okuhilela ukuxhumana ngokuphindaphindiwe nesikhulu esiphethe emakhaya abo ngemva kokutshelwa ukuba siyeke, noma ukusebenzisa ulimi oluhlambalazayo ukuphoqa isenzo, kungabhekwa njengokungavunyelwe umthetho owemthetho. Imithetho eminingi inikeza izinsongo eziqondiswe emphakathini.

Izisebenziso Ezisebenzayo: Imvume, iLobbing, Nezicelo Zezinombolo

Ukuqonda le mingcele kubalulekile lapho uhlela ukwenza izicelo, futhi kuvamile ukuba kube nemingcele engokomthetho.

Ukuthola Imvume Yokusebenzisa Isitifiketi

Uma uhlela ukuqoqa imvume yokuthatha isinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala noma ukukhumbula isicelo esikhungweni sezitolo noma epaki, hlola imithetho yendawo ngokucela. Amanye amadolobha adinga imvume yanoma yimuphi umsebenzi ohlanganisa amatafula noma amaqembu amakhulu. Ukuhluleka ukuthola imvume ingaphumela ekuhlahleni noma ekuthatheni izinto, njengoba kuboniswa ezimweni ezinjenge I-Watchtower Bible and Tract Society v. Idolobhana lase-Stratton[, lapho iNkanto eshaya khona imfuneko yemvume yokuya ngasemnyango ukuya emigwaqweni yomnyango. Nokho, uma kuboniswa ukuthi kushaywa izinkantolo zomphakathi, ngokuvamile kudinga ukuba imithetho ye-Watchtower Bible and Tract Society v ikhandwe futhi ingagwenywe kakhulu.

Ukuzitika Nomngcele Ophakathi Kwezicelo Nethonya

Ukubopha kuyindlela ekhethekile yokunxusa ehloselwe ukuthonya ukumiswa kwemithetho noma ukulawulwa kwemithetho. Ilawulwa kakhulu emazingeni kahulumeni nakuhulumeni. Ngaphansi kwe-Lobbing Displasure Act ka-1995, abantu noma izinhlangano ezichitha imali ethile ekufuneni izimemezelo kumelwe zibhalise kuhulumeni futhi zibike imisebenzi yazo. Lena akuyona imingcele yokunxusa i-sekufaka imfuneko yokufaka imvume kodwa imfuneko yokubona ngale ndlela. Nokho, ukunxusa okuhilela ukufumbathisa noma ukuqungabhikisha izivumelwano okuhambisana nezivumelwano akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho ngaphansi kwemithetho yemithetho engokomthetho nemithetho engokomthetho. INkanto ephakeme ku-[FLT:Mcnell v. [20]

Ukulinganisela Kwezicelo Nokukhuliswa Ngezinombolo

I-Internet ye-Prefecture. Ama-Profector angasusa okudingeka okuthi thi Change.org noma amatheku kahulumeni asemthethweni, aveza izinselele eziyingqayizivele zomthetho. Nakuba uhulumeni engakwazi ukuvala izicelo ezisekelwe embonweni wezindawo zawo, amapulatifomu angaboshiwe yiSiphetho Sokuqala. Amakhampani anjenge-Facebook noma i-Twitter angasusa okucelwa kwesicelo okuphula izimfuneko zenkonzo zawo, njengokuthi ukuthumba inkulumo noma ukuhlukunyezwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ulwazi olungamanga, ngokwengxenye, ulwazi oluyi-General Union’s The Data Protection Reglate (GPR) oluyi-ography Act lungadingi i-tect esusa okungangemthetho, okuhlanganisa ukuhlamba noma izinto ezikhokhwatshwa ngobudlova. Izakhamuzi abasebenzisa lezindawo zobuculo-tegosa kufanele bazi ukuthi ukulinganisela kulinganiselwe kwazo.

Inkantolo Ephakeme Ibeka Imingcele Evimbela Izicelo

Amacala amaningana ayinhloko aye achaza imingcele yokunxusa amalungelo.

United Mine Mine Works v.Illinois State Bar Association (1967)

Inkantolo yathi izinyunyana zinganikeza izibopho ezingokomthetho emalungwini acela isinxephezelo sezisebenzi ngaphandle kokwephula umthetho ongekho emthethweni. Lokhu kwagcizelela ukuthi isicelo somphakathi, kuhlanganise nosizo olungokoqobo, sivikelwe. Isinqumo sigcizelela ukuthi ilungelo lokucela lihlanganisa izindlela zokuveza izikhalo ezikhona ngokuphumelelayo.

NAACP v. Ingxenye ehambayo yekhorali Co. (1982)

Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi imisebenzi yokunxusa engaphazanyiswayo, kuhlanganise nokucindezela kwezomnotho, ivikelekile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ngisho noma silimaza ngokwezimali. Nokho, ubudlova noma ukusongela kobudlova akuvikelwa. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukunxusa okungokomthetho kungahilela izenzo ezingokomthetho, uma nje kuhlala kunokuthula.

Bhill Johnson's Restaurant, Inc. v. NLRB (19983)

INkantolo yakhuluma ngokuhlangana kwezicelo nomthetho wezisebenzi. yayithi ukuvala icala lenkantolo ngesisekelo esiqotho kanye nomthetho kuvikelwe ngisho noma isuti ihloselwe ukunqanda ukuhlelwa kwesibopho. Nokho, amacala angenasisekelo noma aphindiselelwayo awavikelwe. Lelicala liveza umngcele phakathi kokukhokhwa okungokomthetho nokusetshenziswa kabi kwesimiso somthetho.

Indawo eqinile yaseDuryea v. Guarnieri (2011)

Lelicala lalihilela isicelo sesikhulu samaphoyisa kumkhandlu wezikhulu ngempikiswano yezisebenzi. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi i-Preace Claus ayisebenzi ezikhalini zezisebenzi zomphakathi ezihlobene nje nomsebenzi wazo, njengoba lezi zibuswa ngezindinganiso ezihlukene ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lokhu kucacisa ukuthi akuzona zonke izinkulumo ezincedwayo ezicela izikhulu zikahulumeni; izimpikiswano zasemsebenzini ziphathwa ngokwahlukana.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngemigoqo Eyizicelo

Amazwe ahlukahlukene alinganisela amalungelo okucela nokulondeka nokuhleleka ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

United Kingdom

I-UK’s House of Commons inxusa ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqale noma zisayine izicelo; uma isicelo sifinyelela ku-100 000 osayina, kucatshangelwa njengempikiswano. Nokho, izicelo ezihlanekezelayo, ezingaphikisani, noma eziphulwayo zingalahlwa. UMthetho womphakathi ka 1986 wenqabela ukuziphatha okungase kubangele ukuhlukunyezwa, ukushaywa uvalo, noma ukucindezeleka, okunganciphisa ukunxusa ngonya. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphikisa kwangaphandle kwePhalamende kumelwe kunqabe ukungenela.

Canada

Isimiso seCanada sokuphindaphinda sidinga ukuxhaswa ngokomthetho yilungu lePhalamende. Izimfuno akumelwe ziqukethe ulimi olucasulayo noma izinkulumo ezingathandeki. UChasha-mthetho wamalungelo nenkululeko ivikela isicelo ngaphansi kwengxenye 2(b), kodwa imingcele isebenza ekukhulumeni kwenzondo nobudlova, njengoba kuboniswa ku R. v. Keegstra[ [1990], okusekela ukukhuthaza ubugebengu ukuthuthukiswa kwenzondo ngamabomu.

I - European Union

I-European Kitive ivumela izakhamuzi ze-EU ukuba zinxuse i-EU Commission ukuba ikhiphe umthetho. Izizathu ezingokomthetho zokwenqaba zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamalungelo, izicelo eziwubala, noma izindaba ezingaphandle kwekhono leKhomishane. Ngokwesibonelo, isinyathelo esikhuthaza ubandlululo noma ubudlova asisona esingenakugwenywa. Umthetho we-EU uqinisekisa ukuthi ukunxusa amalungelo ayisisekelo kuyilapho ulondoloza ubuqotho obungokwesiko.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Ezakhamuzini

Ukuze ucele ngokuphumelelayo futhi usebenzise imingcele engokomthetho, cabangela izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

  1. ukucwaninga imithetho yendawo[: Bheka iziqondiso zikamasipala ezivumela izimfuneko, imingcele yomsindo, nezindawo zomphakathi ezikhethiwe ze-forum. Amawebhusayithi amaningi anikeza iziqondisi zokuhlela izivikelo zokubhikisha noma izisayino.
  2. Ukugcina uqukethe iqiniso[: Gwema izinkulumo ezingamanga ezingase zibe yisihlamba noma ukukhohlisa. Nikeza ubufakazi futhi ukhombe imithombo ethembekile lapho wenza iziphakamiso ngokumelene nesimiso sikahulumeni.
  3. qaphela ukuphepha nohlelo[: Ungavimbeli umnyango, uvimbele izimoto, noma ulwesabise ngokomzimba. Sebenzisana nomthetho uma ucelwa ukuba usakaze noma unciphise amazinga omsindo.
  4. Sebenzisa imichasi esemthethweni: Izicelo ezisemthethweni, faka ngamatheku kahulumeni amisiwe noma landela imithetho yomthetho yama-parectors ekomiti. Hlanganisa ukwaziswa okuthintanayo nezicelo ezicacile.
  5. Funa iseluleko somthetho uma kudingekile: Uma isicelo sakho sihilela izimpikiswano ezibucayi, izikhulu ze-profile ephezulu, noma ukuphikisana okungase kwenzeke, ukuxhumana nommeli wenkululeko yomphakathi kungasiza ekulawuleni izingozi ezingokomthetho.

Ukuqonda lezi ziqondiso kuyasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isicelo sakho sinethonya futhi siyavumelana nezimiso.

Isiphetho

Ilungelo lokunxusa izikhulu zikahulumeni liyisisekelo semiphakathi yentando yeningi, kodwa akunamingcele. Imingcele engokomthetho ngesikhathi, endaweni, nangendlela eqinisekisa ukuphepha komphakathi, kuyilapho imingcele equkethe ibhekene nezigaba ezilinganiselwe zenkulumo elimazayo. Ngokufaka izicelo zokunembeka okuyiqiniso, ukuziphatha okunokuthula, kanye nokuhlonipha izinqubo ezingokomthetho, izakhamuzi zinganikela ngokuphumelelayo ezimpikiswaneni zemithetho ngaphandle kokulawula umthetho. Njengoba indawo esemthethweni iqala ukuvela, imibuzo emisha ngezicelo ze-intanethi ne-plustrate izoqhubeka ivivinya lemikhawulo engokomthetho. Ukuhlala zinolwazi ngezimiso ezingokomthetho nezinguquko ezilawulayo kubalulekile kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukwenza lokhu kulunga okungathí. Ekugcineni, ukulinganisela phakathi kokufinyelela uhulumeni nokuhleleka komphakathi kuvikela kokubili inkululeko nokuhleleka kwabantu ngabanye.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola umbhalo weSichibiyelo sokuqala [ ovela eMgqonyeni weSizwe, uhlola izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokunxusa nge- i-Cornell Law Information of the Legional Institute[[FL:3], noma ubukeze iziqondiso ezivela [[FLT:]] [FLT]] ACLU'S Olwazi lwelungelo lakho .