Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso usebenza njengezincwadi eziyisisekelo ezimisa isakhiwo, amandla, nemisebenzi yohulumeni bezwe. Zichaza amalungelo ezakhamuzi futhi zimise uhlelo lwemithetho esendaweni ngayinye. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uthola ingxenye yebhubesi ekunakekelweni umphakathi, imithetho-sisekelo elawula ngokuqondile ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngokuvame kakhulu (______ukulawula yonke into ezintela zempahla, nezimali zesikole ezisekela inqubo yobugebengu nemithetho yomshado.) Ukuqonda lamaphepha kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde indlela imithetho yazo esebenza futhi isetshenziswe ngayo, nendlela imithetho emiswa ngayo, kanye namalungelo ezingathembela kuwo lapho zisebenzelana neziphathimandla zendawo.

Uyini Umthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni?

Umthetho-mthetho wezwe uyincwadi ebhaliwe ehlela ukuhlelwa kukahulumeni wezwe, kuhlanganise nomphathi, i-gasmedi, nokwahlulela. Isho amalungelo ezakhamuzi, ibeke imingcele emibuso kahulumeni, futhi imise izinqubo zokudlulisa nokuhlela imithetho kahulumeni. Izwe ngalinye eUnited States linomthetho walo, ngalinye elinezilungiselelo eziyingqayizivele ezibunjwe umlando walo, amasiko ezombangazwe, nezidingo zendawo. Ngokungafani nomthetho-sisekelo we-U.S., owe-U., owesimende wemithetho-simo evame ukucushwa, futhi uhlela kaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-U.S. umthetho-Constitution uqukethe amagama acishe angu-7,600 futhi uhlelwe izikhathi ezingu-777, kanti umthetho-mthetho ka-Alaba ngokomthetho u-Alaba namagama angaphezu kuka-950 000, kanti unezinkathi ezingaphezulu.

Imithetho-mithetho kahulumeni ifeza izinjongo eziningi. Ihlela izisekelo zezinhlangano zikahulumeni .(_____ifaka imingcele yezindawo zomthetho, imisebenzi kambusi, ukubusa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kanye nemibuso yohulumeni bendawo enjengezingalo nomasipala. Babeka imingcele engaphansi kwemisebenzi kahulumeni, njengezimfuneko ezilinganiselwe zemali, imingcele elinganiselwe yemithetho yezikhulu ezikhethiwe, nemithetho ethile yentela. Okubaluleke kakhulu, imithetho yemithetho engokomthetho ihlanganisa izikwelekwa kakhulu kwamalungelo adlula isivikelo samalungelo e-U.S. Bill of Rights, emboza izindawo ezinjengendawo eyimfihlo, indlu, imfundo, nemfanelo yendawo ezungezile.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Nokuziphendukela Komthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Isiko lomthetho-mthetho olotshiwe wombuso liqala ngaphambi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. phakathi noMphetho-sisekelo waseMelika, amakoloni okuqala ayishumi nantathu ngalinye afaka izincwadi zawo siqu eziyisisekelo ukuze athathe indawo yemithetho-sosha ye-colonic. i-Connecticut yamukela umthetho wayo wokuqala ngo-1639, owayaziwa ngokuthi i-Princial Orderns, kodwa umthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wanamuhla wabunjwa yiVirginia ngoJune 1776 njengengxenye yokuvuma kwayo ukuzibusa. Le mibhalo yakuqala yabonisa ukungathembi okujulile kwamandla futhi yahlanganisa nokuhlukana okucacile kwemibuso, ukukhetha, kanye nezivumelwano ezingokwesiko zamalungelo avikelwa yinkululeko yokukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, nenkolo.

Phakathi nekhulu leshumi nanye namashumi amabili leminyaka, imithetho-mthetho yezwe yashintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo. Njengoba amazwe ayehlangene ne-Union, iziKhomishane zazifuna ukuba ngamunye abe nohlobo lukahulumeni we-republic, kodwa zashiya okuqukethwe yizwe. Izizwe eziningi zathatha imithetho emisha phakathi nezikhathi zokuguqula. Njengenkathi yeNguquko (1890-1920), lapho ukumiswa kwemithetho yentando yeningi eqondile njengamandla eqondile ethatha isinyathelo kuqala, ukumiswa kwemithetho ye-asendrendre, nokukhunjulwa. Phakathi naleyo nkathi, ziqala ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo angokwezimiso ezimiyalo, njengokuvimbela imishini yesitimela, ukuvimbela isilinganiso sezemfundo yezemfundo yomphakathi. Lokhu kuthambekele ekuhlanganiseni inqubo yemfundo yomthetho yemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho yomthetho kahulumeni kuchaza ukuthi kungani imithetho yanamuhla ngokuvamile ithatha isikhathi eside futhi ihlelwe kaningi.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Nakuba umthetho - sisekelo wombuso ngamunye uhlukile, abaningi banengxenye eyodwa yezakhi zokwakha. Ukuqonda lezi zingxenye kubalulekile ekuchazeni lencwadi nasekuyisebenziseni ukuvikela amalungelo akho noma isimiso sikahulumeni esinethonya.

Isandulela

Isethulo sisho injongo nezimiso eziqondisayo zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuvamile, simemezela ukuthi abantu bombuso bamisa umthetho-sisekelo ukuze bavikele ukuhleleka, inkululeko, nobulungisa. Ezinye izingeniso zigcizelela izisekelo ezingokwenkolo, njengakumthetho-sisekelo weMassachusetts obiza “ubuhle bukaMphathi Omkhulu we-Grayslator weNdawo Yonke,” kuyilapho abanye, njengo-New York, bengekho emthethweni. Isethulo asiwanikezi noma silinganisele amalungelo angokomthetho, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuchaza izinhloso ezibanzi zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo

Umthetho-sisekelo ngamunye uqukethe imvume yamalungelo avikela amalungelo omuntu ngamunye nenkululeko. Lena iveza ilungelo likahulumeni lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, inkululeko engokwenkolo, ukuqulwa icala yijaji, nokukhululeka ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nokuquleka, kodwa ngokuvamile yande kuyo. ISimemezelo somthetho-sisekelo wezwe saseCalifornia sihlanganisa ilungelo lokuvikela imfihlo elingashiwonga ngokuqondile e-U.S. Umthetho-sisekelo. Izikwehlolo eziningi zamalungelo akhethekile zikhuluma futhi ngezindaba ezinjengamalungelo ezinjengawo, imbuyiselo yezisebenzi, ukulingana kwezeleleka, noma isivikelo ekucwaseni okusekelwe ebulikeni, uhlanga, noma ukukhubazeka. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingachaza lezi zilungiselelo ngokuzimele ukuze zinikeze isivikelo esiqinile kunezinkantolo zombuso ezinikeza izinkantolo ngaphansi kwemithetho efanayo.

Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni

Lengxenye inemininingwane yokuhlelwa kukahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni wamagatsha amathathu: ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, ukuqondiswa kwemithetho, nokwahlulela. Isho inani lamalungu asemakamelweni emithetho, izimfanelo, ubude, namandla kambusi, isimo senkantolo kusukela ezinkantolo ezivivinyweni kuya enkantolo ephakeme, nezinhlelo zokugcwalisa izikhala zohulumeni. Ichaza futhi ubuhlobo phakathi kombuso nohulumeni bendawo − amazwe, amadolobha, nezifunda. . Eminye imithetho yemithetho ikha izinhlangano ezizimele, njengemishini yenkonzo yomphakathi, i-ogadale imithetho yezemfundo, kuhlanganise nokhetho, kuhlanganise nendlela izifunda ezidonswa ngayo.

Izinhlelo Zokuhlaziywa Nokubukezwa

Imithetho-mthetho cishe ihlanganisa ingxenye echaza indlela engashintshwa ngayo. Izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zingu- i-trademical (isishaya-mthetho sezwe sihlongoza ukubuyiselwa, okumelwe kuvunyelwe ngabavoti kukhetho lwezwe) futhi i-evolution ne-arhentemu [i-actizen sakhi yokusayinwa okwanele ukubeka imvume ebhaloneni). Izifunda ezimbalwa, njenge Delawa, zivumela ukumiswa kwendlu yendlu yendlu ngaphandle kokuvota. Izimo eziningi zidinga ukumiswa kwezingazo zonke izilinganiso ezimbili noma ezintathu eziphambili (inani elikhulu) ezivunyelwe kakhulu ukuba zivunyelwe ukuba zithathwe inqubo ewuhlwele kakhulu. Izimo eziningi zidinga ukumiswa kwe-ftiftiftive.

Amalungiselelo Engeziwe

Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ivame ukuba nemininingwane eminingi yezimiso engayibheki njengeyobukhoma. Le mithetho ingahlanganisa amalungiselelo emali yemfundo yomphakathi, imingcele yezikweletu zikahulumeni, ukuhlelwa kwentela ezithile (njengempahla noma intela yeholo), isetshenziswa kwemithetho yendawo ezungezile, ngisho nemithetho yokugembula noma ukuzingela. Nakuba lemiyalo eqondile yenza imithetho yemithetho ingasebenzi, inikeza futhi izakhamuzi ithuba lokuvala izinqumo ezibalulekile ezingeni eliphezulu lomthetho, izivikele ekushintsheni kwemithetho esemthethweni.

Indlela Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Ehluke Ngayo KuMthetho - sisekelo WaseU.S.

Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa uhlelo lukahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ophethe futhi ufaka amalungelo ayisisekelo asebenza ezweni lonke. Imiyalo efushanisiwe, ebanzi, futhi kunzima ukuyiqeda. Umbuso, ngokuphambene, ingaphezulu, ibanzi, futhi ilula kakhulu ukuyishintsha. Umthetho-sisekelo unikeza amandla ahlelwa uhulumeni wezwe nawoma ngokomthetho wonke amanye amazwe akhona ezindaweni noma kubantu. Imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inikeza abantu amandla kuhulumeni kuhulumeni (*), ngoba ohulumeni bangawanikeza amandla okusebenzisa ngokucacile kuphela. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi imithetho yemithetho-mthetho ye-mthetho kahulumeni ihlanganisa njalo okubonakala sengathi ilinganiselwe enqubeni efanelekile. “Imithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho” isho ukuthi imibuso engokomthetho isho ukuthi abantu bavame ukuchaza izigwebo, izinhloso zenkantolo zabo, okunganikezwa yizinkambiso, kodwa izikhulu zikahulumeni abangazinikeza yona ngokuphikisana nomthetho womthetho.

Indima Yemithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Umthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni uthonya ngokuqondile izici eziningi zokuphila kwezakhamuzi.

  • [ Intela efanelekile: Imithetho-sisekelo eminingi yombuso ihlanganisa amazinga entela yempahla noma ilinganisela ukwanda kwaminyaka yonke. I-Processium yeCalifornia 13 (188) yayiyinguquko eyathi yalinganisela ngokudumile amazinga entela nokuhlolwa, ilungiselelo elisahlela izimakethe zokuthengisa izindlu kanye nemali kahulumeni yendawo.
  • Imfundo: Izimiso zesikole zokuxhasa imali ngokuvamile zisuka ezigabeni zikahulumeni ezifuna ukuba umbuso unikeze “indlela eqinile nengalawuleki” noma“ihlelo lokusungula” lezikole zomphakathi. Inselele yezinkantolo ngaphansi kwalezi zingcaphuno ziye zaphoqelela amazwe ukuba alungise izinqubo zokusekela imali kanye namalungiselelo alungile.
  • Ohulumeni bendawo: “uhlelo lokubusa kwasekhaya” kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe lunikeza amadolobha nesilinganiso esithile sokuzibusa ukudlulisa imithetho yendawo, ukulawula izimali, nokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwendawo ngaphandle kokudinga ukuvunyelwa uhulumeni.
  • Ubulungisa obungalawuleki: Icala likaHulumeni linganika abamangalelwa isivikelo esikhulu kunalokho okufunwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni, njengokubusa okuqinile noma ilungelo elibanzi lokululeka. Kwezinye izizwe, isigwebo sokufa sivinjelwa ngokuqondile noma silinganiselwe ngokuphelele ngumthetho-sisekelo wezwe.
  • Impilo nendawo ezungezile: Izifunda ezihlukene ziye zamukela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo endaweni ehlanzekile, ukukwazi ukuthola amanzi ahlanzekile okuphuza, noma ukunakekelwa kwempilo okungabizi. Lamalungiselelo anikeza izakhamuzi ithuluzi lokubekela inselele izenzo zikahulumeni ezilulaza impilo yomphakathi.

Imithetho - sisekelo YoMbuso Eqhubekayo: Ithuluzi Eliqondile Lentando Yeningi

Esinye sezici ezihluke kakhulu zomthetho-mthetho wezwe abaningi ikhono lezakhamuzi lokuveza nokulungisa ngokuqondile ngenqubo yokuqala. Kusukela namuhla, izifundazwe ezingu-23 zivumela ukuthatha isinyathelo kuqala nokuthatha i-apendium ukuze zithole imithetho, futhi ezingu-18 zivumela ukuba izivumelwano zomthetho- sisekelo zishintshe. Lenqubo inika izakhamuzi ezivamile amandla okuyeka ukuthatha isinyathelo ezindabeni ezithandwayo. Izibonelo zokulungisa umthetho zihlanganisa imikhawulo yemithetho ephumelelayo ehlela imithetho, ukumiswa kwemiyalulo yezokwelapha noma yenkasangu, imingcele yemithetho engokomthetho yencazelo yomshado, nezimfuneko ezinkulu zentela yokwanda.

Nokho, leli thuluzi lentando yeningi eliqondile aligxekwanga. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi amanyathelo angathunjwa amaqembu enzalo anezinzuzo, aveza imithetho engahleleki edala imiphumela engahlolwanga, futhi aholele ekushicileleni umthetho-mthetho ojikijelayo owehlisa ukuvumelana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Noma kunjalo, ikhono lokulungisa imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ngevoti ethandwayo lihlala liyisici esivelele sokubusa kwezinga eliphezulu lombuso nesizathu esiyinhloko esenza ukuba lamaphepha ahlale ekhona.

Izibonelo Zomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Eziphawulekayo

California

Umthetho-mthetho we-California, owamukelwa ngo-1992 futhi wabukezwa ngokuphelele ngawo-1960, ungenye yezinde kakhulu ezweni. Uhlanganisa amalungiselelo anemininingwane yentela yempahla (Iprojekthi 13), imingcele yemithetho, isiNgisi njengolimi olusemthethweni, futhi ngisho nemfuneko yokuba uhulumeni ulondoloze uhlelo olulinganiselwe. Imithetho yawo ihlanganisa ilungelo eliphawulekayo lokuzifihla. Ngenxa yokuthi ingalungiswa ngevoti nje enkulu yendlu yomthetho-mthetho kanye nabavoti, umthetho we-California uye washintshwa kangamakhulu ezikhathi, kuholela ekuvusekweni, imvume yokusetshenziswa kwemithetho esemthethweni eshicishisiwe abagxeki abaningi abathi isebenza njengemithetho yemithetho kunemithetho yesisekelo.

Texas

Umthetho-sisekelo waseTexas, owamukelwa ngo-1876, udume kakhulu (amagama angaphezu kuka-100 000) futhi uvimbela. Wabunjwa ngemva kwenkathi yokuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo ukuze ulinganise amandla kambusi nomphathi wendlu yomthetho, wakhe isikhulu esibuthakathaka nohulumeni ohlukene phakathi. Uqukethe izinhlelo eziningi zokusetshenziswa kwemali futhi uphakathi kwemithetho-mthetho kazwe eguqulwe kaningi kakhulu (nezinguquko ezingu-500) eziye zavunyelwa. Inqubo yokulungisa iTexas idinga ukuvota okuma okuphindwe kabili kwegumbi ngalinye lomthetho we-accomplist kanye nokuvunyelwa yiningi nje likavoti. Ngenxa yalenkinga, izinguquko eziningi ziye zamiswa ngemithetho enziwa yimithetho esemthethweni evamile.

Massachusetts

I-Massachusetts Constitution, eyabunjwa nguJohn Adams ngo-1779, iwumthetho-sisekelo omdala kakhulu obhalwe emhlabeni. Ufushanisiwe futhi ulungiswe cishe izikhathi ezingu-20 000. Isakhiwo sayo samisa isimiso sanamuhla esinezinqamu ezintathu futhi sihlanganisa umphathi onamandla onamandla. Inqubo ye-Massachusetts ingenye yezindlela eziqinile: ukubuyiselwa kumelwe kudluliswe ngama-pasworline amabili alandelanayo futhi kamuva kuvunywe ngu-vota. Lenkinga ikhiqize ibhu eliqinile elishintsha kancane kancane kancane, ngokungafani nenqubo yokushekela ngokushesha komlilo kwezinye izindawo eziningi.

i-Oregon

Umthetho-sisekelo we-Oregon waduma njengesikhungo sokucwaninga sentando yeningi esiqondile ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Ukulungiswa kwayo ngo-1902 “kweze-dimokrati” kwanika abavoti amandla okuveza kokubili imithetho kanye nokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, i-Oregon iye yasungula izinguquko eziningi eziqhubekayo nge-collet, kuhlanganise nesimiso sokuqala sezwe sokuhlela indawo ebanzi, ukubulala okusemthethweni, nokuthatha kuqala ivoti ngeposi. Umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kazwe uhlukanisa futhi nokuntula kwayo imfuneko elinganiselwe, ithembele ekuqondiseni imvume yokulawula, futhi iminikelo yemali encikelwe emalini elinganiselwe, inkokhelo yezisebenzi, nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile.

Okwenza Ukuqonda Umthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Kubaluleke Ezakhamuzini

Ukuqonda umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho akuyona nje indlela yokufunda, kodwa kuyithuluzi elisebenzayo lokuhlanganyela emphakathini, ukuvikela amalungelo nokubeka uhulumeni icala. Uma wazi lokho okuqinisekisiwe umthetho-mthetho wezwe lakho, unga:

  • Intethe etshelwayo: Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zivame ukuvela kumavoti eduze kokhetho olufuna ukuvota. Ukwazi amalungiselelo akhona kuyakusiza ukuba unqume ukuthi ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kuyadingeka, kuyafaneleka, noma kungalimaza.
  • Amalungelo akho: Icala likaHulumeni ngezinye izikhathi linikeza izivikelo eziqinile kune-U.S. Umthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho uqaphela ngokuqondile ilungelo lokuqapha ngasese, ungabekela inselele ukuqapha okunganciphisi kakhulu ezibonelweni zenkantolo zikahulumeni.
  • Uhulumeni weCalmente uphaphamele: uhulumeni uveza ukuthi umthetho wephula umthetho wezwe ungaphumelela ngisho noma ukusho okufanayo kungahluleka ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.. Ukunqoba okuningi okubalulekile okungokomthetho kuye kwazuzwa ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke, kusukela ekusekeleni izikhwama zemfundo kuya ezikhwameni zentela zempahla.
  • Ukulawula ekubuseni kwendawo: izinhlelo zokubusa kwasekhaya, umthetho-mvume kamasipala, nemibuso yesifunda isekelwe kumthetho-sisekelo kazwe. Ukuqonda lokhu kungakusiza ukuba uthonye izinqumo zokuhlanganisa, izimiso zebhodi lesikole, kanye nezakhiwo zentela yendawo.
  • Paricipate enqubweni yokulungisa: Ezizweni ngamalungelo okuthatha isinyathelo, izakhamuzi zingahlela ukubuyiselwa kwazo siqu, ziqoqe izignesha, nomkhankaso wazo. Ngisho nasezizweni ngaphandle komzamo, ukwazi ukuthi ucindezela isishaya-mthetho ukuba sihlongoze ukulungisa kubalulekile ekushintsheni kwenqubo esikhathini eside.

Ukuze uqale, thola ikhophi yomthetho-mthetho wezwe lakho kuyi-inthanethi ngewebhusayithi yombuso wakho noma nge- LAVEKIS COUNICES COM . Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yeLegislatures[ futhi inikeza izimali zokulungisa izimo nentando yeningi. Ngisho nokuhlolwa okusheshayo kwethebula lokuqukethwe kwezincwadi zikahulumeni wakho kungaveza indlela ingqungquthela yezwe ozikhathaza ngayo kakhulu.

Umthetho - sisekelo woMbuso ukhona, uphefumula amaphepha alinganisela isiko nesifiso sentando yeningi sokuvumela abantu ukuba bazibuse. Ziyingxube yesimiso esiphakeme kanye nokwaziswa okunencazelo ephezulu () futhi ukuqonda ukuthi ingenye yezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuba isakhamuzi esithembiswe ukuthembisana, esigunyaziwe esizweni sakho.