Ukwakhiwa kwesimiso sokuzivikela kwesizwe saseMelika kuwukubonakaliswa okuqondile kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezamiswa ngo-1787. Abasunguli, abaqaphela amandla agxishiwe kodwa bewazi kahle amandla esizwe, baklama isimiso esiklanyelwe ukulinganisela amandla kumphathi negunya elilula leSishaya-Mkhandlu. Ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, lesi sakhiwo siye savivinywa yimpi, ukuguqulwa kwezomnotho, nokuguquguquka kwezesayensi yezwe. Ukuqonda amandla akhethekile anikezwa uhulumeni wezwe ukuze avikele isizwe kubalulekile ekuqondeni kokubili ukuhlolwa kwemithetho engokomlando nemisebenzi yamanje ye-United States.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando Kwegunya Lokuzivikela Kwesizwe

Ukuguqulwa kweZihloko Zokuhlanganisa iNhloko kusuka eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo kwaqhutshwa ngokuqondile ukwehluleka kukahulumeni wesizwe ukuvikela izithakazelo zesizwe. Shays's Reduverse (1786-1787) kwaveza ukuhluleka kweNgqungquthela yeConfederation ukuphakamisa ibutho noma ukuvimbela ukuvukela kwezindawo zasekhaya. Abasunguli ababuthene ePhiladelphia ukuze basungule uhulumeni okwazi ukusebenza ngamandla nokuthumela ngezikhathi zenhlekelele. U-Alexander Hamilton waphikisa [[FLT: 0] ku-FURT] u-No.[23:1] u-FLT] ukuthi "uth sho ukuthi kufanele ukuba kulinganiswe nesiphelo" nokuthi uhulumeni kufanele ube nomthetho "uhlungahluzo oluqinile" ekuphakamiseni amabutho avamile.

IRepublic yokuqala yabhekana nezilingo ezingokwenani elikhulu eMpini ka-1812 naseMpini yombango. Le ngxenye yokugcina yashintshwa kakhulu igunya likahulumeni, iqinisekisa ukuphakama kukahulumeni wesizwe ezindabeni zokuhlubuka ngaphakathi futhi yamisa izenzakalo zemibuso yempi ebanzi eyaboniswa yigatsha eliphethe i-Lincoln’s blockdade of Southern port, ukususwa kwemikhawulo yezembobo, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwezinkantolo zempi kwandisa izinga lamandla ebukhosini. Inkantolo ePhakakhulu kamuva esinqumweni sezwe esenziwa yi- i-Ex ex ex Millian[[[[FLT:] [186]] ka-1866] kwafuna ukuphinde kuvinjwe imingcele, iphethe ukuthi inkantolo yezempi ngeke ikwazi ukudlulisa izinkantolo zeze lapho zazikhona khona futhi zivuliwe.

Ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka laba nokumiswa okuphawulekayo kwemibuso yokuzivikela. UMthetho we-Secreate Service ka-1917 wasungula ukubuthelwa kwesizwe iMpi Yezwe I. IMpi Yezwe II yaletha i-Manhattan Project kanye nengqikithi yokuqoqa izimboni. I-National Security Act ka 1947, yadlula ekuqaleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, yahlanganisa amabutho ahlomile ngaphansi komthetho owodwa weSikhungo sokhuselo, yasungula i-Central Intelligence Agency (CIC), futhi yamisa i-National Security Councial Council (NC) ukuze ixhumanise inkambiso nesimiso sokuvikela. I-Goldwater-National Water-Navichols Device Reorgitation Act ka 1986 yahlanganisa i-Pentagon, iqinisa isihlalo seNcond of Staff negunya le-Ampenter.

I - Councing for Uservice for User of Military Force (AMF) yanikeza labo abanomthwalo wemfanelo igunya lokulandela, yaholela emikhankasweni yezempi eyandayo, ukusungulwa kwe - Department of Homeland Security, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokulinganisela phakathi kokulondeka nenkululeko yomphakathi.

IZisekelo Zomthetho - sisekelo Zamandla Esizwe Okuvikela

UMthetho-sisekelo ubala imibuso yempi ngamabomu eveza injongo yomsunguli yokubeka igunya kokubili emagatsheni emithetho nawabaphathi. Lokhu kuhlukana kwaklanyelwa ukuvimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo sezempi sodwa kuyilapho kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni angathatha isinyathelo ngokuphumelelayo ekusongeleni.

Indima Yenhlangano: Ukumemezela Nemali Yempi

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 8 yoMthetho-sisekelo inikeza uMkhandlu amandla "okwenza iMpi, ukunikeza iLetters of Marque and Reprisal, futhi wenze iMithetho mayelana ne-Captuations Land nasemanzini." Isishaya-ngqungquthela sigunyazwe ku "impoqo nokusekela amabutho" (Cl. 12) kanye "ondla nokugcina i-Navy" (Cl. 13). Umbuso "wokwenza iMithetho kahulumeni nokubuyisela i-Rosempini" (CL. 13). ukuqondisa i-Proasensigrationsss jot ka-sempire nge-inkonzo yezeminyaka emibili (CL.12), ukuqondisa kwe-octivession.

Indima Yokuqondisa: Umphathi - dolobha

Article II, Ingxenye 2 isho uMongameli njengoMphathi weSikhulu Sempi neNdlu yempi yase-United States, nowamabutho lapho ebizwa ekusebenzeni ngokoqobo. Lesi siqu sithwebuli sesikhulu sikaMongameli esinegunya eliphelele emikhankasweni yezempi nesiqondiso sesimiso. UMongameli futhi unamandla okumisa izikhulu zempi, izivumelwano (ngeseluleko seSigelezesigebengu nemvume), futhi wamukela amanxusa, akha izingxoxo zesizwe nesikhundla sokuvikela. Umbango phakathi kwamandla enhlangano yokumemezela impi namandla empathilo yempi kuyisicici sempi kuyisicici sesimiso somthetho wesizwe waseMelika.

Isakhiwo somklamo weTriparete kaJackson

Umbono okhona kuJaji Robert Jackson insizwa encinci eSpeech & Tube Co. Sawyer (1952) inikeza uhlelo olunethonya elikhulu lokuqonda ukulinganisela kwamandla esikhulu nomthetho kukhuseleko lwesizwe. Jackson wachaza izigaba ezintathu zesenzo sobumongameli:

  • (1: Lapho uMongameli esebenza ngokuveza noma ngokusikisela kwemvume evela kuMkhandlu, amandla akhe aphakeme, ahlanganisa kokubili igunya lakhe lomthetho-sisekelo nanoma iliphi iSishaya - mthetho esiphathisiwe.
  • (Zibini: Lapho uMongameli esebenza ngaphandle kwesipho sobuphathi noma ukwenqaba igunya, uncika kuphela emandleni akhe siqu, adala "ubusuku bokunhla kwelanga" lapho ukusakaza igunya kungaqinisekile.
  • ([FLT: Uma uMongameli enza ngokuphambene nentando ecacile noma eshiwoyo yoMkhandlu, amandla akhe aphansi kakhulu, futhi iNkantolo icishe ihlasele isenzo sakhe.

Izindawo Ezinhle Zanamuhla Zokuzivikela Kwesizwe

Uhulumeni wamazwe namuhla ulawula isivikelo sesizwe ngesimiso esikhulu sokuhlangana. inxusa ngalinye linemithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile engokomthetho enezela ekulondekeni kwesizwe sonke.

Umnyango Wezokuzivikela (DoD)

I-DoD iyisikhungo samandla ezempi. Isebenza ngeHhovisi likaNobhala weNdebe (OSD), iziNkulungi ze-Joint of Staff (JCS, kanye ne-Profeced Commantry Commony Imiyalelo yeshumi nenye ehlangene (COCOCOM). I-COCOM ngayinye inecala lesifunda esithile sendawo ethile (umz., U.S. U-Indo-Pacific Umyalo) noma indawo esebenzayo (umzz., u-Cyber, uMyalo woMyalo we-U.S.S.). UMthetho we-Goldwater-Nachols Act waqinisa ucingo lokusebenza (umgamumo) lokuqondisa, olusuka kuMongameli kuya kuNobhala-Devicel ku-Devant.

Umnyango Wezokuphepha Zasekhaya (DHS)

I-DHS yamiswa ngo-2002, yahlanganisa izinhlangano ezingu - 22 zikahulumeni ukuze ziqinise imizamo yokuvikela izwe lakubo ekuhlaseleni amaphekula, ukulawula imingcele nokusabela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo. Ingxenye eziyinhloko zihlanganisa i-Cstoms and Borders Protection (CBP), i-Immigration and Customment Ercementmentmentmental (ISTA), i-Federal Eme Managency Management (FEMA).

Umphakathi Onhlakaniphe

Umqondisi weNational Intelligence (DNI) uhlanganisa izici ezingu-18 ze-U.S. Inculture Community, i-CIA, i-National Security Agency (NSA), i-Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), ne-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). I-NSA inolwazi lwezimpawu zezimpawu zezimpawu ze-schemist (SINT), kanye nesiqinisekiso sokwaziswa, kuyilapho i-CIA iqoqa ukuhlakanipha kwabantu (HT), kanye nezenzo ezifihlayo eziqondiswe nguMongameli.

Ezinye Izimo Ezibucayi

UMnyango Wezobuzwe ulawula ubudlelwane bezokuxhumana, izinhlelo zosizo zakwamanye amazwe, kanye nezivumelwano ezisekela izimiso ezihlangene njengeNATO. UMnyango Wezegesi wengamela izikhali zenuzi ezinqwabelene ngeNational Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) futhi usingatha imizamo engaqhubeki. INational Security Council (NSC), ehhovisi eliphethe i-Mongameli, isebenza njengesikhungo esiyinhloko sokuhlanganisa inqubo yesizwe yokuvikela.

Isakhiwo EsiwuMkhandlu Wesizwe Olawula Ukuzivikela

Izishaya - mthetho zihlela isimiso sokuvikela ngokugunyaza izikweletu zaminyaka yonke, nangemithetho eqondile echaza imingcele yokuthatha isinyathelo sokuqondisa.

I - National Defense Relect Act (NDAA)

I-NDAA iyimali yaminyaka yonke egunyaza uhlelo lwemali nezindleko ze-Dervince. Imisa izinqubo ezisezingeni lezisebenzi, ekutholeni izikhali, ekwakheni izikhali, kanye nezinto eziza kuqala. I-NDAA iye yadluliswa minyaka yonke kusukela ngo-1961 futhi iyimoto eyinhloko yokuqondisa imisebenzi yokuvikela.

Isinqumo Semibuso Yempi Sango - 1973

Uma idluliswa kuMongameli Nixon's ngemva kweMpi yaseVietnam, i-War Powers Resolution (50 U.S.C. 1541-1548) ifuna ukuhlola ikhono loMongameli lokufaka amabutho e-U.S. ekulweni ngezikhali ngaphandle kwemvume yenhlangano. Ifuna ukuba uMongameli athintane noMkhandlu ngaphambi kokuba angenise amabutho empini, abike eSishaya iSishayamthetho phakathi namahora angu-48 okusungula amabutho, futhi ahlehlise amabutho phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-60 (ngeniswa izinsuku ezingu-30) ngaphandle kokuba iSivumelwano sigunyaze ukuba kuqhubeke ukusetshenziswa kwempi.

Imvume Yokusebenzisa Amabutho Empi (AMFS)

I-2001 AUMF[FF:1] yanikeza uMongameli igunya lokusebenzisa "amandla adingekile nafanelekile" ezizweni, izinhlangano, noma abantu abahlangene nokuhlasela okungu-9/11. Lo mthetho ukhonjwe njengesisekelo esingokomthetho semisebenzi yezempi e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, e-Syria, eSomalia, eYemen, nakwezinye izindawo. Ngo-2002 AUMF wagunyaza ngokukhethekile ukusetshenziswa kwempi ngokumelene ne-Iraq. Ukuhamba kwemiya ephakathini yamaKhomishano ephethe ukuthi noma inguquko kunoma yiyiphi i-Agracrac.

Umthetho Wokuhlakanipha Kwakwamanye Amazwe (FISA)

FISA umisa izinqubo zokuhlola imibuso yangaphandle nemishini yayo eUnited States. Yadala i-Freigent Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) ukuze ibukeze izicelo zezicelo. I-FISA iye yalungiswa kaningi, ngokuphawulekayo nge-Patriot Act kanye neSimende se-FISA somthetho we-2008, futhi ilokhu iyindawo eyinhloko yezinkulumo - mpikiswano eziphathelene nokulondeka kwesizwe nemfihlo.

Imingcele Yokwahlulela Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

Ngokuvamile inkantolo ilalela amagatsha ezombangazwe ezindabeni zezindlela zezempi nesimiso sakwamanye amazwe, kodwa iye yaqinisa igunya layo lokuvikela amalungelo abantu futhi yaphoqelela imingcele engokomthetho emandleni.

Izenzakalo Ezingokomlando

Ex ediremillan (1866], iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo zezempi azinakuzama izakhamuzi uma izinkantolo zempi zivuliwe futhi zisebenza. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. [193], iNkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi uMongameli u-"ilungu lombuso wezwe elingu-" futhi unamandla amakhulu angaphakathi ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe.

Iposi elidlulile-9/11 Umthetho

HAmdi v. [Fumsfeld [2004], iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi isakhamuzi sase-U.S. siboshwe njengesitha esilwayo sinelungelo lenqubo efanele nethuba elibalulekile lokuncintisana nesisekelo esiyiqiniso sokuvalelwa kwakhe. [Boumediene v. Bush [2008], iNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi abathunjwa kwamanye amazwe abaphethwe eGuantmo Bay banelungelo lomthetho lokuthola isisekelo sokuvalelwa kwakhe. Lezi zimo ziqinisekisa ukuthi [[FLT] [FLT] ibambe indima ekuhloleni igunya lokuphatha, ngisho nasempini.

Isimiso somthetho sokulawula imisebenzi ebhekene namaphekula, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwamadenda asolwayo, kuye kwalolongwa ngemithetho, izikhundla eziphethe, nokuhlola kokwahlulela. "Izimfihlo zesifunda" ilungelo, imfundiso eqinile, nemfundiso yemibuzo yezombangazwe ngokuvamile ilinganisela ikhono lezinkantolo lokuzwa izinselele emikhankasweni ethile yezempi.

Uhulumeni Nonogada Besizwe

UMthetho-sisekelo ulondoloza indima ebalulekile yezifunda ezivikela izwe ngesimiso samabutho nangamabutho esizwe. ISiphakamiso I, iSiqeshana se 8, u-Claus 15 sinikeza i-Consell amandla "okwenza ukuba iMilitia ikhiphe imithetho ye-Union, icindezele ukunqanda ukuTshintshwa nokuxoshwa kwezinhlangano." u-Clause 16 u-detal ezweni igunya lokumisa abaphathi noqeqeshe amabutho ngokwezindinganiso zobuhlanga.

Namuhla, i-National Guard isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sokubhalisa sombili. Esimweni sikahulumeni (isiHloko 32), iQaphela liyalwa ngumbusi wezwe futhi lingasetshenziswa ekucindezeleni kwasekhaya. Esimweni sikahulumeni (isihloko 10), iQaphi libuthelwa enkonzweni kahulumeni futhi liphendule ekuhlolweni kwezwe. I-Insurrection Act ka-1807, futhi ukulungisa okulandelayo, kubusa igunya likaMongameli lokusebenzisa amabutho angokomthetho (kuhlanganise nogada) ukuvimbela ukuvukela nokuphoqelelwa komthetho kahulumeni phakathi kwe-United States. I-Posse Comititus Act ka-1878 ngokuvamile ivimbela i-U. i-Umgaqo ka-mpi ne-Airfection ekuviceni imisebenzi yomthetho, ukusekela ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwempi ne-othopic.

Izisekelo Zokusebenzisa Imali Nesu Lokuzivikela

Imali kahulumeni yokuvikela ingenye yezigaba ezinkulu kakhulu zemali esetshenziswa ngenkululeko, evame ukudlula amadollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-800 ngonyaka. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwemali esetshenziswayo kwamasosha, imisebenzi nokunakekelwa, ukuthengwa kwezikhali, ukucwaninga nokwakhiwa kwezikhali, nempi. Isimiso sokusetshenziswa kwemali yokuzivikela sihilela i-DoD, i-Office of Management and Dribal (OMB), kanye ne-Congress, okubonisa inqubo ebambisana yokuhlela izinto eziza kuqala nemithombo yemali.

Isikhungo sezezimboni zokuvikela sisekela ukucwaninga, ukuthuthuka, nokukhiqizwa kwezikhali. Ukulondoloza isisekelo esiqinile sezezimboni kuyinto ephambili yesizwe, ngoba iqinisekisa ikhono lokukhiqiza isivinini ngezikhathi zenhlekelele. I-Divince of Defense ibuye ilawule uhlelo olukhulu lwezokusebenza lwembulunga yonke.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Zokuqeda Amandla Ezokuvikela

Usongo lwembulunga yonke noshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe kushukumisa izinguquko eziyinhloko ekusebenziseni kukahulumeni ekuvikeleni izwe.

Umncintiswano Wamandla Ombuso Omkhulu

I- 2022 National Defense Strategy imemezela ngokusemthethweni ukushintshwa kobuphekula kusuka ekulweni noMphikiswano Omkhulu wamandla neRepublic of China nase Russia. Lokhu kujikeleza kudinga amandla amasha, ukuhlanganisa, nokuhlanganisa yonke imimandla.

Ukuhlala Ulondekile Nendawo

ICyberspace iye yavela njengendawo encintisanayo ewuMyalo weCyber waseU.S. uqhuba imisebenzi ehlazisayo nevikelayo ukuze kuvikelwe izithakazelo zesizwe.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe

Ukuhlakanipha okuzenzekelayo, izikhali ezinamandla amakhulu, namandla aqondiswe kubuye kushintshe imbala yempi. I-Divince of Defense iye yasungula izinyathelo ezinjenge-Joint Actificial Intelligence Center (JAIC) ukuze isheshise ukuhlanganiswa kwe-IIP emikhankasweni yezempi. Ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwale mishini yezimiso zobuchwepheshe kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu.

Isimo Sezulu Nezinsongo Zezizwe Zonke

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuqashelwa kakhulu njengesisongelayo esingabangela izingxabano, ukuhlukana kwezindawo, nezakhiwo zezempi ezicindezelayo. I-DoD ihlanganisa ukuqina kwesimo sezulu nokuhlelwa kwayo. Ubuphekula obuhlanganisa amazwe amaningi, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, kanye nezinhlangano zokuhweba okungemthetho ziyaqhubeka zifuna ukuhlangana nokubambisana kwezizwe zonke.

Isiphetho

Indima kahulumeni kahulumeni ekuvikeleni isizwe ayimi ndawonye; ingukulinganisela okunamandla okulolongwa nguMthetho-sisekelo, umthetho womthetho, ukuchaza kokwahlulela, kanye nemfuno yendawo ezungezile ehleli kahle. Imibuso echazwe ngo-1787 ihlala iyitshe eliqinile, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kuye kwacwengisiswa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ekwandulelwa futhi kwasetshenziswa. Njengoba kuvela usongo nobuchwepheshe, inselele eyisisekelo ihlala ifana: ukulawula amandla aphelele kahulumeni ombuso ukuze uvikele isizwe kuyilapho ulondoloza inkululeko engokomthetho-sisekelo echaza.