Imizamo yokumelana nezenzo zobuphekula ixhomeke ekwakheni amandla afike ngesikhathi, anembile okuvimbela ukuhlasela nokuchitha izinhlangano zamaphekula. Nakuba izimpawu zokuhlakanipha nemininingwane kufeza indima ebalulekile, ukuhlakanipha komuntu kusalokhu kungenakushintsheka. Ezimbili zezindlela zokuhlakanipha kwabantu eziphumelela kakhulu ukusebenzisa izimemezelo nokusebenza. Lezi zinqubo zivumela iziphathimandla ukuba zikwazi ukungena endaweni ezungezile evaliwe, ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okungafihlakele, futhi kwakhe izimo eziholela ekumangalelweni. Nokho, ziphakamisa futhi ziphakamisa izimiso ezinzulu zokuziphatha, ezingokomthetho, nemibuzo esebenzayo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okusheshayo kokuhlola izimemezelo ezififi, izindlela zazo, izindlela zokucwaninga, izinselele, izinselele, izinselele, izinselele, nokwenza izicelo zangempela.

Ukubaluleka Okuphawulekayo Kokuhlakanipha Komuntu Ekumelaneni Nezeqeba Zobuphekula

I-conomon incike ekuhlanganeni kobuchwepheshe nokuhlakanipha kwabantu. Ukuhlakanipha kobuchwepheshe kuhlanganisa ukuxhumana, ukulandelela izimali, kanye nokuhlola. Nokho amaqembu amaphekula avame ukujwayela ngokusebenzisa ukukhomba, ukuxhumana ngaphandle kolayini, kanye nezindlela zokuvikela ezilinganisela ukuqoqwa kobuchwepheshe. Ukuhlakanipha kwabantu (HUMINT) kugcwalisa izikhala ezibucayi. Ama-information nezikhulu ezingaphansi kwe-ocealic zingazifaka ngokwawo phakathi kweminyango yamaphekula, ukunikeza ukuqonda kwangempela ekuhleleni, ekusekeleni, ekutholeni, ekusebenziseni, nasekuhleleni isakhiwo sengqamuzana. Ngokwe-, i-HUMINT, ibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni kweqembu lamaphekula, izinhloso, nakuhlela izinto ezingenakusetshenziswa ngobuchwepheshe.

Imithombo yabantu inganikeza izimpawu ezixwayisayo zokuhlasela okuseduze, ibangele ukuphazamiseka, futhi isize ekutholeni abantu abangase bathathe imingcele. Ngaphandle kwabaphathi nabathuthi bomshoshaphansi, izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha zingathembela cishe ngokuphelele ekuhloleni kwangaphandle nasekuxhumaneni okunqandeni, okungabambezeleka noma okungaphelele. Ngakho, ukubaluleka kwalezi zindlela okusebenzayo kungoko kusemqoka ekulwisaneni nobuphekula.

Ama - Informatant: Incazelo, Ukuvuselela, Nezisusa

Ubani Oba I - Informant?

I-Informant ingaba amalungu eqembu lamaphekula ngokwalo, amalungu omkhaya, noma abantu abaye bazibonela imisebenzi esolekayo. Abazona izikhulu ezingochwepheshe; bayizakhamuzi ezibambisanayo ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemithetho yobuphekula, abanikeli ngokuvamile bavela kuleyondawo ezungezile. Kungenzeka ukuthi baye baba nengxenye ekhuthele ekutholeni ukubambisana, noma bangase bathathwe emiphakathini elula eseduze kwezinhlangano zamaphekula.

Ukuziphindiselela Nokuphatha

Ukunikeza isimemezeli inqubo elula. Izinhlangano zomthetho zokuphoqelela zifuna abantu abakwaziyo ukufinyelela ulwazi olusebenzayo futhi abangathenjwa ukuba banikeze ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa. Izindlela ezivamile zokuthola imvume zihlanganisa ukulawula ukucindezela komthetho, izisusa zezimali, ukuhleleka kwemibono, noma izikhalo zomuntu siqu ngokumelene neqembu. E-United States, i-Federal Bureauragement of Investigation (FBI) inemithetho eningi yokusingatha izimemezelo ezithembekile, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko zezivumelwano ezibhaliwe nokwengamele abaqondisi. I-Righteviation yeH ye- Justicer General ye-Inssor ikhiphe imibiko ebukezayo yezimiso ze-FRAPrance, iqonda isidingo sokuphatha ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe.

Izisusa Nezingozi

Izisusa ze Informant ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ezinye zibambisana ukuze zimelane nezigwebo zazo, ezinye ukuze zithole imali, futhi ezinye ngenxa yomqondo wokusebenza kwesizwe noma ukudumazeka neqembu. Nokho, izingozi zinkulu. Izingozi zikhona. Izikhulu zezindaba zibhekene nethuba lokuchayeka, ezingaholela ekuphindiseleni bona nemikhaya yabo. Ukulimala okungokwengqondo kokuphila ukuphila okumbaxa-mbili nakho kubalulekile. Izenzwe kumelwe zinikeze izilinganiso zokuvikela, njengokususa, ushintsho, nokuhlola okuqhubekayo. Nakuba kunjalo nangalezi zinyathelo, abanikeli bahlala besengozini. Icala [[FLT:] . Uhlelo lwezehlaka oluka [[FLT][FLT] v.[FLD:1] lubonise indlela abakhangisa indima enkulu ekwakhelweni ngokumelene no-AQa esebenzayo, kodwa kamuva izikhulu zobufakazi obuningi.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Nezivikelo Ezingokomthetho

I-Informant isetshenziswa ngemithetho nezimiso zangaphakathi. E-United States, i-Attorney’s Guidelines on the Usease of Informants and Livers emisa izindinganiso zokubuthwa, ukukhokhwa, nokuqondisa. Izisekelo ezifanayo zikhona eUnited Kingdom ngaphansi kweRegation of Investigation Powers Act (RIPA) nakwamanye amazwe anemithetho eqinile elwa nomthetho. Lezi ziqondiso zihloselwe ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwemithetho yobuphekula, ukucindezelwa, nokuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi. Izindikimba eziphethe, kokubili ezingaphakathi nangaphandle, izinhlelo zokuzihlola ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana. Nokho, abagxeki abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa imithetho, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini embalwa.

Ukusebenza Ngemshoshaphansi: Amaqhinga, Ukuqeqeshwa, Nokulawulwa Kwezingozi

Izindlela Zokukhipha Izithombe Nezindaba

Izisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe zomthetho zihlanganisa ukuqashwa komthetho okungekhona okumelwe kungene emaqenjini amaphekula. Ngokungafani nabameli abakhomba itokisi, abangochwepheshe, ngokuvamile abakhethwe ngokukhethekile futhi abaqeqeshelwe kakhulu ukuqapha, ukuxhumana, nokumelana ngokwengqondo. Izindaba zabo zesembozo zakhiwe ngokucophelela ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nokuhlola. Amanxusa angase abonakale njenganozwela, abangenisi bezikhali, noma abacebi bezezimali. Umgomo ukuzuza ukuthenjwa amalungu eqenjini, ukuhlangana kwemihlangano, nokuqoqa ubufakazi obungasetshenziswa enkantolo.

Ukufakwa kwe-flaltiation kungathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka. Amanxusa kumelwe athathe ulimi, amasiko, kanye nomqondo weqembu. Kumele futhi akulungele ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini engekho emthethweni ukuze alondoloze isivikelo, kodwa kuphela ngokwezinga elidingekile nelingokomthetho. Imithetho eqinile ilinganisela lokho amanxusa angakwenza. Ngokwesibonelo, kumelwe agweme ukuqala ubudlova noma ukuphehla ubuphekula. Ezinhlamvwini eziningi, abameli abafihlayo abangeke bathathe ubugebengu obungathathwa njengobuhlupho, futhi noma yiziphi izenzo ezingekho emthethweni azenzayo kumelwe zigunyazwe ngaphansi kwemithetho eqondile.

Isikhathi Nokulondeka Okusebenzayo

Imisebenzi yangasese ingaba mide kakhulu. I-FBI’s 'Operation Crevice, ehlose amaIslamsmustss ashisekela ukuthatheka kwe-UK, ihilela inxusa eliboshelweyo elachitha iminyaka eminingi lingena kuleliqembu. Ukuvikelwa komsebenzi kukhulu kakhulu, ngoba noma ikuphi ukwephulwa kungaphazamisa noma yimuphi ummeli nendaba. Imishini isebenzisa izingqimba eziningi zobunganiso, kuhlanganise nokuhlolwa kwengozi yezikhathi ezithile namasuntswana aphuthumayo. Ingqondo nemizwelo engaphansi kwemishini eyimfihlo ibalulekile; abaningi badinga ukusekelwa kobuchopho ngemva kokuthunyelwa isikhathi eside.

Imingcele Engokomthetho Nemvume

Enye yezici eziphikisana kakhulu zokusebenza ngokufihla izingozi zokubanjwa. Ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kwenzeka lapho umuntu ebangela ukuba enze ubugebengu obungekho. Ukuze kugwenywe lokhu, ukuhlinzwa kumelwe kuklanywe ngokucophelela. incazelo engokomthetho yokugwema [ eUnited States ifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ubangela ubugebengu futhi ummangalelwa akanaso isimo sokubuqhuba. Izinkantolo ziwaxoshe ngokuqapha lapho abameleli besebenzisa khona ukucindezela okukhulu noma basikisela imisebenzi engekho emthethweni kubantu abangathandi. Iziqondiso zezelelwe zifuna ukuba abaqondisi bomshoshane baqaphele futhi bangabhali nje, hhayi ebuphekulawulweni.

I - European Court of Human Rights iye yanquma nokusetshenziswa kwamanxusa angagunyaziwe, ifuna ukuba ukuhlinzwa kugunyazwe ngokomthetho futhi kuvinjelwe imingcele eyanele yokusetshenziswa kabi kwe - Invertive, okufuna ukuba inqubo itholwe igunya elingokomthetho nesivikelo esifanele ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuxhashazwa.

Imisebenzi Ephawulekayo Etholakala Ngomshoshaphansi

Imisebenzi eminingana ephezulu emelene nomthetho wobuphekula incike emsebenzini ophansi. I-Octal Crevice (2004) e-UK yaholela ekukholweni kwamadoda amahlanu ayeceba ukusebenzisa amabhomu onomanyoli. Isikhulu esingaphansi komthetho, “Maritin,” ephathwe njengesinye isikhulu futhi yaqoqa ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda. E-United States, “icala i-Newburgh Four" laphakamisa izinkathazo ngemva kokutshelwa i-FBIRBI ukuthi inendima enkulu ekuhleleni icebo. [[FLT:] Ilungelo lamaHuman Watch yahlola amacala anjalo, ikhomba umugqa omuhle phakathi kokuvikelwa okungokomthetho nokucupha.

Esinye isibonelo ukungena kwengqamuzana “leLackana Sithandathu” eNew York, lapho umthengisi wanikeza khona imininingwane ngokuqeqeshwa kweqembu emakamu e-al-Qaeda. Lezizenzakalo zibonisa kokubili impumelelo kanye nokuyinkimbinkimbi kwezimiso zomsebenzi wobumbango.

I - Informant Nabameli Abangaphansi Komshoshaphansi Abanobuthi Obungalawuleki

Izindima Ezincomekayo

I-Informants namanxusa angaphansi ngokuvamile asebenza nge-tandem. I-Informant inganikeza amakhonda okuqala nezingeniso, kuyilapho ama-opera angakha ukwethembana okujulile futhi aqoqe ubufakazi obuningi obuqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, umazisi angase aphawule ingqamuzana elingase libe amaphekula; inxusa elingaphansi kwe-consic lihlangana nengqamuzana ukuze lihlole izitebhu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuphakama kokuhlakanipha futhi kunciphisa ukuthembela kunoma yimuphi umthombo.

Ukugeleza Kolwazi Nesicathulo Somyalo

Ukulawula imithombo eminingi yabantu kudinga ukubambisana okuyinkimbinkimbi. Izehlo ngokuvamile zinesikhulu secala esiphatha i-accounting neqembu elizimele eliphatha umthumeli ongaphansi. Ulwazi lunemigede futhi ludluliselwe ukuze kugwenywe ukwenziwa kwezincwadi noma ukuphikisana. Ukuhlakanipha kudluliselwa kubahlaziyi nakubenzi besinqumo abakwazi ukuhlanganisa amaqembu okubopha noma ukulwa. Iketanga lokuyala liqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mthombo owodwa we-gamessage ongavimbela icala, futhi ukuthembeka kwale nqubo kugcinwa.

Izinzuzo Nemiphumela Elinganiswayo

Inzuzo eyinhloko yabanikezi nokwenza imisebenzi yangasese ikhono lokuqoqa ukuhlakanipha ngaphakathi kwemifelandawonye evalekile. Lokhu kuvumela izinhlangano ukuba:

  • ukuhlasela okungalawuleki ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke: ukuhlakanipha kwangempela kwenza ukuboshwa nokuphazamiseka kohlelo, njengoba kuboniswa kuyi-2006 translatic indiza ezungeze icebo lapho izihloko ezinika ulwazi nemisebenzi engaphansi zazibalulekile khona.
  • ihlela abaholi abayinhloko nabakhi: imithombo yabantu ingaveza isigaba samaqembu amaphekula, ikhomba abajoyidi, abathakathi bebhomu, nabenzi bebhomu.
  • Yakha ubufakazi obukhombayo ngokomthetho: ukuqoshwa komthungo nobufakazi obuyizazisi ngokuvamile buyisisekelo sezinkolelo, kunikeza ubufakazi obuqondile benhloso nokuhlanganyela.
  • Ukufakwa nokubekwa kwe-project: Ukuhlanganisa kungahlukanisa izikhungo ezilawulayo nezici ze-inthanethi, okwenza ukungenela kusheshe kungene.
  • uhlola amakhono eqembu nezinhloso: Iinformants zingabika ngokuthola izikhali, ukuqeqesha, kanye nokuzivumela ukuba zisize ekulindeleni izinsongo zesikhathi esizayo.

Impumelelo yalezi zindlela iyabonakala emaqhingeni amaningi abhuntshiwe. Ngokwe- Government Accounting Office [i-GAO], izimemezelo zadlala indima enkulu engxenyeni yobuphekula obuhlobene ne-US obubangelwa yi-US ngemva kuka-9/11. Ikhono lokuqoqa ubufakazi obuqondile livame ukuholela ekuceleni icala, ukunciphisa isidingo sokuqulwa kwecala isikhathi eside.

Izinselele Nezinkinga Ezibucayi

Izingozi Kubantu Abasebenzisa I - Informant Nabameleli

Inselele esheshayo ukudlula zonke ukuphepha komuntu siqu. AmaInformant atholakele angabulawa yiqembu, futhi imikhaya yawo ingahanjelwa futhi. Abaqondisi be-oyilebesethi babhekene nosongo olungapheli lokuchayeka, olungaholela ebudloveni noma ekuthunjweni. Izinhlangano zifaka imali eshibhile ezinyatheloni zokuvikela kodwa azikwazi ukuqeda izingozi. Ukucindezeleka okungokwengqondo kuhlanganisa ukucindezeleka, ukuzihlukanisa, nokucindezeleka okungase kwenzeke ngemva kwe-post:0] R. [[FLT:] v. kuqokomise izimpikiswano zempilo zengqondo ezibhekene nezikhulu ezibotshelelwayo, okuholela ekuguquleni izinguquko.

Ukukhululeka Kwangaphakathi Nokuphatha

Lezizindlela ziphazamisa ngokwemvelo ekusebenziseni imfihlo nenkululeko. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi abathuthi abafihlakele bangathulisa ukubonakaliswa okungokomthetho kwezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini yamaSulumane ehloselwe ngokungenakulinganiswa. I-American Civin Liberesties Union[ idinga ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezimemezeli ukuba zihlole imisebenzi engokwenkolo nokuvinjelwa kwezombangazwe, ixwayisa ukuthi ingavimbela izenzo ezingokomthetho. Amasu aphezulu, anjengamabhodi ahlolayo kanye nemvume yenkantolo, abalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukuthunywa kwemisebenzi. Nokho, ukuqondisa kungadaleka, ikakhulukazi emazweni anezimiso ezibonisa ukungakhanyi.

Ukuvumelana Nokukhohlisa

Ama-Informant anganikeza ukwaziswa okungamanga noma okweqisayo ukuze azuze, agcine amanani, noma azivikele. Ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-polygraph kudinga ukunqandwa kwesiphambano neminye imithombo nokusetshenziswa kokuhlola okungalawuleki. Ama-ant angaphansi komthetho ngokwawo angadonselwa ngokujulile eqenjini, okuholela ku ‘ ukuphuma kwendabuko'”. . Ukudalula noma ukuzwela ngesisulu.

Izindaba Zokubambisana Nezecala Zomhlaba Wonke

Izehlakalo zobuphekula zivame ukuhlanganisa imikhawulo. I-Informants kanye namanxusa ocingo angasebenza emazweni amaningi, kuphakanyiswe izimpikiswano zobukhosi, ukusekelana komthetho, futhi kuhlukane izindinganiso zomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, umamukeli obuswa iziphathimandla zase-U. Angaba namalungelo ngaphansi kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu yaseYurophu eyenza ukuba kungabi nalwazi oluningi. iHhovisi leZizwe Ezihlangene eliphathelene nezidakamizwa noCrime[ linikeza iziqondiso zokubambisana kwezizwe zonke, kodwa ukusungula kuyahluka.

Izifundo Nezifo Ezifundiwe

Uhlelo Lokuhamba Ngezindiza Lwango - 2006

Lelicebo lalihlanganisa ukukhipha iziqhumane zoketshezi ezindizeni ze-UK ukuya e-US. Ubuhlakani obuvela ku-arendi phakathi kwe-nethili enethonya elinamandla, lihlangene nokuqapha kobuso becala, bavumela iziphathimandla zaseBrithani ukuba ziboshelwe izinsolo ezingaphezu kwama-20 ngaphambi kokuhlasela. Icala labonisa ukubaluleka kokuhlakanipha komuntu ekuvimbeleni imishini emikhulu eyinkimbinkimbi. Labangela futhi izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ngokubonakala kokungafihlwa kobufakazi obuselelwe nobude bejele langaphambi kokuphuma kwemoto.

Ukuhlasela KweParis Ngo - 2015

Ngemva kokuhlasela eParis ngoNovember 2015, ukuhlola kwancike kakhulu kwabaqondisi nasemangqamuzaneni angaphansi ukuze kulandelwe izinhlanganisela zabahlaseli. Ukuhlakanipha kwaseFrance ngaphambili kwakusebenzise izimemezelo ukuqondisa ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zabanye abahlaseli, kodwa amagebe ekudluliseleni ulwazi avumela leli cebo ukuba liqhubeke. Umphumela waholela ekuguquleni ukwakheka kobuhlakani baseFrance kanye nokuhlelwa komthetho kokusebenza ngokufihla. [FLT:] Umbiko wamuva [[[FLT: 1] ekusabeleni] waqokomisa isidingo sokuhlanganiswa okungcono kokuhlakanipha kwabantu nobuchwepheshe.

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-Informant ngePost-9/11 US

E-United States, i-FBI yandisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngokuphawulekayo kwezimemezelo ngemva kuka-9/11. Ngo-2009, i-FBI yayinamashumi ezinkulungwane zabameli, abaningi ababesebenza ngokugada imiphakathi yamaSulumane. Nakuba lokhu kwaholela ekuvulweni ngempumelelo, kwabangela futhi impikiswano. Icala elinjenge-Newburgh Four ne i-Hardbon bhostry uqweqweqweqwe lwebhomu le-sbosss liphakamisa izikhalo zokumangalelwa. Isifundo se-[[FLT:] IYunive] yoMthetho [[FLT] [FLT] [FLD:5] sathola ukuthi abahilelekile ekudwebeni ngezinye izikhathi kuhle. Isifundo sinikezwa ngokune, njengoba idingiwe ukuba igwegwegwegwegwegwe kahle.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Namalungelo Ezenzweni Zanamuhla Zobuphekula

Imisebenzi yangaphandle ibalulekile ekulwisaneni nobuphekula. Inikeza ukuhlakanipha komuntu okuwukuphela kwendlela yokungena ngamaqembu agcwele ubudlova. Ukuvimbela ukuhlasela okuhlukahlukene okuphumelelayo kubonisa ukuphumelela kwawo. Nokho lezi zindlela zihambisana nezingozi ezinkulu nezinselele zokuziphatha. Ithuba lokugwenywa, ukuncishiswa kwenkululeko yomphakathi, nokuphepha kwemithombo nemishini kudinga ukuqapha njalo.

Kudingeka izisekelo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho, ukuqondisa okuzimele, nokuqeqeshwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi lamathuluzi asetshenziswa ngokulinganayo nangomthetho. Njengoba amasu amaphekula eshintsha, kanjalo nezindlela zokuqoqa ukuhlakanipha. Ukulinganisela kahle phakathi kokulondeka namalungelo akuyona inqubo eyodwa efeziwe kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo. Ukuqonda ukunkimbinkimbinkimbi yokusetshenziswa kokwaziswa nomsebenzi wobumfihlo kubalulekile kubenzi bemithetho, odokotela, nomphakathi ukusekela i-crotheism ephumelelayo, emelene nezimiso ezilungile.