Ukuqonda Indlela Yokufinyelela Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu Kusukela Kudala

Indlela yobuProfethi igcizelela ukuqonda incazelo yalezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo njengoba zazihloselwe amaFramers. Lombono ufuna ukuchaza umbhalo osekelwe emongweni ongokomlando nezinhloso zalabo abawufaka. Kumthetho wanamuhla womthetho-sisekelo, i-ronastism iye yaba inqubo elawulayo, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwethonya likaMahluleli uAntonin Scalia nabanye abahluleli bemibhalo. Lesihloko sihlola izisekelo ezingokomlando, izimiso eziyisisekelo, izimiso eziwusizo, nezimpikiswano ezihlala njalo ezihlobene nenguquko yokuqala ye-U.S.

Kuyini Ukukholelwa KuNkulunkulu?

UbuSyndrome buyinkolelo-mbono yokuchaza komthetho-sisekelo esekela ukuthi umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo ne-Bill of Rights kufanele unikezwe incazelo ababenayo ngesikhathi sokutholwa. Lokhu kusho “‘ ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi “incazelo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni”"""isekelwe endleleni umuntu onengqondo ayeyowaqonda ngayo amagama lapho ukubuyiselwa kugunyaziwe. Ngokungafani nokuphila komthetho-sisekelo, okuvumela incazelo yokuzivelela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubuShona obuqalile bufuna ukusekela izinqumo zokwahlulela ukuze kuqiniselwe ukuqonda okungokomlando.

Le ndlela ayikona ukuhlobisa, kodwa ihlanganisa imicu eminingana ehlukile kodwa ehlezi kahle: inhloso yokuqala, incazelo yokuqala (noma incazelo yomphakathi) kanye nokuchaza imibhalo.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando

Izazi zakudala zikholelwa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo neSikhathi samaLungelo kufanele ziqondwe ngokwencazelo yokuqala yomphakathi ngesikhathi ebhalwe. Lendlela incike kakhulu emabhukwini angokomlando, njenge Féderalist Papers[, izimpikiswano ezivela eSivumelwaneni Sokuqala, kanye nemibhalo yamaFramers (umz., James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, George Mason). Ngokwesibonelo, amanothi ka-Madison embula ukudweba kwe-Bill of Rights zembula ukuthi i-mendments zazihloselwe ukulinganisela amandla kahulumeni, hhayi iphuzu kamuva elilawulwa yimfundiso.

Umlando awucacile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Amalungiselelo amaningi ayevumelana phakathi kwezihambeli ezinemibono engafani. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubhekisela kweSichibiyelo Sesibili kuMilitia ebekwe kahle” kwabangela impikiswano enkulu ngobukhulu belungelo lokuphatha izikhali. Izazi zenkathi eyodwa zihlola izichazamazwi, izinkcazo zomthetho ezivamile, nemihlangano yombuso ukuze kuvuselelwe ukuqonda kokuqala.

Imithombo eyinhloko esetshenziswa izazi ezisekela ukubhalwa kweBhayibheli zihlanganisa:

  • Iphepha lomphakathi (ikakhulukazi No. 84 no-46 eSigqebheni samalungelo nobusosha) – ekhona eMtatsheni Wezincwadi Wezishayamthetho[.
  • Imibhalo yeNgqungquthela yeFederal ka 1787 (uhlelo lweSikhala).
  • Amacala oKhongolo-ndlu (inkulumo ekhuluma ngeSisombululo Samalungelo Abantu eSishayamthetho sokuqala).
  • umthetho-mthetho wezwe wokuqala [ nezimemezelo zamalungelo ezathonya ukuguqulwa kwemithetho kahulumeni.

Lokhu kubekwa komlando kubalulekile kubaqondisi bokuqala ngoba kucindezela ukwahlulela. Njengoba uMahluleli uNeil Gorfo abhale, “incazelo yokuqala yombhalo woMthetho-sisekelo iwukuphela kwesiqondiso esingokomthetho kumajaji.”

Izimiso Ezinhle Zokuqala

Ukubhala ngokulotshiwe

I-textalism igxila encazelweni ecacile yamagama asemabhalweni omthetho-sisekelo, njengoba iqondwa umfundi ovamile ngesikhathi sokudilizwa. Igwema ukuqagela ngezinhloso ze-Framers. IJaji Scalia yaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi ukubhalwa kwemibhalo akuyona “i-trialism,” engafunda amagama ngomqondo olinganiselwe kakhulu, kodwa kunalokho ukufunda ngokwethembeka lokho okushiwo umbhalo. Ngokwesibonelo, isiqinisekiso seSimemezelo sokuqala senkululeko yokukhuluma” sichazwa ngokwencazelo yayo engu-1791: ivikelekile ekuvimbeleni kwangaphambi kokuvinjelwa nakuthuthwa kwezinsula, kodwa hhayi zonke izinhlobo zanamuhla zenkulumo enjenge-inthaneti.

Ukuzimisela Kwangaphambili

Inhloso yokuqala icabangela lokho amaFramers ngokwawo ayehlose ukukusho. Lenguquko yakuqala yayivame kakhulu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iye yathathelwa indawo kakhulu yincazelo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni. Ukushintshwa kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi ukuthembela enkambekweni yokuchaza indaba ngokuvamile akusebenzi, futhi amaFrame ayenemibono ehlukile, futhi amaningi awazange abhale imicabango yawo. Noma kunjalo, injongo yokuqala isabonakala emibonweni ethile ephikisanayo, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene ne-Istament Clausce ne-Implifement yesibili.

Incazelo Yokuqala Yeningi

Incazelo yasobala (OPM) ibuza indlela umuntu onengqondo ayewuqonda ngayo umbhalo ngesikhathi sokuwuhlukanisa. Manje uyindlela evelele yombhalo wokuqala. Idonsa kuchazamazwi kusukela esikhathini sokusungulwa (umz., Samuel Johnson’s ]A Dictionary of the English Language, 1755], esetshenziswa emithethweni yesizwe, nasezincwadini ezithandwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, igama elithi “unyulu nesijeziso esingavamile” eSigwegwegweni se-Ampe (Impempe (Impe yaqala ngo-1791) ukunqabela izijezo njengokudweba nokuthatha i-RCRCR, kodwa hhayi zonke izinhlobo zokuvalelwa ngokwezibo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwencwadi Yamalungelo Abantu

Lapho zisebenzisa indlela ye-Creastinast kuBill of Rights, izinkantolo zibheka ukuthi ukulungisa kwakusho ukuthini lapho zigunyazwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18. Lokhu kusiza ekutholeni ukuthi umthetho othile noma isenzo sikahulumeni sivumelana yini nezivikelo zokuqala ezahlongozwa amaFramers. Ngezansi kunezici eziyinhloko zokulungisa nokuhlola kokuqala okuye kwathonya ukuchaza kwabo.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inkolo, Inkulumo, Izindaba, Umhlangano, Isicelo

Abasunguli bezincwadi zoqobo bahlola indlela isizukulwane esisunguliwe esasiqonda ngayo ukuthi “ukuzivivinya ngokukhululekile” kwenkolo kanye no“ukumiswa.” Ngokwesibonelo, abasekeli abaningi bakuqala baphikisa ngokuthi ukumiswa kuka-Claus kwakunqabela kuphela isonto lesizwe nehlelo elilodwa ngaphezu kwelinye, akuzona zonke izinhlobo zokuhlala kwenkolo kukahulumeni. Kennedy v. [Bremeton School District [2022], umbono womphakathi Gorfore] wawuthembele kakhulu emikhubeni engokomlando ukuze uphethe ukuthi umthandazo womfundisi wasese wesikole uvikelwe.

Izikhulumo zokukhuluma, abaqondisi bemfundiso yokuqala bakhomba e-Sedition Act ka-1798, eyajezisa imibhalo “yamanga, ehlazisayo, nenonya” emelene nohulumeni. IRepublic yakuqala yabekezelela imingcele enjalo, isikisela ukuthi ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni“ inkululeko yokukhuluma” akuhlanganisanga ilungelo lokuhlambalaza uhulumeni. Nokho, abasunguli abaningi banamuhla bakholelwa ukuthi uMthetho weSigqizo sobuPhostoli wawungangqubuzani ngoba wawuphikisana nenjongo yeSiphendulo Sokuqala.

Isichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibini siyanikeza: “I-Militia elawulwa kahle, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni kukaHulumeni okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha iziXhobo, ngeke lishaywe.” I-dificuriary of Columbia v. Helder[ [2008], umbono ka-Scalia womphakathi osetshenziswayo ekuqondeni kuqala, ukuphetha ukuthi ukunqatshelwa kwecala kuvikela ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokuba nezikhali zokuzilwa, ezingahlangani nenkonzo ye-athonsi. Umbono wokusungula imithombo ebonisa ukuthi “izikhali” zazinencazelo ehlanganisa ukusetshenziswa komuntu siqu, ukungasebenzisi impi. Isinqumo sikhona [FOct:2] eMthethweni weSikomumumu eMthethweni weSiko seSiko seSifundazwe [Fodwa] [3] ku-Fite, Fine] ku-Newce; u-Newtonst, i-Unist Councition, i-S. [evironst, u-R.]

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukucwaninga Nokukhohlisa Okungenangqondo

Incazelo yokuqala yeSichibiyelo sesine esinqabela “ukuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka” iye yathathwa kakhulu. Ngo-1791, “ukuphenya” ngokuvamile kwakusho ukungena ngokoqobo ekhaya noma ukuthatheka kwamaphepha. I-xriformsts iphikisa ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe banamuhla bokuhlola (umz., i-PGPS, i-GPS) ayihloli ngaphandle kokuba bangene endaweni evikelwe kakhulu ngomthetho. Lombono wagunyazwa United States v. Jones[FLT:] (20) (20) lapho uMahluleli uSClia alandela khona ukuhlola okuvamile kwecala lomthetho. Nokho, uSotomaysillet's Convention ubuzation ukuthi ungayivikela ngokwanele yini indawo eyimfihlo enkathini.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele, Ukuziphikisa, Ukuthatha

Abaqondisi bemfundiso yokuqala bachaza i-Gastry Process Claus njengevikela inqubo edingayo kuphela “iprocedal” (inqubo""i-fair meory" (inqubo efunekayo"ne-"public"), esikisela ukukhetha uhlelo. Kukuthatha u-Claus, osunguli bahlola ukuqonda kokusungulwa kwe-------“msebenzi kamphakathi.” Kello v. Dolobha laseNew London [200], uMahluleli Thomas waphikisa kakhulu, ephikisa ngokuthi incazelo yokuqala ye-“kusetshenziswa uhulumeni” idinga ngempela ukuba usebenzise impahla noma ukuyivula emphakathini, hhayi nje ukuyisa emthuthukweni weze ngokwezentengo.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

Inkulumo ethi “impoqo nengavamile” yabolekiwe eGreenland’s Bill of Rights ka 1689. Abakholelwa ekudalweni kwenkathi − ehlanganisa ukulenga, ukubhaxabula, nokubeka amagama ngophawu oluqinile − ukuphikisa ngokuthi izijeziso ezinzima zingokomthetho uma zingabhekwa njengezinonya ngalesosikhathi. Lokhu kucabanga kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukusekela isigwebo sokufa. Nokho, uJustice Scalia wavuma ukuthi izindinganiso ezisekelwe ekuhloniphekeni zingathola ukuthi isijeziso “asikho,” nakuba ayenqaba ukusebenzisa isakhiwo esingekhona esakuqala.

Ababikezeli Abavelele Bezinto Zakudala Nezikhulu

UMahluleli u - Antonin Scalia (1936 - 2016)

UMahluleli uScalia wayeyizwi eliphambili lobuStatuism nombhalo we-textism eNkantolo Ephakeme. Imibono yakhe ku [FLT] (ISichibiyelo se-Smith v.[FLT]] United States[FLT]] [indlela yokuchaza i-demokrati], [indlela yokuqondisa], [[FLT] ne[FLT]4]] Crawford v. Washington [i-Clate] ingu-ndaltal. Waphikisa ukuthi indlela yokuqala “iyindlela esemthethweni kuphela" ngoba ihlonipha ukukhetha kwentando yentando yeningi ngokuvimbela abahluleli ukuba bakhiphe izindinganiso zabo kubantu abamukela umthetho.

UMahluleli uClarence Thomas

UMahluleli uThomas uthathe isikhundla sobuProfethi sinonya kakhulu kuneScalia. Uye waphikisa ngokuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sika Claus (hayi i-Century Procesme Claus) iyimoto elungile yokuhlanganisa iBill of Rights ngokumelene nezifundazwe, (umbono ozoguqula amashumi eminyaka esazingalandlela. Ukuvumelana kwakhe [[FLT: 0]] Bruen nokungavumelani kwakhe ] kuveza ukuzimisela kwakhe kokuqonda kwasekuqaleni, ngisho nalapho kuholela ekuphumeleni kwemiphumela engathandeki.

UMahluleli uNeil Gordow noMahluleli u - Amy Coney Barrett

Bobabili amajaji amasha aye abhala kakhulu nge strime. Incwadi kaGorfoth A Republic, Uma ungagcina i-It ivikela ukukholelwa kokuqala ekumangaleleni kokungaxengi. Ugcizelela ukuthi ukwenziwa kokuqala akubangelwa yimiphumela; ngezinye izikhathi kungaveza imiphumela ekhululekile (umzk., ukuvikela amalungelo ezigebengiselwani ngaphansi kwe-Sixth Refemplete). Barrett, ngaphambi kokuba agunyaze, wabhala izihloko zezazi ngombhalo we-rediast no-decis.

Ukugxekwa Namanga

Ukukholelwa ekudalweni kuye kwabangela ukucusumbulwa okukhulu, kokubili ezifundweni ezingokomthetho nakwabahluleli abasebenzayo.

  • Inhlangano ishintshe kakhulu kusukela ngo 1791. Umthetho woqobo ungaqamba isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo enkathini enqabela abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota nokuvumela ubuhlanga. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kushaya indiva “umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo” odinga ukusingatha izindaba zanamuhla njengezindaba zomuntu siqu kanye namalungelo okuzala.
  • Ukungaqondi kahle: Umlando ngokuvamile awuphelele noma uyaphikisana. Abalandeli bakuqala abahlukene abavumelani nalokho incazelo yokuqala eyikho ngempela − ngokwesibonelo, ngokweSichibiyelo sesibili, ezinye izazi zenkathi yokuqala (njengoSaul Cornell) ziphikisa ngokuthi ngokuyinhloko yavikela ilungelo elihlangeneyo eliboshelwe emabuthweni ezwe, kanti abanye (njenge-Randy Barnett) babona ilungelo elibanzi.
  • Ukusetshenziswa komlando ngokukhethayo: Abagxeki basola abasekeli bokuqala ngobufakazi obusekela imiphumela yabo ethandwayo, ikakhulukazi ezicabeni ezimangalelwa ngokwezombangazwe. IJaji Stephen Breyer, encwadini yakhe Inkululeko, iphikisa ngokuthi i-alctrist ayikwazi ukuxazulula izindaba ezinzima futhi ngokuvamile ifihla imibono yokwahlulela.
  • Inkinga yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane: ISiphakamiso samalungelo ekuqaleni sasebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela. Imfundiso yokuhlanganisa [1] ukuguqula lezi zinguquko ezizweni ngeSichibiyelo se 144] .Imibuzo enzima mayelana nokuthi yiyiphi “incazelo yokuqala” engasetshenziswa: 1791 noma 1868? Abanye abaqondisi bokuqala, njengoJaji Thomas, baphikisa ukuthi amalungelo noma i-Immunic Claus (inqubwe kuneMbuso ye-RCrectory) kodwa leyondlela ingaveza imiphumela ephikisanayo namalungelo omphakathi anamuhla.

Iphendula ngokuthi, abaqondisi bemvelaphi baphikisa ngokuthi indlela yabo inikeza ukuqiniseka okukhulu nokufaneleka kwentando yeningi kunendlela “yoMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo”, abathi ivumela abahluleli ukuba baphoqelele izintando zomuntu siqu. Izazi zoqobo njenge- Randy Barnett[ ziye zasungula ukusabela okuyinkimbinkimbi, zigcizelela ukuthi ubuStatuast abukunqandeli ukuguqula noma ukusabela komthetho-mthetho-siseko ezinkingeni ezintsha.

Ukulinganisela Okushiwo Yinjongo Yakuqala Nezidingo Zanamuhla

Impikiswano eyinhloko emthetho-mthetho-sisekelo namuhla iyindlela yokulinganisela ukuhlonipha incazelo yokuqala nesidingo esingenakuphikwa soMthetho-sisekelo ukuba usebenze ezweni amaFramers angacabangi. Abaqondisi ngokwabo bayakuqaphela lokhu kucindezeleka. Bruen[, uMahluleli Thomas wabhala ukuthi imingcele yesimanje yezibhamu kumelwe “ivumelane nesiko elingokomlando lemithetho yezibhamu,” kodwa wavuma ukuthi ukucabanga okungokoqobo kungasetshenziswa ukusebenzisa izimiso ezindala ezimweni ezintsha. Le-“ mfundiso yakuqala engokomthetho inikeza indlela: abahluleli babheka ukusungula imithetho yanamuhla evumela ukuba isiphi isilinganiso semithetho yanamuhla.

Ngokufanayo, ukuze kuthathwe iSichibiyelo sesine, abasekeli abaningi bakuqala bayavuma ukuthi isimiso esiyisisekelo − ukuvikelwa ekufuneni okungacabangeki − kumelwe kusetshenziswe ngokusebenzisa “amathemba anengqondo okungalindelekile mayelana nokungaboni muntu.” Njengoba kutshelwa ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe. Kodwa baphikelela ngokuthi umthetho [ [umz., imfuneko yokungena ekhaya] ayinakushintshwa ngaphandle kokulunga komlando.

Isiphetho

Indlela yokwahlukanisa iBill of Rights isalokhu iyindlela enamandla, enethonya, futhi iphikiswana kakhulu. Isekela ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo ngencazelo engokomlando, ikhuthaza ukuzinza, ukubikezela, nokulandisa ngentando yeningi. Kodwa futhi ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu: ukungazinzi okungokomlando, ingozi yokungaqondani, nokungaqondi kwemiqondo yekhulu le-18 ezinkingeni zomthetho wamashumi amabili nangaphezulu. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iqhubeka ishintshela ekuhleleni kobukhomklami bakuqala − ikakhulukazi ngokunezela kweMahluleli Gorawth, Kavanugh, noBarrett .

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, bheka i- Constitution’s Inftictive Constitution , enikeza kokubili imibono yakuqala nengaveli ekulungiseni inguquko ngayinye; kanye neNkokhelo yefa eMthethweni weSizwe , umbhalo wekhombo wesiqalo.