Isingeniso: Indima Ye - Raje Sabha EPhalamende Lokulandisa

IPhalamende laseNdiya i-Babbaral line-Lok Sabhaha (Indlu Yabantu) ne-Raja Sabhaha (Indawo yamazwe). Nakuba i-Lok Sabhah ikhethwe ngokuqondile futhi isebenzisa amandla okuletha uhulumeni, iRajiya Sabhaha ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuhloleni umthetho kanye nokunquma. Enye yamathuluzi atholakalayo kumalungu e-Rapya Sabbaha ukuba abambe icala lesikhulu yi-[[FLT: 0]] i-onkeyscence . Nokho, inqubo, izinga, imiphumela enjalo eMphahleni wendlu yase-upraa ihlukile kakhulu kulawo ase-Lob. Ukuqonda lenqubo kubafundi, futhi kuveza noma ubani ofundisayo emelelweni lwezentengo.

I-Raje Sabra, kanye nokumelelwa kwayo ngokungaqondile kwezifundazwe namasimu ezinhlangano, ivame ukuthatha inqubo isikhathi eside. Amalungu ayo ahlanganisa ochwepheshe abavelele, ababeyizisebenzi zombango, nabameleli bezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni. Ukungasheshi kuyi-Rajeya Sabhaha kuyisibonakaliso esingokomthetho sokunganeliseki ngeMikhandlu Yezikhonzi noma umfundisi ngamunye. Nakuba engawuphoqeleli uhulumeni ukuba ashiye, ithwele isisindo esikhulu sezombangazwe nokuziphatha, ingenyanzele uhulumeni ukuba uvikele umbhalo wawo futhi ubheke phambi komphakathi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza iziqondiso ezinegunya, ngebanga eligunyaziwe, ngenqubo, kanye nesisekelo somthetho, nomlando, nomlando, kanye nokuhlobana nomthetho.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesomthetho

ISiphakamiso 75(3): Umthwalo wemfanelo wokugcina kuLok Sabha

Isimiso esiyisisekelo sikahulumeni wephalamende eNdiya sincishiswe ku- Article 75 (3) kaMthetho-sisekelo: “UMkhandlu Wezikhonzi uyoba nomthwalo wemfanelo ndawonye eNdlukeni yabantu.” Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukusinda kukahulumeni kuxhomeke ekulondolozeni ukuqiniseka kwe-Lok Sabba. IRaja Sabba ayiphathwa kulo mbhalo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhamba kwezikhonzi okudluliswa yiRajiya Sabba, okungakho, okungakhonziwa yi-odwa, okungakhonziwa yi-jajiya Sabba, okushosho ukwehluleka uhulumeni. Nokho, lokhu akukudlulisi ukunyakaza kwezinyo okunyakazayo. IRajabha ingadlulisa isinqumo sokunga kwethemba, okungaveza ukuswe ukuswe kwethemba, okungathi kuthinta ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kakhulu, noma ukuhluleka kwezombangazwe.

Imithetho Yomthetho Nokuziphatha Kwebhizinisi ERaje Sabra

Inqubo eningiliziwe yokunyakazisa ukunyakaza okungaqinisekile e-Rajiya Sabha ituswe ngaphansi I-RULES 187 kuya ku199 [ ye- i-Procedures ne-Bustrist of the Council of States (Raja Sabba). Lemithetho ibeka phansi izimfuneko zesaziso, inani elincane labaxhasi, imingcele yokuhamba, izingxoxo, nenqubo yokuvota. Baklanyelwe ukuvimbela imicimbi eyize kuyilapho beqinisekisa ukuthi ukuntula kokwethemba kwangempela kunikezwa imithetho efanelekile. Imithetho ehlazisiwe futhi amalungu ayo kumelwe alalele ngokulandelana.

Ukuhlanganisa Ijubane Elingenazingxenyana: Isinyathelo Ngendlela

Ubani Onganyakazisa Le Mfuduko?

Noma iliphi ilungu leRaje Sabha lingaphawula ngokunyakaza okubonisa ukuswela ukuthembela eMkhandlwini Wezikhonzi noma kumfundisi othile. Nokho, ukunyakaza kumelwe kube okuqondile nokucacile okubangela ukungazethembi.

Imfuneko Yokusekelwa

Imfuneko yokuqala ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ukunyakaza kumelwe kusekelwe okungenani amalungu angu-50 eRaje Sabba. Loluluhlu oluphakeme, uma kunikezwa ukuthi amandla eNdlu aphelele angamalungu angu-245. Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-Lok Sabha idinga ukusekelwa amalungu angu-50 kuphela phakathi kwa-53 - inani elifanayo kodwa isilinganiso esiphansi. Injongo iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-Rajiya Sabha i-atton esekelayo kuphela, ivimbela ukuvinjelwa kwemicimbi yendlu.

Isaziso Nesimo

Ukuhamba kumelwe kubhalwe phansi, kusayinwe yilungu elinikeza isaziso, futhi kuhambisane nezigqhibo zabalandeli abangaba ngu-50. Kubhekiswe kuNobhala-Jikelele weRaje Sabha. Ukuhamba kufanele kube okufingqiwe futhi kubekwe izizathu zokungazethembi. Ifomethi ejwayelekile ifundeka kanje: “Lendlu ibonisa ukungaqiniseki kwayo eMkhandlwini Wabefundisi [noma igama lesikhonzi] ngezizathu ezilandelayo...” Isaziso kumelwe sinikezwe okungenani usuku olulodwa ngaphambi kokuba kucaciswe, nakuba ezimweni eziphuthumayo isihlalo singase sinikeze isaziso esifushane ngemvume yendlu.

Ukuhlolwa Nokungaguquguquki

Uma u-Scorn-Jikelele ethola inhlayelelo, ubhala isaziso sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ihambisana nemithetho. Isihlalo (usihlalo noma uSekela-sihlalo) sinegunya lokunquma ukuthi ukunyakaza kwale ntshukumo akunakwenzeka. Ukunyakaza kungakhishwa ngokulandelana uma kuqukethe ulimi oludelelayo, lulandisa ngendaba engaphansi kwengqungquthela yephalamende. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi kulungile, ukunyakaza kungahlelwa ngendlela ehlelekile uma kunezinkulumo ezibonisa ukudelela, noma kuphikisana nemihlangano yasephalamendeni. Uma kuhambisana nenkulumo ehambisana nenkulumo.

Isikhathi Sokuxoxa

Ngokwe-Umthetho 195, ukunyakaza, uma kuvunywa, kufanele kuthathwe ukuxoxa ngezinsuku eziyishumi zerisidi. Usuku nesikhathi kumiswa ngusihlalo lapho ebuza abaholi bakahulumeni. Ingxoxo ngokuvamile iqala ngosuku olunqunyelwe yi-Business Advisory Committee. Indlu inganquma futhi ukuthatha ukunyakaza ngokushesha uma kunokuvumelana. Uma usuku selumisiwe, ukunyakaza kuyadluliselwa kuwo wonke amalungu.

Impikiswano Nezinkulumo Ezishukumisayo

Imvelaphi Yempikiswano

Impikiswano emayelana nokunyakaza okungaqinisekile ivame ukushukuma kakhulu. Ilungu elanyakazisa ukunyakaza likhuluma kuqala, lichaze isisekelo. Ngemva kwalokho, iphansi livulelwe amanye amalungu ukuba akhulume ngokuvumelana noma ngokumelene nokunyakaza. UNdunankulu noma umfundisi okhathazekile (uma ukunyakaza kumelene nomuntu) lingase liphendule ekupheleni. Isikhathi sengqikithi sengxoxo simiswe yi House - ngokuvamile cishe amahora amane kuya kwayisithupha, kodwa linganwetshwa. UShenger (noma uSihlalo) uqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imibono iyazwakala futhi impikiswano ihlala ihlelekile.

Izinqumo Zesenzo

Amalungu angasusa ukushukuma kokunyakaza, njengokuthatha indawo yezizathu ezihlukile noma ukususa izingxenye. Nokho, injongo eyinhloko yokunyakaza - ukubonisa ukuntula ukwethembana - akunakushintshwa. USihlalo unquma ukuthi inguquko ingenzeka. Uma kuhanjiswa ukushendeza, ukunyakaza okulungisayo kuba yisihlongozo esingaphansi esifakwa ekuvoteni.

Indlela Yokusakaza

Ngemva kokuphela kwengxoxo, uSihlalo simisa ukuvota. Ukuvota kungaqhutshwa ngezwi (ngokubuza ‘ u-Ayes no-Noe’) noma ngokuhlukanisa (isilinganiso somshini noma esingokoqobo). Uma isigaba sifunwa amalungu angu-25, ukuvota kuyalotshwa. Umphumela umenyezelwa nguSihlalo.

Kudingeka Izikhulu

Ukuze kungadluli ukunyakaza okuqinisekile eRaje Sabha, kumelwe kusekelwe yilungu elivamile elikhona novoti. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphezu kwengxenye yalabo abavota (ukukhipha izinhloso). Akufanele kusekelwe amalungu amaningi engqikithi yendlu. Nokho, indlu kumelwe ibe ne-carm (okungenani ingxenye eyodwa yengqikithi yelungu, okungukuthi, amalungu angu-25) ukuze amavoti asebenze. Uma ukunyakaza kuhluleka, akunakuphinde kubuye kuthathwe esiqephini esifanayo.

Izicelo Nemiphumela

Isisindo Esingokwezombangazwe Nesingokomfanekiso

Ngoba i-Raje Sabba ayinakuphoqa uhulumeni ukuba ashiye ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 75(3), ukungenzi lutho okungavunyelwanga ngokuyinhloko kuwukulahla okungokomfanekiso nokungokwezombangazwe. Kumelela ukuvotela okungokomthetho kokungamukeleki kwendlu ephezulu ekhethwe ngokungaqondile. Ukuthatha okunjalo kungalimaza isikhundla sikahulumeni, ukungavumelani kophawu ngaphakathi, futhi kuvuse ukuphikiswa. Kwezinye izimo, kuye kwaholela ekuweni kwesikhonzi esibhekene nezinsolo zomuntu siqu, nakuba ukuyeka okunjalo kungokokuzithandela.

Umphumela Kuhulumeni

Uma ukunyakaza kumelene nawo wonke uMkhandlu Wezikhonzi, uhulumeni ungakhetha ukukubheka njengendaba kanembeza futhi ubhekene nakho. Ngokuvamile, uhulumeni usebenzisa lenkulumo - mpikiswano ukuze abonise ukuphumelela kwayo futhi aphikisane namacala okuphikisa. Ngisho noma ukunyakaza, uhulumeni akudingekile ngokomthetho ukuba ashiye, ngoba umthwalo wakhe wemfanelo uxhomeke kuLok Sabbaha. Nokho, iRajiya Sabba no no nogxambu oluqinile ufaka uhulumeni ezimemezelweni futhi ungathi uthonyele umbono womphakathi, ikakhulukazi uma uqokomisa ukwehluleka kwezimiso ezingathi sína noma ukonakala.

Umphumela Kuyisikhonzi Sinye

Isikhonzi singaqhubeka sisehhovisi ngaphandle kokuba uMphathi - mandla Oyinhloko enqume ukumlahla.

Ukuchithwa Kwendlu?

Ngokungafani neLok Sabha, iRaje Sabha iyindlu ehlala njalo futhi ayikho indlela yokudilika. Ukunyakaza okungaqinisekile eRajeya Sabhaha akunathonya ekuthatheni indlu noma amalungu ayo. Lokhu kugcizelela umqondo wokuthi ukunyakaza kuyisehlo kumphathi kunokuba kube indlela yokuguqula ukwakhiwa kwendlu yomthetho.

Ukungezwani Phakathi KoRaje Sabra NoLok Sabha No - Livingvidence Hand

Ukuqonda izinqubo nemiphumelo engafani ezindlini ezimbili kubalulekile ekuqondeni amandla ephalamende laseNdiya.

Aspect Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha
Constitutional effect If passed, government must resign (Article 75(3)). No constitutional compulsion to resign; political and symbolic.
Minimum support 50 members. 50 members.
Time limit for discussion Usually taken up within 10 days. Within 10 days (Rule 195).
Majority required Simple majority of members present and voting. Same.
Frequency Relatively common; dozens have been moved. Very rare; only a handful have been attempted.
Impact on House Can lead to dissolution and fresh elections. No impact; Rajya Sabha is permanent.

Ukungaqiniseki kwezenzo ze-Raje Sabra kugcizelela amandla abo alinganiselwe asebenzayo. Nokho, ahlala eyithuluzi elibalulekile lephalamende lokuqokomisa izindaba uhulumeni angazishaya indiva.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Nezibonelo Eziphawulekayo

Impindelo Ngo - 1978 Emelene Nohulumeni WamaMorarji Desai

Enye yezinkenenezo zokuqala ezibhaliwe zokungazethembi eRaje Sabhaha yayimelene nohulumeni weSigijima saseJanata owawuholwa yiMorarji Desai ngo- 1978. Isenzo sashukunyiswa yiqembu loMkhandlu kodwa sahluleka ukusekela okudingekayo. Nokho, kwabangela impikiswano ngezimiso zezomnotho.

Impindelo Ka - 1989 Yokumelana Nohulumeni KaRajiv Gandhi

Ngo- 1989, ukuphikiswa kwabangela ukuba kungaqhubeki ku-Rajiya Sabhaha kuhulumeni kaNdunankulu Rajiv Gandhi, kucaphuna iBofos amahlazo nezinye izindaba. Ukuhamba kwanqotshwa, kodwa kwanezela ekunganeliseki okwandayo komphakathi okwaholela ekulahlekelweni kokhetho lweLok Sabhaha kamuva ngalowonyaka. Lokhu kubonisa indlela i-Rajiya Sabra Sabha ehambayo engaba yisibonakaliso soshintsho lwezombangazwe.

Imizamo Yamuva

Eminyakeni yamuva, ukuhamba ngenkani eRaje Sabha akuvamile. Ngo-2018, ukuphikiswa kwazama ukunyakazisa uhulumeni we-Modi ngokungethembi eRajiya Sabbah kumphathi we-Rafale ne-agrian. Ukunyakaza akwenziwanga ngoba iSihlalo sayikhipha ngokuhleleka ezinkundleni zobuchwepheshe. Ngo-202020, phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, umzamo ofanayo wenziwa kodwa awuzange uhlanganise izigqebhezana ezidingekayo. I-profile enkulu kakhulu ayizange inyakazeke ezikhathini zamuva nje kuyiLok Sabbaha ngoAugust 2023, lapho ukuphikiswa kunyakaza omunye kuhulumeni we-Modi. Ukunyakaza konyakaza konyakaza ngemva kwenkulumo emibili. Unyaka ka-Syhab wanyakaziswa ngenkalo efana nenkanyezi.

Ukugxekwa Nokulinganiselwa Kwe - Raje Sabha No - Confidence

Ukuntuleka kweNgamandla Okubophezela

Ukugxeka okuvame kakhulu ukuthi lokhu kuhamba akunathonya eliqinile. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi kuwukuchitha isikhathi sephalamende ngoba uhulumeni angamane akunandaba. Abanye baye bacela ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo ukuze unikeze iRajiya Sabba amandla afanayo nalawo eLok Sabhaha, kodwa lokhu kungalulaza isimiso sokuphatha iNdawo ethandwayo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kumane kuyithuluzi lokumisa kwezombangazwe.

Okungabangela Ukungacabangi

Abaphikisi bokuhamba baveza ukuthi le nqubo ingasetshenziselwa ukunqanda elinye ibhizinisi lomthetho. Inkathi yesaziso, impikiswano, nevoti ithatha isikhathi esiyigugu. Uma kususwa inqubo ephansi, bangaphazamisa isimiso sendlu. Umnyango ophezulu wesignesha engu-50 uhloselwe ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa, kodwa ngisho nokuhamba kahle kungaphazamisa iziphakamiso.

Ukudla Okuyindilinga

Kunokungaqondakali ukuthi lokhu kunyakaza kungaba necala kumfundisi ngamunye noma kumelwe kube ngokumelene nawo wonke uMkhandlu Wezikhonzi. Imithetho ivumela kokubili, kodwa isehlakalo sididane. Ngezinye izikhathi uhulumeni uthi ukulwa nawo wonke uMkhandlu kuwukuphela kokubaluleka, njengoba kuhlobene nomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi. Izikhonzi ngazinye zinomthwalo wemfanelo kuNdunankulu, hhayi ngokuqondile eNdlu.

Umphumela Ongokomlando Olinganiselwe

Njengoba kwake kwadlula ukunyakaza kweRaje Sabra okungazethembi, abanye bayabuza ukuthi kubaluleke ngani. Nokho, lenkulumo ngokwayo isebenza njengesehlo, iphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba achaze izenzo zayo. Inani elingokomfanekiso lalokhu kuhamba akufanele lithathwe kalula, ikakhulukazi endaweni engaphansi yezwe lapho iRapya Sabha imelela khona izifundazwe.

Ukuhlobana Nezinye Izisetshenziswa ZePhalamende

Ukunyakaza okungaqiniseki elinye lamathuluzi amaningi akhona eRajiya Sabhaha ukuze aqondiswe. Amanye ahlanganisa:

  • Ukunikeza ukunakwa (I-RULE 180): Ivumela ilungu ukuba lidonsele ukunakekela kukahulumeni endabeni yokubaluleka okuphuthumayo komphakathi.
  • Intshukumo ye-adjournation (I-RULE 184): Isetshenziswa ukuxoxa ngendaba eqinisekile ebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini. Nokho, ayinakunyakaziswa kuyi-Rajiya Sabba ngoba ingaphazamisa indlu. (Ngokuvamile, ukufukuza kwe-autonmentation kuvunyelwe eRajiya Sabba ngaphansi komthetho 184, kodwa kuphela ngemvume yeJapya; ayivunyelwe njalo.)
  • [[UMTL:0] Ingxoxo yobuphindi besikhathi [ [U-RLE 176]: Ingxoxo emfushane ngaphandle kokuvota.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Izinqumo zelungu [: Amalungu angahambisa izinqumo eziveza imibono yawo.

Phakathi kwalezi, ukungazethembi kuyisibonakaliso esinamandla kakhulu sokungamukeleki ngoba siphela ngevoti. Iphoqelela wonke amalungu ukuba abhale phansi, ayenze ibe ithuluzi elinamandla lezombangazwe ngisho noma lingaboshelwa ngokomthetho.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwenqubo

Inqubo yokuhamba ngaphandle kokuqiniseka kuyiRajiya Sabha iyinqubo eklanywe ngokucophelela elinganisela isidingo sokuziphendulela ngokuzinza kwesikhulu. Nakuba ingenawo amandla ahambisanayo eLok Sabha, ihlala iyithuluzi elibalulekile lephalamende. Ukunyakaza kuvumela iRajiya Sabra ukuba ifake ukungamukeleki kwayo emlandweni, iphoqelele uhulumeni ukuba avikele izenzo zayo eqenjini elingokomthetho, umphakathi. Isebenza njengesehlo sokuziphatha nesezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zenkohlakalo, ukuhluleka kwemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda lenqubo kukhanyisa ukusebenza okucacile kwe-uthonalism yaseNdiya nentando yeningi yephalamende. Imithetho iqinisekisa ukuthi ukunyakaza akusetshenziswa ngokungenangqondo, kuyilapho futhi inikeza iNdlu ikhono lokumisa uhulumeni ngokuphumelelayo. Njengoba isimo sezombangazwe saseNdiya sishintsha, ukunyakaza kweRajiya Sabba kungathola imali enkulu, ikakhulukazi uma iningi likahulumeni eNdlukeni Ephezulu lincane. Noma kunjalo, ukuba khona kwalo kuqinisekisa futhi isimiso sokuthi ngisho negumbi elikhethiwe lezentengiselwano enkabeni yezokuxhumana lingabalisa.

[[UMTL:0] Ukufunda nokukhomba [[Umthetho:1]