Isimiso Somthetho - sisekelo Sezinqumo Zobumongameli Nezobukhonya

Ukukhethwa kukaMongameli noMongameli waseNdiya kulawulwa ama-Articles 52 kuya ku- 73 eMthethweni wobuKhosi baseNdiya, owenezelwe yi- iMithetho engokwezente naMalunga-Mthethweni]. La malungiselelo omthetho amisa isimiso esiklanyelwe ukulinganisela ukumelelwa kwe-Union ne-Expoints, 1952 kanye [umthetho-oglot] kanye [umthetho-okanye] nomthetho-omfacenithi we-equality, [unionsss) kanye nomongameli (ubumba we-Stuacman) we-Sygentiomes (iose-Stuahn)) ye-Sayman (iopy) ekhethwe yinqubo ka-India.

Ngokungafani nokukhethwa okuqondile kwamalungu ePhalamende neMithetho yoMbuso, uMongameli noMongameli onguMongameli ukhethwa ngokungaqondile amakholiji ahlelwe ngokukhethekile angokhetho. Lendlela engaqondile yakhethwa ngamabomu abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo ukuze balondoloze ukungathathi hlangothi nesithunzi salamahhovisi kuyilapho bewavimbela ukuba angene kwezombangazwe ezinhlangothini.

Ukukhethwa Komongameli waseNdiya

UMongameli waseNdiya ukhethwa yikholiji elilawulayo elihlanganisa amalungu akhethiwe azo zombili Izindlu zePhalamende (uLok Sabha noRajiya Sabha) futhi likhethwa amalungu eMihlangano Yemithetho yezwe lonke ne-Union Provices kanye nezishaya-mthetho. Umthetho-sisekelo ukhipha amalungu akhethiwe ekholiji elikhethiwe, uqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli abakhethwe ngokuqondile kuphela abameleli abahlanganyeli kukhetho.

Ukuhlelwa Kwekholiji Le - Electoral

  • Amalungu eLok Sabha (manje 543 – njengakulelo nalelonga)
  • Amalungu aqanjiwe eRaje Sabha (manje 233 – kanye nezinga elingu 250; 12 elinamalungu anezinhlangothi ezihlukene ayakhishwa)
  • Amalungu aqashelwe eSivumelwano ngasinye soMhlangano weSizwe (izinombolo ezigqamile ezinqamule izifunda ezingu-28 kanye namasimu amathathu ahlangene nemihlangano yezomthetho-mthetho – iDelhi, iPuchry, neJamu & Kashmir)

Ibalulekile: Amalungu aneziqu ezibekwe kahle eMzini wePhalamende noma weNgqungquthela Yombuso awavoti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaProtondings awe-Legistical Edition of Union (ngaphandle kweDelhi, Pudcherry, kanye ne-J&K) manje namaBhunga asemthethweni asezindaweni ezithi awayona ingxenye yekholiji elikhethiwe likaMongameli.

Isimiso sokusakaza: I-vote eyodwa (STV) enomfanekiso weProportation

Ukhetho lukaMongameli lusebenzisa isimiso sokumelela okulinganayo ngevoti eyodwa edluliswayo. Ukhetho ngalunye lufaka iphepha elilodwa lokhetho lapho lubonisa khona uhlelo lwalo oluthandwayo ngabazo-bhapathizwa (okuqala, okubili okukhethwayo, okwesithathu, njll.). Ukubala kwenziwa ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ivoti edluliswayo (STV), eqinisekisa ukuthi umlandeli owinayo uthola inani elicaciswe ngokwenani lamavoti.

[ Indlela ivoti ebalwa ngayo nge-STV:

  1. Ingqikithi yenani lamavoti agunyaziwe itholakala (bheka ukuthi anesisindo esingaphansi).
  2. Isilinganiso sinqunyiwe: (kukhetho lukamongameli, lungokhetho olunempumelelo oluthatha kanye, ngakho isilinganiso = ingqikithi yamavoti asemthethweni/2 + 1).
  3. Uma umuntu ozobhapathizwa ethola isilinganiso sezinto azithandayo kuqala, kuthiwa ukhethiwe.
  4. Uma kungekho mjovo ofinyelela isibalo, umvoti othatha amavoti ambalwa kakhulu aqalayo upheliswa, futhi amavoti abo wesibili asakazwa kwabazomvoti abasele. Le nqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho oyedwa efinyelela isibalo.

Ukubaluleka Okukhulu Kwemisindo

Esinye sezici ezihluke kakhulu kukhetho lukaMongameli yisimiso senani elisindayo . Amavoti amalungu ePhalamende namalungu eMihlangano ye-Legislative. Inani levoti linqunywa inani labantu bezwe (ukusebenzisa i-Entellium ka-1971 kuze kube inani elilandelayo lenani ngemva ko-2026) nenani lamalungu akhethiwe kulowo mhlangano wezwe.

  • Izinga levoti ye-MLA = (Inani labantu / Inani eliphelele labakhethiwe MML NGAKUSO sifundazwe) × (1/1000). Ngokwesibonelo, i-MLA esuka e-Utar Pradesh, isifundazwe esinabantu abaningi kakhulu, inenani levoti eliphakeme (cishe 208) kune-MLA esuka ku-Sikkim (cishe ku- 7).
  • Inani levoti yeMP = (Inani elibanzi lawo wonke amavoti e-MLA) / (Inani eliyinani lama-MP akhethiwe). Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isisindo esihlangene sama-MP silingana nesilinganiselo se-MLS.

Ingqikithi yamavoti ekolishi evoti ngokuvamile izungeze 1,100,000 (approx) ngemva kokukala. Izinombolo eziqondile ziyashintsha ngemva kokubukeza izibalo zomphakathi ngakunye nanoma ikuphi ukuhlelwa kabusha kwamazwe.

I - eslet Ballot Ne - oath

Ukhetho luqhutshwa ngevoti yangasese. I-Ecommotion Commission of India iyodwa enegunya eliphethe ukuhola kokhetho, kuhlanganise nokumiswa kwezikhulu ezibuyayo nokubalwa kwamavoti. Ngemva kokhetho, uMongameli ukhipha isifungo esiphethwe uMahluleli oMkhulu waseNdiya (noma umahluleli omkhulu weNkantolo Ephakeme) ukuze alondoloze, avikele, futhi avikele uMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho.

Ukukhethwa Komongameli Oyisekela LaseNdiya

Umongameli ongumsekeli ukhethwa amalungu [ase- ayo yomibili Izindlu zePhalamende ehlezi ndawonye njengekholiji elilodwa labavoti. Ngokungafani noMongameli, uMongameli ongumsekeli akadingi ukungenela kweMihlangano yeSizwe. Ngakho ikholeji elikhethiwe lihlanganisa amalungu akhethiwe eLok Sabba kanye namalungu akhethiwe eRapya Sabba.

Amalungu anezigqizo eRajiya Sabhaha – angabalelwa ku-12 – awafaneleki ukuvota kukhetho lobuPresidenti. Ngokufanayo, amalungu ahlukene eLok Sabba awayona ingxenye yekholeji elinokhetho ngoba iLok Sabba ayinamalungu azimele ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo (wonke amalungu akhethiwe).

Ukumiswa Kwe - Electoral College (Umongameli Wesiphephelo)

  • Amalungu eLok Sabha (543)
  • Amalungu aqanjiwe eRaje Sabha (233 kwengqikithi engu 245; 12 akhishwa ngaphandle)

Abavoti abaphelele ekholijini eliphethe umongameli wokhetho: cishe amalungu 776 (njengo-2025).

Isimiso Sokuhalalisa Somongameli Ongumongameli Oyisekela

Ukhetho lukaMongameli ongumongameli lubuye lwenziwe kusetshenziswa isimiso sokumelela sobuprojekthi ngevoti eyodwa edluliswayo. Nokho, kunomehluko omkhulu kukhetho loMongameli: noyedwa osisindo. Ilungu ngalinye lekholiji elikhethiweyo linalo [ ivoti eyodwa yenani elilinganayo [[. Ukubala kulandela indlela efanayo ye-STV echazwe nguMongameli.

Kungani kungafanele kube nobunzima? Umqondo uwukuthi uMongameli ongumsekeli usihlalo sikaRaja Sabha – indlu yePhalamende lapho wonke amalungu anamalungelo okuvota alinganayo kweze-Provice. Ngakho-ke, i-MP ngayinye kufanele ibe nezwi elifanayo ekukhetheni uMongameli. Ngokungafani, uMongameli uyinhloko ye-Union emelela isakhiwo sikahulumeni, ifuna ukuba kube khona ukulingana phakathi kwenani labantu ebhizinisini lemithetho yomthetho nePhalamende Lesizwe.

Izimfuneko, Isimiso Somshado, Nokususa

Izimfuneko Zomongameli

  • Kumelwe sibe isakhamuzi saseNdiya.
  • Kumelwe ukuba waqeda iminyaka engu - 35 ubudala.
  • Kumelwe afanelekele ukukhethwa njengelungu leLok Sabha.
  • Akumelwe nanoma yiliphi ihhovisi lenzuzo ngaphansi kukaHulumeni waseNdiya, uHulumeni wanoma yiliphi uMbuso, noma ngaphansi kwanoma yiliphi igunya lendawo noma elinye lingaphansi kokulawula kwanoma yiliphi lohulumeni abathi bangohulumeni (ngaphandle kwezikhundla zikaMongameli, uMongameli ongumKhosi, uMbusi woMbuso, noma uNgqongqo We - Union noma UHulumeni).
  • Umvoteli kumelwe akhethwe okungenani 50 abavoti njengabakhi be-[FLT] na 50 abavoti[ njengemithetho ye-sesper (njengakuyo yonke imithetho yeKhomishane yokhetho).

Izimfuneko Zomongameli Oyisekela

  • Kumelwe sibe isakhamuzi saseNdiya.
  • Kumelwe ukuba waqeda iminyaka engu - 35 ubudala.
  • Kumelwe afanelekele ukukhethwa njengelungu leRaje Sabha.
  • Akumelwe sibe nehhovisi lenzuzo (isimo esifanayo njengoMongameli, ngaphandle kwesisodwa).
  • Umvoteli kumelwe afakwe okungenani 20 [ njengabakhi be-icebo kanye 20 abavoti [ njenge-sespect.

Isimo sehhovisi

Kokubili uMongameli noMongameli unamahhovisi ngokwegama leminyaka emihlanu kusukela osukwini abangena ngalo ehhovisi labo. Nokho, bangayeka ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngokubhalelana (uMongameli ushiyela uMongameli ongumongameli, noMongameli onguMongameli kuMongameli). Ukukhetha ukugcwalisa indawo ebangelwa yi-ncreaty yegama kumelwe iphele ngaphambi kokuba i-paney yegama. Uma indice yenzeke ngokuyeka, ukususa, noma ukufa, ukuvota, ukugcwalisa i-pace demodentium kumelwe kuthathwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ukususwa ehhovisi

UMongameli angasuswa ehhovisi [[FLT: 0] kuphela ukujezisa [[FLT] ngenxa yokwephulwa komthetho-sisekelo. Inqubo yokungagunyazi iqalwa yiyo yonke indlu yePhalamende futhi idinga inani eliphindwe kathathu lengqikithi yamalungu aleyondlu, lilandelwa yinani elifanayo kwenye indlu. Akukho Presidenti owake wafundiswa eNdiya.

UMongameli ongumsekeli angasuswa esikhundleni ngesinqumo seRaje Sabhah esidluliswa iningi lawo wonke amalungu eRajiya Sabbah futhi avumelana neLok Sabhaha. Lenqubo ilula kunokungagunyazi futhi ayidingi ukumangalelwa okuqondile kokwephulwa koMthetho - sisekelo.

Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwawo

Inqubo yokukhetha engaqondile kaMongameli noMongameli uVice yabekwa ngokwengxenye esimisweni esisetshenziswa e-United States kodwa yavumelana nesimiso sephalamende laseNdiya. UDkt. B.Ambedkar, eSikhungweni seConstituent Assembly, wagcizelela ukuthi uMongameli kufanele abe umqondisi ozisholo onegunya elilinganiselwe, futhi isimiso sokhetho sibonakalisa lombono womthetho. UMongameli wenza ngokuvumelana nosizo neseluleko soMkhandlu Wezikhonzi ngaphandle kwezindawo ezimbalwa eziqondisiwe (umk., ukumisa uNdunankulu uma kungekho muntu ocacile, noma ukubuyisa isimemezelo sokuhlola).

Isihluthulelo sengqophamlando kukhetho lomongameli zihlanganisa:

  • 1952: Ukhetho lokuqala lukaMongameli – uDkt. uRajendra Prasad wakhetha ngaphandle kokuphikiswa.
  • 1969: Ukuqala kwaphikiswana ngokuseduze nokukhethwa – V.V. Giri wanqoba uSanjiva Reddy emncintiswaneni onzima.
  • 2007: Amavoti amaningi abalwa (ayekhona phakathi kukaPratibha Patil noBhairon Singh Shekhawat).
  • 2022: UDroupadi Murmu waba owesifazane wokuqala wesizwe futhi waba uMongameli wesibili waseNdiya.

Umongameli ongumSekela ngokuvamile uye wakhethwa ngaphandle kokuphikiswa – ngokwesibonelo, uSarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1952), uS. Radhakrishnan futhi (1957), kanye nabanye abaningi. Nokho, ngo-2017, uM.Venkaiah Naididu wabhekana nomncintiswano ovela eGopalkrna Gandhi, owabona umkhankaso onamandla.

Indima Yesikhungo Sokukhetha SaseNdiya

I-ECI inikeza isaziso sokubiza ukhetho, imisa uhlelo (kuhlanganise nosuku lokuhlola nokubala), imisa izikhulu ezibuyayo kuwo wonke amazwe nasePhalamende, futhi ikhipha imiphumela. I-ECI futhi inamandla okuxazulula izimpikiswano eziphathelene nokhetho, ngaphandle kwezicelo zokhetho ezizwayo eNkantolo Ephakeme. Yonke inqubo iklanyelwe ukuba icace, futhi i-ECI ikhipha njalo izicelo ezicaciswe kaningiliziwe zabavoti nababeli.

Ukungafani Phakathi Kobumongameli Nezici Eziyithonya

AspectPresidentVice President
Electoral collegeElected MPs + Elected MLAs of all statesOnly elected MPs (Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha)
Weighted votesYes – MLA votes weighted by population; MP votes equalized to total MLA weightNo – each MP has one equal vote
Voting systemProportional representation (STV) + secret ballotSame STV + secret ballot
Quota required to win>50% of total valid votes (STV quota)>50% of total valid votes (STV quota)
Number of electors (approx 2025)~776 MPs + ~4,120 MLAs = ~4,896 electors (before weighting)~776 MPs
Total weighted value (approximate)~1,100,000~776 (equal votes – no weight)

Note: Izinombolo ezingenhla zingashintsha kancane ngenxa yezikhala, ukubukeza inani labantu, noma ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezwe.

Ukugxekwa Nezimpikiswano

Nokho, abavikeli baphikisa ngokuthi uMongameli okhethwe ngokuqondile ungathi ungayikhetha, akhiphela impoqo ePhalamende, okubangele ukungahleleki. Isimiso esiklanywe siqinisekisa uMongameli ukuba ahlale ngaphezu kwezombangazwe ezinabantu abaphikisanayo kuyilapho efanekisela ubunye besizwe.

Enye impikiswano ihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezifunda ze-Census zika-1971 zezindinganiso zokuvota. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wahlanganisa ukubaluleka kokuvota emphakathini wamanje, iSichibiyelo samashumi amane nanhlanu (1976) sanciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibalo ze-Census ngo-1971 kwaze kwaba i-Cunity yokuqala ngemva kuka-2026. Lokhu kuvilapha okunciphe kakhulu kwezifunda ezinabantu njengo-Utar Pradesh noBihar, njengoba inani labo lamanje likhulu kakhulu kuno-1971, kunciphisa ubunzima babo obulinganiselwe. Abagxeki baye babiza inguquko ngemva kwe-2031 Censureenity.

Inqubo yokwehlisa i-Electoral-step-step (yomibili amahhovisi)

  1. Ukwaziswa: IKhomishane yokhetho inikeza isaziso ngaphansi kwesiqephu 4 soMongameli we-Presidential ne-Precine-Precissial Act, okukhomba uhlelo.
  2. Ukufakwa kwemininingwane: amafayina amafayela amaphepha abhaliwe nesikhulu esibuyayo (kuwoMongameli, uNobhala-Jikelele waseLok Sabhaha; kuMongameli ongumKhosi, uNobhala-Jikelele wase Rajiya Sabhaha). Amaphepha okugcina kumelwe ahambisane nezindawo zokhuseleko (R15 000) futhi asayiniswe inani elidingekayo labafundi nabashayeli.
  3. Scritiny: Isikhulu esibuyayo sihlola amaphepha okukhipha. Izinketho ezingagunyaziwe ziyalahlwa.
  4. [[Umthetho:0] I-afcoral: Ama-candidate angasuka phakathi nenkathi ethile emisiwe.
  5. Ukuphambana: Uma kusele abangaphezu koyedwa, usuku olulodwa lunqunyelwe ukuvota. I-collet eyimfihlo iqhutshwa eziteshini zokuhlola ezimisiwe (ePhalamende nezindawo zeSizwe zeMihlangano).
  6. Ukubala: Ivote zibaliwe ngaphansi kokuqondisa kweKhomishoni yokhetho. KuMongameli, amanani evoti abalwa ngokusebenzisa indlela emisiwe. Indlela yokubala iyasetshenziswa.
  7. Ukukhishwa komphumela: Isikhulu esibuyayo simemezela umgembuli owinayo.
  8. isifungo sesikhundla: UMmeli ongummisimeli uthatha isifungo phambi koMahluleli oMkhulu waseNdiya; uMsekeli onguMongameli omisayo phambi kukaMongameli.

Isiphetho

Izinqubo zokukhetha zikaMongameli noMongameli oMhlengi waseNdiya zihlelwe ngokucophelela ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo ezilinganisela ukumelelwa kwezwe neSishaya-mthetho soMbuso, ukulondoloza ukungathathi hlangothi kwamahhovisi aphezulu, futhi uqinisekise ukungalungi ngekholiji eliyimfihlo elizimele nophawu olulinganayo. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kwenza izakhamuzi ziqonde ukuthi umsebenzi wedemokrati yeNdiya emazingeni ayo aphakeme kakhulu, futhi kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwayo yonke ivoti - noma i-MLA noma i-MP, noma ngokungaqondile ngekholi elinombono abaphezulu abaphezulu. Isimiso siye savela emashumini ayisikhombisa eminyaka futhi siye saveza ngokuphumelelayo amongameli nabasekeli bezindawo ezihlukahlukene, siveza ukubaluleka kwayo yonke imibazwe nemfanelo yombuso yeRepublicrali.

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, umbhalo ogcwele woMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya ukhona engosini engokomthetho yeNkonzo yoMthetho noMahluleli. Izibalo ezicaciswe ngokhetho lukamongameli wangaphambili zingatholakala eSikhungweni Sokuvota saseNdiya sezembo elingaphansi kwengxenye ye-Mongameli Echolo.

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