Ukuqonda Izinhlobo Zophawu

Izindawo zokukhetha zakha itshe eliyikhomba lentando yeningi yabameleli, inikeza izakhamuzi amandla okukhetha labo ababusayo. Abafundi besayensi yezombangazwe nothisha kumelwe baqonde izindima ezihlukene zemisebenzi kawonke, eyinhloko, nekhethekile yokuhlola indlela izimiso zezombangazwe ezisebenza ngayo. Uhlobo ngalunye lufeza injongo ehlukile emjikelezweni wokukhetha okukhethiweyo, ukuthonya ukukhethwa, ukuvota, nokuqhubeka kukahulumeni.

Ukukhetha Okuvamile

Okhetho oluvamile yizenzakalo eziqashelwa kakhulu. Ziyenzeka njalo ngezikhathi ezithatha isikhathi ukugcwalisa iziteshi zomphakathi. E-United States, kuhlelwa ukhetho oluvamile ngoLwesibili lokuqala ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovember eminyakeni elinganiselwa ngisho namanani (usuku olumiswe umthetho kazwelonke kusukela ngo-1845). Lokhetho lunquma ukuthi ubani ozomelela izikhundla zokhetho kubaphathi, ekwahluleleni umthetho, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuleyo ndawo, ngokwezwe, ngokwesifundazwe, nangamanani endawo.

Injongo Nezinga

Injongo eyinhloko ukuhumushela intando yabantu kuhulumeni osebenzayo. Abavoli bakhetha phakathi kwababezobhapathizwa amaqembu ezombangazwe (noma abantu abathola imvume yokungena) ukugcwalisa amahhovisi anjengomongameli, amalungu e-Congress, ababusi, abamisi-mthetho, izikhomishane zesifundazwe, nomphathi-mameya. Ukhetho oluvamile lusetshenziselwa futhi ukuthatha izinyathelo zobuthathi-mali, ama-endendium, nokhetho olugunyaza umthetho ezifundazweni eziningi.

Izinhlobo Zokukhetha Okuvamile Ngezinga Likahulumeni

  • Inkomfa Zesizwe: E-U.S., laba bakhetha uMongameli (yonke iminyaka emine) kanye nawo wonke amalungu angu-35 eNdlu yoMnyango wabameleli kanye nesithathu seSigele (iminyaka emibili emibili). Ukhetho lwamapresidenti luhlanganisa inqubo ye-Electoral College. Amanye amazwe aphatha ukukhetha kwesizwe kwezikhulu zawo nasemapalamende, ngokuvamile ngesilinganiso esihlukene.
  • Isiteji-simo se-Echostation: Laba bavumelana nokhetho lukahulumeni ezifundazweni eziningi, laba bakhetha ababusi, ababusi-majaji, abameli-hulumeni, ojenene, onobhala bezwe, nabamisi-mthetho. Ezinye izizwe zibamba ukhetho lwazo lwe-gubernator kuleminyaka (umz., Kentucky, New Jersey) noma iminyaka engavamile, edala ukuhlelwa kwemithetho.
  • Inkomfa ze-Local Evolution: UMasipala nokhetho lwesifunda sesifunda sedolobha kugcwalisa izihlalo emikhandlwini yedolobha, emabhodini esikole, amakhomishane esifundazwe, i-herpriff, namajaji endawo. Lokhu kuvame ukuqhutshwa ngezinsuku ezihlukene futhi kungaba nokwehla. Amadolobha amaningi asebenzisa ukukhetha okungekona okuvamile lapho amalebula eqembu elifuna ukuya eqenjini angahlelwanga.

Izimiso Zokukhetha Ezivamile

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kokhetho oluvamile indlela esetshenziselwa ukuhumusha amavoti ezihlalweni. I-United States isebenzisa kakhulu ukhetho lokuqala-lokuqala-lokuqala-kwesinye (ububanzi) ukuvota, lapho umvoti onamavoti amaningi ephumelela khona, ngisho nangaphandle kweningi. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa izinga lokuvota, ikakhulukazi eSouth ngezinhlanga ezingekho eqenjini, asebenzisa [ ukhetho olungaphandle uma kungekho mvume yokuvota kwenani elikhulu kukhetho oluvamile. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa ukumelelwa kwenani elizimele, ukuvota, noma izimiso ezimbili ezihlangene ezithinta kakhulu izimiso ezihlangene nevota-vti. Isibonelo, isigaba se-kuvoticeliwe kusetshenziswa kukhetho olusezinye.[FFF][5]

Imikhuba Ye - voter Truff

Okhetho oluvamile luheha ngokuqhubekayo umvoti omkhulu kunabo bonke abavoti. Iminyaka yokhetho lukamongameli e-U.S. ivame ukubona ukubuya phakathi kwenani labantu abangovotayo, kuyilapho phakathi kwenkathi yokuvota isilinganiso esingu-40% kuya ku-50%. I-Pew Research Center inikeza i-projects zezindlela zokuvota eziguqulwayo cishe ngonyaka kaningi ngaphansi kwama-25%. Izici ezithonya ukuncintisana kwezinhlanga, ukushelela kokungenela kwemincintiswano yokuvota, ukufica, isimo sezulu, nemizamo yokuvota.

Umlando

Umqondo wokhetho oluvamile usukela emuva eRepublic yokuqala, ngokhetho lokuqala lukamongameli wase-U.S. ngo-1789 (nakuba abanikazi bempahla yabesilisa kuphela abamhlophe abakwazi ukuvota). Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, ukunqanyulwa kwemithetho ekhuliswe ngomthetho-sisekelo namalungelo omphakathi okuhlanganisa abesifazane, ama-Afrika, kanye nonyaka we-18 ubudala. Isizinda iVoting Rights Act ka-1965 sasusa imingcele eminingi. Namuhla, ukhetho oluvamile lusalokhu luyimoto eyinhloko yokuphendulelwa kwentando yentando yeningi nezimiso.

Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko

Okhetho oluyinhloko yimincintiswano ephambili eqhutshwayo yokukhetha umlandeli ongokomthetho weqembu lezombangazwe ozokhetha i-organ. Ngokungafani nokhetho oluvamile oluveza abafuna ukuvotelwa emaqenjini ahlukene, abahlalisana ngemifantu phakathi kweqembu. Isimiso sanamuhla esiyinhloko sathatha indawo ye "party caucus" ne "convention" ezindleleni ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 njengengxenye yenhlangano eqhubekayo yokwandisa ukungenela kwevota ngokukhetha kwesigaba.

Izinhlobo Zokhetho Oluyinhloko

Imithetho ebusa labo abangase bavote ihlukahluka kakhulu ngokombono wezwe, iveza izinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko:

  • Izindawo ezivalekile: Abavoti kuphela ababhaliswe neqembu elithile abangahlanganyela kulomkhakha oyinhloko. Ngokwesibonelo, amaDemocrat abhaliwe kuphela angavota kwiDemocratic eyinhloko ukuze akhethe i-nominee. Izifundazwe zeshumi elinesikhombisa, kuhlanganise ne New York ne-Florida, zisebenzisa ama-prigrim. Lesimiso siqinisa iqembu kodwa sikhiphela ngaphandle kwe-gonothi.
  • Ovula izinketho: Noma imuphi umvoti obhaliwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungowayiphi ingxenye, angavota kunoma yimuphi umkhakha weqembu. Amavoter anquma ukuthi yimaphi ngokuyinhloko angajoyina ngoSuku lokhetho. Amazwe anjenge Michigan, Alabama, neMontana asebenzisa i-prigion. Lokhu kumema ukuvota okuphambanisayo. /Izinketho zibizwa "isikhombo" ukuvota − okungakhetha okusesilinganisweni noma okungasetshenziswa ngokuhlelekile ukuze kwenze kube buthaka iqembu eliphikisayo.
  • USemi-Primed Prime: Amalungu eqembu abhaliswe ngokubhaliwe angavota kuphela esigabeni sawo esiyinhloko, kodwa abavoti (abazimele) abangakhetha ukuthi obani abaqalayo ukungena. Lesimiso silinganisela ukuphatha iqembu ngokungezwani. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iRhode Island neMaine (amangaphakame asebenzisa isiteji esinesigaba esiphezulu ekuvoteni kwezindawo eziphezulu).
  • Amacala amabili-aphezulu noma angenaluvalo: Bonke abavoti, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiliphi idili, bavela eqenjini elilodwa eliyinhloko. Abavoti ababili abathola amavoti amaningi kakhulu kukhetho oluvamile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiliphi iqembu. Basetshenziswa eCalifornia, eWashington, naseNebraska (kungekho amahhovisi esigaba).

Izindlu zabesifazane

Okuhlukile i-caucus, esetshenziswa ezifundeni ezimbalwa (impela ezisendabeni zobupresidenti). Ama-Caucuse ayimihlangano yendawo lapho amalungu eqembu ephikisana khona futhi avote ngokuma emaqenjini noma ngokuvota. Ama-Caucuse adinga isibopho esikhulu sesikhathi futhi angathatha ingxenye ephansi. Iowa ne Nevada basebenzisa izitembu zokuthatha iziqu zabaholi, nakuba amazwe amaningi aseshintshelwe ekungeni ezingenisikweni ngenxa yezizathu zokuthola ulwazi. [FLT: 0] FEC inikeza isiqondiso somehluko .

Ukubaluleka Kwezigebengu

Ukhetho oluyinhloko lufeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi. Banikeza amalungu eqembu azimele akhetha isigaba nohele iphimbo eliqondile, benciphisa amandla esigaba esiphezulu. Bembula futhi ukuphumelela kweqembu. Lento ebangela ukuvota, ukuqoqa, nezikhundla zezimiso phambi kokhetho oluvamile. Nokho, amaPrimenti angafaka abavoti abangenisi ekudluliseleni izikhalo eziphambili zemibono yabantu abachaziwe emaqenjini abo (ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi "basevhotela"), kuholele ekunyuseni kweminye i-a. Lesi senzakalo, esaziwa ngokuthi "pariming," singasunduza abavoti abavoti abavoti abacholi. Ukuphakama kwe-profile enkulu ukuze bafake izinselele ezincuphekweni (je, ngokumelene nezigaba zezindlu zezindlu zabo zombili ezisemaqenjini amuva) sigcizelela ithonya lezenzo ze-pritan.

Izinguquko Eziyinhloko Eziphawulekayo Zesimiso

Amanye amagunya aye azama ezinye izindlela zokuhlela ukuncishiswa kwezindawo ezibandayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Alaska yamukela isimiso esiyinhloko esingu-4 ngo-2020, ihlangene nokuvota okunemfanelo ephezulu kukhetho oluvamile. IMaine isebenzisa ukuvota okuneziqu eziphambili kukhetho lwayo oluyinhloko (kukahulumeni nakumahhovisi e-countation) kanye nokhetho oluvamile. Lezi zinguquko zizimisele ukukhuthaza ukukhanga kwe-"spoilers futhi zinciphise ithonya le-"spoilers]. I-Britive icubulisa imiphumela yezindawo ezimbili eziphezulu zokhetho.[[FLT]]

Ukukhetha Okukhethekile

Kunokhetho olukhethekile olunganqunywanga ukuba lugcwalise izikhala ezenzeka phakathi kokhetho oluhlelwe njalo. Izindawo zivela lapho isikhulu esikhethiwe siphuma ehhovisi (inkumbulo noma ukukhutshelwa), noma sibekwa kwesinye isikhundla. Okhetho olukhethekile luqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kommeleli ezimisweni zemithetho namahhovisi aphethe. Zisetshenziswa kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni

Izici eziyinhloko

  • Inkathi engaxelwanga: Ngokungafani nokhetho oluvamile noluyinhloko olwenziwa emijikelezweni emisiwe, ukhetho olukhethekile lubangelwa yizenzakalo ezithile. Zingahlelwa ngaphakathi kwefasitela elimfushane (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu 80-120 ukusuka endaweni yokufuna) noma zihlanganiswe ngokhetho olulandelayo oluhlelwe njalo.
  • Lower Voter Turnout: ngoba abayona ingxenye yomjikelezo wokhetho oluvamile futhi ngokuvamile abatholakali kakhulu, okhetho olukhethekile luvame ukubona ukuthatha indawo ephansi kakhulu kunokhetho oluvamile. Amazinga okujika angacwilisa ngezansi kwe 20% kwezinye izinhlanga, okwenza i-vcotorte ibe mthumeli omncane kakhulu futhi engaba mncane.
  • I-Unidate Pools: Izivoteli eziningi ezikhethekile zisebenzisa "isici esiyinhloko" uhlelo lapho bonke abazobhapathizwa kuzo zonke izigaba bencintisana ngebhola elilodwa. Uma kungekho mfunda-phambili othola iningi, i-apple iyabanjwa. Lokhu kungaveza imiphumela engalindelekile futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuveza izihlalo ezifihlwayo kumaqembu ngamaqembu, ikakhulukazi emijahweni ephansi.

Izinhlelo Zokukhetha Ezikhethekile Ngehhovisi

U.S. Indlu yabameleli: Izindawo zigcwaliswe ngokhetho olukhethekile, ngeSiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 2 soMthetho-sisekelo. Ababusi bakahulumeni banamandla okubiza ukhetho futhi bavame ukumisa usuku. Ngo-2023, ukhetho olukhethekile lwaba khona ngenxa yezihlalo ezibekwe abameleli abahlehlise (umz., Kevin McCarth' isihlalo saseCalifornia).

Imithetho yeSizwe: Imithetho-siseko eminingi kazwelonke igunyaza ababusi ukuba bakhiphe izimvume zokukhetha okukhethekile ukuze bagcwalise izikhala zomthetho zikahulumeni. Kuye ngokwezwe, umbusi angase amise futhi indawo ethathelwa indawo yesikhashana kuze kube ngokhetho. Lezizinhlanga ngokuvamile ziba nemiphumela lapho izihloko ze-FTB zidlula ukulingana kwegumbi elihlukene kakhulu.

Amahhovisi eNdawo: Imikhandlu yamadolobha, amabhodi esikole, amakhomishane esifundazwe, namahhovisi emeya ngokuvamile agcwaliswa ngokhetho olukhethekile. Ezinye izifundazwe zimisa umthatheli esikhundleni ukuze akhonze kuze kube khona ukuvota okulandelayo kunokuba zigcine ukhetho olukhethekile olukhethekile.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Nezamuva

Ngo-2017, u-Doug Jones (Democrat) wawina ukhetho olukhethekile e-Alabama lweSigele sase-U.S. ukunqoba uRoy Moore emncintiswaneni ophawulwe yimpikiswano. Lolo khetho lwaphula iRepublican ekubambeni lesosihlalo. Ngokufanayo ngo-2010, uScott Brown (Republican) wawina ukhetho olukhethekile lweSigele saseMassachusetts ukuze aphumelele uTed Kennedy, eshintsha izinga lokuphatha eSihlalweni. Lokhetho luvame ukusebenza njengezintambo zesizwe zezombangazwe emasontweni.

Kwenziwa nokhetho olukhethekile futhi ukuze kuvunywe izibopho noma izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, ngokuvamile ezihlelwe ngosuku olungcono kakhulu lokulawula. [Bipartisan Policy Center] inikeza ukufingqa okuwusizo kwamakhenikha okhetho abakhethekile[.

Ukwehluka Okuvamile Nokukhetha Okuyinhloko

Umehluko osobala kakhulu ukuntuleka kwesimiso esivamile. Nakuba ukhetho oluvamile lumiswe ngemithetho kanye neziphakamiso ezihlanganiswe kulesosimiso, ukhetho olukhethekile lukhona. Bahlanganisa futhi ikhalenda lomkhankaso elicindezelwe, elingavimbela abazokufakelwa isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ezikhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, khumbula ukhetho − uhlobo olukhethekile − luvumela abavoti ukuba basuse inqubo yokuzihlela ngaphambi kokuphela kwenkathi yabo. Khumbula izinqubo ezilandelwayo ziyahlukahluka ngokwezwe; khumbula ukhetho lwezikhulu zikahulumeni luvunyelwe ezifundeni ezingu 20 (umz., umzamo wokukhumbula 201 we-California gibernary khumbula inkumbulo).

Ukuqhathanisa Uhlobo Lokhetho: Isiqondiso Esisheshayo

Ukuze uhlanganise ukuhlukanisa okuvamile, okuyinhloko, nokukhethekile, cabangela lezi zilinganiso eziyinhloko:

  • I-partive: ukhetho oluvamile luhlelwa ngezikhawu ezimisiwe; okhetho abayinhloko bandulela bona ekhalendeni; okhetho abakhethekile abanqunyiwe.
  • Ukungakhokhi okusemthethweni: ukhetho oluvamile luvulekele bonke abavoti abafanelekayo. Izindawo zingavimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokusekelwe ekubhaliseni kweqembu (kuhlolwe, kuvuliwe, njll.). Okhetho olukhethekile luvulekele bonke abavoti ababhaliwe abathintekile.
  • Purpose: ukhetho olujiyile lugcwalisa amahhovisi. Izindawo zokhetho zikhetha iqembu nominees. Okhetho olukhethekile lugcwalisa izikhala noma lunqume izinyathelo ezithile.
  • Izinhlendla ezijikayo: ukhetho olujiyile lunethuba eliphezulu kakhulu; ama-primprimring abona ukuvuleka okusesilinganisweni (ngokuvamile 20-30% wabavoti ababhalisiwe kumaPrimential); okhetho olukhethekile ngokuvamile lunethuba eliphansi kakhulu (10-25%).
  • Impatho yePolitical: ukhetho oluvamile lunquma ukuthi ubani obusayo. Izinhlu zamacala zihlela ukukhetha okukhona okhethweni oluvamile futhi zingathonya isiqondiso seqembu. Okhetho olukhethekile lungaguqula ukulawula kommeleli kungalindelekile futhi lunikeze izimpawu zomzwelo ophakathi kwebhayisekile.

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kusiza abavoti nabahlaziyi ukuba bachaze imiphumela yokukhetha futhi balindele ukuziphatha kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, umvoti okhethwe ngomqambi ophansi angabusa ngendlela ehlukile kunomuntu okumelwe adlulisele isicelo kukhetho lukahulumeni jikelele. Ngokufanayo, ukhetho olukhethekile oluba endaweni ephansi lungaveza umphumela ongabonisi ukuthi isikhulu sonke sincike kuleso sifunda.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezinhlotsheni Zokhetho

Kungani umvoti ehluka kangaka ezinhlotsheni zokhetho?

  • Intengo yolwazi: Imicimbi nokhetho olukhethekile kuthathwa intengo enciphile kwezezindaba, okwenza kube nzima ngabavoti ukufunda ngabazocela kanye nezindaba.
  • [ Ukubaluleka okuvezwe ka-inteste: Izincwadi zivame ukubheka ukhetho oluvamile njengomphumela wemiphumela yezimiso, kuyilapho amaprimet abonakala engacaci kakhulu ngaphandle kokuba umjaho uncintisana kakhulu.
  • [ Imiphumela yokubhalisa: Izindawo ezivalekile ezivalekile zokuhlukanisa abavoti abazimele, abangase bangaboni noma imuphi umtapo abangamsekela, banciphise isisusa sabo sokuvota.
  • Ukuvota nokuvumelana: Ukhetho olukhethekile luvame ukwenza ngezinsuku ezingavamile noma oluhlukile kukhetho oluvamile, oludinga umzamo owengeziwe wokuvota.
  • Ikhampaign (i-[FLT: 1] Imijaho enemali eshisiwe ibona i-partiop ephezulu. Ukhetho olukhethekile olunezinaka zesizwe (njengezindawo ze-panel-pane) zingadonsa imali enkulu yesifunda, ibuye ikhiphe i-pase.

Imizamo yokwandisa ukuvota ihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa okhetho olukhethekile nokhetho oluvamile uma kungenzeka, ukufeza ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, nokukhuthaza ukuvota kwasekuqaleni. i-National Conference of State Legislatures inqubo engcono kakhulu yezokhetho [[[FLT: 1].

Isiphetho

Ngokujikelele, okuyinhloko, nokhetho olukhethekile yizinsika ezintathu zokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi e-United States nezinye izimiso eziningi ezimelelwayo. Ukhetho oluvamile lunikeza indlela yokukhetha abagcini bezindawo nokulungisa isimiso somphakathi; okhetho oluyinhloko luvumela amaqembu ukuba akhethe abathwali bawo abavamile; futhi luqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka lapho kuvela izikhala ezingalindelekile. Uhlobo ngalunye lunemithetho ehlukene ngokuphathelene nesikhathi, ukuvota, nokuguqula, futhi ngalunye lufeza indima ekhethekile empilweni yesimiso sezombangazwe sonke. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kubalulekile ekuhloleni imiphumela yokukhetha, ukubikezela ukuziphatha kwezombangazwe, nokuhlanganyela okunenjongo ekuphileni kwabantu. Njengoba izinguquko ezingoko kuqhubekela ukuvota okuhlanganisa isigaba, ukuvota, ukuvota, ukuhlelwa kwezindlela ezikhethekile zesimiso sezezimo ezikhethekile.