Isingeniso: Umklamo Wecala Lesigebengu

Icala liyinqubo yomphakathi nengokomthetho yokuxazulula impikiswano noma ukunquma icala. Liyinqubo ehleliwe eqhubeka lapho izinhlangothi ezimbili eziphikisanayo − ukushushisana (noma ukuchaphaza kwezindaba zomphakathi) kanye nokuvikela (kwamanje) nobufakazi nezimpikiswano phambi komthola-qiniso ongathathi hlangothi, ngokuvamile ijaji noma umahluleli. Ukuqonda inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala akuyona nje imfundo yemfundo; kubalulekile kunoma ubani ongase asebenze njengelungu lejaji, ahlangane nesimiso somthetho, noma afune ukuqonda indlela ubulungisa obusetshenziswa ngayo emphakathini wentando yentando yeningi. Lesi sihloko sinweba ezigababeni eziphambili mayelana nokukhethwa kwejaji elinguquzelwelwe nemithetho ehlelwayo, izinqumo ezisemthethweni, izinqumo ezisemthethweni, nezindima eziguqula izenzakalo nje ezilandelanayo zezempi efuna iqiniso eliqinile.

Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala iklanyelwe ukuba ibe yi-applator, isho ukuthi uhlangothi ngalunye lusekela ngokuqinile ukuma kwalo ngaphansi kwemithetho emisiwe yobufakazi nenqubo. Umahluleli usebenza njengomphathi ongakhethi, uqinisekisa ukulunga futhi afundise abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo. Ijaji, elithathwe emphakathini, lisebenza njengomtholi weqiniso oyinhloko, lisebenzisa umthetho njengoba ufundiswa amaqiniso njengoba bewathola. Ngezansi, sihlukanisa isigaba ngasinye ngokujula okukhulu, lihlanganisa umongo wangempela nokuhlakanipha kobuchwepheshe.

Intuthuko Yangaphambili: Ukumisa Impicabadala

Ngaphambi kokuba ukuqulwa kwecala kuqale, imisebenzi yangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ebucayi ihlela indlela yokuhlola. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukudluliswa kobufakazi (emacaleni obugebengu), ukutholwa (ukushintshwa kobufakazi phakathi kwamaqembu), kanye nokuthatha izinyawo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwezincwadi. Ukuhamba okufana nokucindezela ubufakazi (ukuyidlulisa ngokungekho emthethweni) noma ukunyakaza kwe-limine (ukususa ukwaziswa okungagunyaziwe) kungathinta kakhulu ubufakazi obuzwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ukuvuma izono kwatholwa ngaphandle kwesixwayiso esifanele se-Miranda, umahluleli angakulawula ngokungenaphutha, asuse isihluthulelo sendaba yokuququlwa. I-Attoryney ingabuye ihambe phambili futhi i-hele yecala (izehlulelo zomphakathi) noma ukuxoshwa, uma kunikezwa, uma icala elimisiwe ngaphandle kokuqulwa.

Ukukhetha I - “jury ”: I - Voir Dire Crucible

Ukusuka EChibini LaseJury Kuya EPetit Jury

Ukukhetha iJury, noma iqala ngokubiza [kusukela ku-"FLT yakudala isho ukuthi "ukukhuluma iqiniso"], iyinqubo lapho iqembu labameleli bejaji becala liphenywa khona ukukhetha i-jaji elungile nengakhethi. Inqubo iqala ngokubiza itheku iqoqo lezakhamuzi elidwetshwa kumarekhodi okubhalisa, amalayisense, noma imiqulu yentela yomshayeli. Ubukhulu bechibi lezehluka-gembhu nge-mga. I-'engathi i-felton, ukuququlwa kwe-injini kungahlanganisa u-50-100 noma abantu abangaphezulu.

Lapho ihlangene, ijaji lethula icala, liveza amaqembu nabameli, futhi libuza imibuzo yokuqala ngezimfanelo zokwahlulela: ukuba isakhamuzi, ubudala, ukuhlala, nekhono lokuqonda isiNgisi. Khona - ke liqala ingaphakathi le - voir elishaqisayo.

Ukubuza Ngezinzwa: Ubuciko Nesu

Kokubili ukuqulwa kwecala kanye nokuvikela (futhi ngezinye izikhathi umahluleli) babuza abangaba abahluleli. Injongo ikabili: (1) ukuveza ubandlululo noma ubandlululo olungavimbela umsizi ukuba anqume kahle icala ngokusekelwe ebufakazini kuphela, (2) nokuqoqa ukwaziswa okusiza ohlangothini ngalunye ukuba lunqume ukuthi yiluphi ujulanisi abangaphikisana. Ama-Attorney abuza ngezihloko ezinjenge:

  • Ukujwayelana nendaba noma amaqembu (isib., "Uke wayibona indaba esakazwayo ngalesi senzakalo")
  • Okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu ngobugebengu noma isimiso somthetho (isib., "Ingabe wake waba isisulu sobugebengu obufanayo?)
  • Imibono ephathelene nokugcinwa komthetho, umthwalo wobufakazi, noma ezinye izinhlobo zobufakazi (isib., "Ingabe nikholelwa ukuthi amaphoyisa akhuluma iqiniso njalo?)
  • Ikhono lokungakhethi nokusebenzisa umbono wokungabi nacala.

Ijaji lingase libuze futhi imibuzo eklanyelwe ukudalula ubandlululo olujulile. Emacaleni aphakeme, abameli bavame ukusebenzisa abameli abahlola ulimi lwendikimba yejaji, izingalo zezezindaba zomphakathi, nokuphendula kwemibuzo ukuze bakhe izici ezingcono noma ezingezinhle zabahluleli.

Izinselele: Ngenxa Yezimbangela Nesilingo

Ngemva kokushaqeka, abameli bavivinya izinselele zokususa abathile abameleli bejaji ebhodini. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili:

  • Imfanelo yesizathu: Umahluleli ucela umahluleli ukuba axoshe umahluleli ngesizathu esiqondile esisikisela ubandlululo noma ukungakwazi ukukhonza (umk., "Lo jaji uyavuma ukuthi akanakukhetha ngoba indodana yakhe yalahlwa icala elifanayo lobugebengu."). Akukho mkhawulo enanini lezehlakalo, kodwa umahluleli kumelwe avume.
  • Inselele: Ummeli angaxosha ummeli ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu. Izinhlangothi zonke zinenani elilinganiselwe lezinselele (ngokusho 3-10 kuye ngendaba). Nokho, izinselele ezizikhululayo azinakusetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa ngokusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubuzwe, noma ubulili, njengoba kusungulwe Batson v. Kentucky[ kanye nemithetho elandelayo.

Ijaji lokugcina − ngokwe-12 emacaleni obugebengu (ize 6 zivunyelwe emacaleni athile obugebengu obusemthethweni noma obuncane) kanye nokushintshana − liphinde lifunge ngaphakathi. Leliqembu lizozwa ubufakazi, lithole iziyalezo kumahluleli, futhi ngamabomu lithathe isinqumo.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo: Ukunyatheliswa Kwecala

Ngemva kokuba abahluleli sebebekwe endaweni yokuhlala, uhlangothi ngalunye lukhipha isitatimende sokuvula [. Lena akuyona impikiswano; kunalokho, imephu yalokho ubufakazi obuzokubonisa. Abashushisi (noma abakhohlisi) bayahamba kuqala, badwebe amaqiniso abahlongoza ukuwaqinisekisa nofakazi abazowabiza. Isivikelo singawaveza indawo yaso ngokushesha ngemva noma igcinele de kube ngemva kwendaba yomshushisi. Abameli abaningi bakhetha ukubambezela ukuvula kwabo ukuze bagweme ukwambula icebo labo ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Izingxenyana eziphumelelayo zifingqiwe, zinezilandiso ezibhalwe ngokulandelana, futhi zisekelwe ebufakazini. Umshushisi angase athi, "Ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi iminwe yommangalelwa itholakele esikhalini sokubulala nokuthi unesisusa namathuba." Isivikelo singase siphendule, "Ubufakazi bubonise ukuthi iminwe yale mishini yabekwa, futhi omunye wabathathi-ntathu wayenesisusa esifanayo." Umahluleli uyala abagcini beminwe yokuvula ukuthi amazwi awabonakali, kodwa aklama ngendlela enamandla imibono yokuqala yababulali nethuba lokuhlola okubonisa ukuthi imibono yokuqala enziwa ngesondo.

Ama-castletiff (I-Prosecuatist') Case-in-Chief

Ukwakhiwa Nomthwalo Wobufakazi

Iqembu elithwele umthwalo wobufakazi − umshushisi ecaleni lobugebengu (ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo) noma ummangalelwa ecaleni lomphakathi (ubufakazi obuqanjiwe)). Kuqala icala lakhe. Umgomo ukuveza zonke izici zecala noma ukumangalela ngobufakazi obungakholeki.

Ukuhlola Okuqondile Nobufakazi Bobufakazi

Umshushisi noma ummeli ka-Platoptiff ubiza ofakazi, ngamunye ngamunye, futhi ubabuza imibuzo evulekelwe obala eklanyelwe ukuthola amaqiniso ahlobene. Ngokwesibonelo, ufakazi wokuzibonela angase abuze, "Uboneni ngobusuku bukaJune 5?" Ubufakazi bofakazi bubhekwa njengobufakazi. Ummeli futhi uletha ama-extibit[ ] ubufakazi obubonakalayo njengezincwadi, izithombe, izikhali, noma amarekhodi ezithombeni. Umbukiso ngamunye kumelwe uboniswe (uboniswe ngeqiniso) ngaphambi kokuba uvunywe.

Ukuncipha Kwesiphambano: Iqophelo Elikhulu

Ngemva kokuhlola kofakazi ngakunye okuqondile, ummeli ophikisayo unelungelo lokubuza iexamine. Leli ithuluzi elibucayi lokuhlola. Ubukhulu ngokuvamile bulinganiselwe ezintweni eziphakanyiswayo ngesikhathi siqondile, kodwa kuleyondawo, i-examiner ingabuza imibuzo eholelayo (umz., "awuqinisile yini ukuthi ubumile kude futhi bumnyama?"). Imigomo ingu:

  • Ukungaqiniseki noma ukuhlasela ukwethemba kofakazi (i-bias, izinkulumo ezingafani, inkumbulo engalungile).
  • Amaqiniso asiza isiphambano se-examine.
  • Beka isisekelo sokungakhulumi uma ufakazi eziphikisa.

Ukuhlolwa kwesiphambano okunekhono kungalixazulula icala. Ngokwesibonelo, ummeli wesivikelo angadlula iphoyisa nge-examine ngokuhluleka ukulandela izinqubo ezifanele zobufakazi, abangele ukungabaza okunengqondo mayelana nokwethembeka kobufakazi bokuvikela.

Ukungakholelwa Nemithetho Yobufakazi

Phakathi nokunikezwa kobufakazi, abameli bangaphakamisa iziphakamiso. Uma uhlangothi oluphikisayo luphula imithetho engokwesiko, ngokwesibonelo, inzwatha (indatshana enikezwayo yeqiniso lendaba), noma izinto ezicatshangelwe ezidlula inani lezentengo. Umahluleli ushaya umthetho empikiswayo: "ukwenqaba kuyasekelwa", futhi ubufakazi bungavunyelwe) noma "ubufakazi obunikezwayo" (ubufakazi buvunyelwe). Lokhu kuqinisekisa njalo ukuthi kuphela okunokwethenjelwa nobufakazi obubalulekile obufinyelela esabelweni. Isibonelo esivamile singumthetho [FLT:] umthetho [FLT] [FF:], owenqabela umthetho owenqabelayo, owenqabelayo omunye umuntu ngaphandle kokuba efakazele ukuthi yini.

Ngemva kokuba umshushisi esephumile, isivikelo sivame ukuthatha u-"isinqumo esiqondiswe ngqo" noma "ukwahlulela ukulahlwa," siphikisa ngokuthi ubufakazi bomshushisi akwanele ngokomthetho ukusekela ukuqiniseka. Uma uma umahluleli evuma, icala liphela khona lapho; uma kungenjalo, ukuzivikela kuyaqhubekela phambili.

Icala Lomlweli: Ukucabanga Ngokwephula Icala Emsebenzini

Imithwalo Nemisebenzi

Ummangalelwa akadingeki ukuba anikeze ubufakazi obubodwa − ukubonakala kobumsulwa nomthwalo wobufakazi osele ukhona. Kodwa abamangalelwa ngokuvamile bakhetha ukuveza icala ukuze baphikisane nobufakazi bukahulumeni, banikeze okunye ukulandisa noma uvuma njengokuzivikela, i-alibi, noma ukusangana.

Izinhlobo Zobufakazi Bokuzivikela

Njenge-paltiff, ingqwalaselo ibiza ofakazi (kuhlanganise nommangalelwa) noma iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sivikela ekuphoqeleleni ukuzimela, ngakho ummangalelwa angase akhethe ukungafakazeli) futhi azise imibukiso. Amasu okuvikela avamile ahlanganisa:

  • [ Ofakazi be-Alibi ababeka ummangalelwa kwenye indawo ngesikhathi sobugebengu.
  • [ Ofakazi abaxwesileyo ababekela ubufakazi be-stensic (umz., uchwepheshe weDNA wezokuvikela ufakazela ukuthi ukuhlola kwe-rabsue kwakunephutha).
  • [ Ofakazi ababonisayo abafakazela idumela elihle lommangalelwa (nakuba lokhu kuvulela umshushisi umnyango ukuze anikeze ubufakazi obubi obubonisa ubuntu obungathandeki).
  • ukufakwa kofakazi abamangalelwa [ ngokufaka izinkulumo eziphikisanayo zangaphambili, ubufakazi bobandlululo, noma amarekhodi obugebengu.

Isivikelo singase sivuselele futhi ukuthatha kwayo isahlulelo sokulahlwa kwecala lapho sekuphelile icala laso, (ngokuvamile) ukuthatha isinyathelo esivamile ukuze kuvivinywe.

Izinkulumo Zokugcina: Ukuthonya Kokugcina

Uma izinhlangothi zombili seziphumile, abameli baletha izimpikiswano eziveza ubufakazi futhi baxoxe ngeqiniso lofakazi, kodwa abakwazi ukuchaza ngokungeyikho ukuthembeka kofakazi noma ukudlulisa ubandlululo.

Umshushisi (noma umshushisi) uqala ngokufingqa ubufakazi futhi aphikisane nokuthi kungani buhlangabezana nomthwalo odingekayo. Ukuphendula, ukuqokomisa ubuthakathaka, ukungavumelani, nokungabaza okunengqondo. Khona - ke umshushisi uthola impikiswano emfishane [ impikiswano yokugcina ebhekiswe emaphuzwini aphakanyiswe yizimpinda. Emacalani obugebengu, ingxebe evame ukusho okuhlala njalo ekuphetheni okukhulu, kodwa umshushisi unegama lokugcina eqeshini.

Ukuvala okuphumelelayo kuhlelwe ngezihloko: "Lelicala liyisinqumo sommangalelwa sokuletha isibhamu ebharheni," noma "ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi kwenzeka ingozi eyingozi nje." Imishini ye-Rheorical enjengokuphindaphinda, iziphakamiso, nokunxusa okuqondile komqondo ovamile wabahluleli kuvamile. Nokho, ukunxusa komzwelo omema amajaji ukuba anqume ngokusekelwe embonweni noma ngobandlululo kungavinjelwa." futhi kungaholela ekuqulweni ngephutha uma i-egnogg.

Iziqondiso Eziyimfihlo: Umthetho Osetshenziswa Emaqinisweni

Ngaphambi kokuba abahluleli baqale ukukhipha isigwebo ngecala, ijaji lifunda iziqondiso ze- (ngokuvamile ezibizwa "izibopho") ezichaza izimiso zomthetho okumelwe zisetshenziswe. Lezi ziyalezo zifundeke:

  • Izici zecala ngalinye noma ukuthi iliphi (isisho, "Ukuze uthole ummangalelwa enecala lokugqekeza, kumelwe uthole ukuthi wangena esakhiweni ngaphandle kwemvume ehlose ukweba).
  • Umthwalo wobufakazi (isib., "Ukumangalela kumelwe kufakazele isici ngasinye ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo").
  • Imithetho ephathelene nokufakazela ukwethenjelwa, ubufakazi obungokwesayensi, nendlela yokuhlaziya ubufakazi obungochwepheshe.
  • Izinqubo zokucabanga (isib., "Isinqumo sakho kumelwe sihlangane; kumelwe nibe ndawonye futhi nizame ukufinyelela isivumelwano").

Amajaji anezinhlangothi zombili afaka iziyalezo ezihlongozwayo, futhi ijaji liphethe umhlangano wokuzigcina. Iziyalezo ziwumthetho; abahluleli kumelwe bazilandele. Amaphutha eziyalweni zamajaji ayisisekelo esivamile sokudlulisa isikhalo.

Ukuzikhohlisa: Ibhokisi Elimnyama

Ngemva kokuthola iziyalezo, abasizi bejaji bathatha umhlala - phansi wekamelo lomuntu siqu. Abasizi bejaji bakhetha umholi ukuze baqondise izingxoxo. Ukukhipha isigwebo kungathatha imizuzu eminingi, kuye ngokuthi icala liyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani futhi kujule kangakanani ukungezwani phakathi kwabahluleli.

Ithonya Lokuzikhulula

Abaqondisi baxoxa ngobufakazi obuvela emethebeni abo (uma bevunyelwe), imibukiso ye-examine, kanye nezincazelo zempikiswano. Baphikisana ngokufakaza, ukulandisa okuphikisanayo, namandla obufakazi obungokwesayensi. Isici esiyinhloko ukungabaza [ okunengqondo [ ezimweni zobugebengu: uma noma imuphi umejala elondoloza ukungabaza okunengqondo ngemva kwengxoxo egcwele, bayalwa ukuba avote icala. Lokhu kudala isisusa esinamandla sokuba iningi lilalele ngokucophelela.

Uma ijaji lifafa ucingo oluqinile, futhi lingase likwazi ukufinyelela isinqumo esihlanganeyo, ``ijaji elingase linikeze i-appet (umz., i-allen Allen[[ ukumangalela])) elinxusa ukuba baqhubeke bekhomba futhi baphinde bathathe indiva isikhundla sabo, kodwa ngaphandle kokunikezela ukuqiniseka okuqotho. Uma i-fleck i-'flect:4] uma i-'i-'equast'. Icala lingase liphinde liphinde lihlolwe phambi kwesahlulelo esisha, nakuba abashushisi bangakhetha ukungaphinde baphinde bavume uma ubufakazi bubuthakathaka.

Isigwebo Nangemva Kwaso

Ukufunda Isigwebo

Ijaji libuyela enkantolo, futhi umahluleli unikeza isahlulelo isiqubulo kumajaji. Umahluleli usifunda ngokuzwakalayo. Endabeni yobugebengu, isinqumo se "icala" noma "anecala" (noma "icala lokungaphathi lutho olunecala") lidluliswa. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, isinqumo sibonisa ukuthi isiphi isigqebhezana esikhona futhi ngokuvamile sibeke isijeziso esinesijeziso. "anecala" ecaleni lobugebengu alikhona ukuthola ubumsulwa", kusho ukuqulwa kwecala okungahlangani. Isinqumo "guilty" siholela ekugwebeni (nakuba ngezinye izikhathi umahluleli owehluleli ukwahlulela kamuva).

Ukuphoqeleka Nokukhanga Kwangemva Kwecala

Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase lithathe izintambo zangemva kwecala (ngokwesibonelo, ukunyakaza kwesinqumo noma ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuqulwa kwecala elisha. Uma ijaji liphika lokhu, icala lingadluliswa. Izikhalo zingagxila emaphutha angokomthetho ayenzeka phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala (umz., iziyalezo ezingafanele zokwahlulela, izimemezelo ezinephutha elisobala, usizo lwezeluleko olungasebenzanga). Izinkantolo aziwaphindi amaqiniso akhanyisiwe; zibukeza amaphutha omthetho. Uma kutholakala iphutha elingenakugcinwa, inkantolo ingayala ukuqulwa okusha noma ukuvinjelwa ngokuphelele.

Ukuqonda lezi zigaba [1] kusukela kwinqubo yokuqala ye-voir eshaqisayo kuya kwinqubo yokugcina ye-appellate ephilayo, iveza inqubo yokuhlola eklanyelwe ukulinganisela iqiniso-funa ngokulunga okungokomlando. Isimiso asiphelele, kodwa ukubonakala kwayo kanye nokuma kwayo kusephakathi kwezindlela ezivivinywe kakhulu zokuxazulula izingxabano emphakathini wentando yeningi.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ezinqunyweni zokukhetha amajaji, bheka [[FLT: 0] Izinkantolo zase-U.S.: Izivumelwano . Ukuze uthole imithetho eminingi yobufakazi, hlola [[[FLT:]] I-Cornell Information Institute: Federal Reals of Evidence. Ukucubungula kwenqubo yokuqulwa kutholakala kusuka ku [[FLT:] 4] Eclopedia Britannica: Ikhasimende (Ikhali)[[FLT].[FLD:]