IRepublic ayisona nje isimiso sikahulumeni; isisekelo sokwenza izinqumo ezihlangene ezithinta ngokuqondile izinga lokuphila, ithuba, nobulungisa obutholakala ezakhamuzini zayo. Lesihloko sihlola izimiso zezombangazwe lapho ubukhosi buhlala khona nabantu, ababusebenzisa ngokuqondile, kodwa ngabameleli abakhethiwe ababoshwe ngomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda i republic kusho ukuqonda ukuphumelela kwamandla, imithwalo yemfanelo yobuzwe, nemiphumela esobala yokubusa ekuphileni kwakho kwansuku zonke. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso ezisebenzayo zeRepublic, indima esebenzayo edingwa izakhamuzi zayo, ukuguqulwa kwezibonelo zezempunga emhlabeni wonke, kanye nezindlela zayo eziqondile zokuphumelela nokuhluleka ezibonakalayo nsuku zonke.

Ukuchaza IRepublic: Izici Eziyinhloko Nemisuka Engokomlando

Igama elithi "republic" lisuka kwisiLatini ertrasa, elisho "indaba yasobala" noma "into yomphakathi". Le sayensi ye-etymism iyabaluleke: iqinisekisa ukuthi umbuso uyinto engokwendawo, hhayi impahla yangasese yombusi noma umbusi wombuso. IRiphabliki yamaRoma, eyasungulwa ku-509 BC, yanikeza isilinganisi sesisekelo se-Riphabliki zanamuhla, iveza imiqondo enjengezinduna ezikhethiwe, iSigebeqe, nemithetho ebhaliwe. Nokho, i-parbacrabhu yanamuhla ivele yaqala kakhulu ngaphezu kowayo.

IRepublic ihluke kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo ezimbili zikahulumeni: ukubusa ngentando yeningi okuqondile nombuso wentando yeningi. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi eliqondile, izakhamuzi zivota kuyo yonke inqubo nomthetho ngokuqondile. Eburhulumenteni obubodwa, umbusi oyedwa unegunya eliphelele. I-republic isendaweni ephakathi, isebenzisa isilinganiso sokubusa emasimini amakhulu nakumphakathi kuyilapho isebenzisa umthetho womthetho-mthetho ukunqanda amandla. I-republic ichazwa ngezici eziningana eziyisihluthulelo eziyenza ihluke kwezinye izinhlobo zikahulumeni.

Umbuso Womthetho

Kuyi republic, akekho ongaphezulu komthetho. Lesi simiso sisekela igunya lomthetho-sisekelo futhi sivikela izakhamuzi ekubuseni komthetho ozimele. Kusho ukuthi amaphoyisa adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola ikhaya lakho, imithetho yentela ixoxiwa obala futhi ibhalwe, futhi izikhulu zomphakathi zingabekwa icala enkantolo ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi. Umthetho udala indawo eqinisekile nengaguquguquki lapho amalungelo ephoqelelwa khona futhi amandla esetshenziswa ngokwemingcele echazweyo.

Uhulumeni Omelela Uhulumeni

I-programme iyinjini yeriphabliki. Ngokukhetha izikhulu, izakhamuzi ziphathisa indikimba ekhethekile yabameleli umsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi womthetho nokuphatha. Lesi simiso sivumela ukuba kuhlukaniswe izisebenzi ezisebenzayo ngokubusa, lapho izikhulu ezikhethiwe zingagxila khona ekuhleleni inqubo, ekuxazululeni ukuvumelana, nasekuqondiseni izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lesi sakhiwo sikha isikhawu ngokumelene nokubusa okuqondile kweqembu kuyilapho siqinisekisa uhulumeni uqhubeka usabela ekwamukeleni kwentando yomphakathi.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Injongo eyinhloko yerepublic iwukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye kokubili kuhulumeni nasebushiqelani beningi. Lamalungelo, ngokuvamile afakwe kumthetho-sisekelo noma kumthetho wamalungelo, ahlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ingqungquthela, nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile. I republic iyaqaphela ukuthi iningi, nakuba linamandla, linemingcele; alinakuvota ukukhipha idlanzana lamalungelo alo ayisisekelo.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Libolekiwe futhi lacwengisiswa kongqondongqondo abanjengoMontesquieu, ukuhlukaniswa kukahulumeni kube yi-Legislative, iButho, ne- Judicial kuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla awagxili esigungwini esisodwa. Igatsha ngalinye linemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile nekhono lokuhlola amandla abanye. Lesi sakhiwo siklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukunyuka komashiqela noma isishaya-mthetho esithwala izintambo.

Izimiso Ezisekela Uhulumeni WeRepublic

Ngaphandle kwezici zayo zokwakha, i - republic ishukunyiswa izimiso eziningana eziyisisekelo ezilawula ukusebenza kwayo futhi ziqondise ukusebenza kwayo.

Ukubusa Okuthandwayo

Igunya likahulumeni lakhiwa futhi lasekelwa yimvume yababuswayo. Lesi simiso, esidume ngokugqamile kuyi American Declaration of Independence, sigomela ngokuthi ohulumeni bathola amandla abo alungile kubantu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izakhamuzi azizona izikhonzi zikahulumeni; ziwumthombo oyinhloko wobuqotho bazo. Ukukhetha, ama-astendendum, nezimpikiswano zomphakathi konke kuyizinkulumo zobukhosi obuthandwayo.

Ubumbano

Umbuso we-Federalism uvumela ukuhlukana kobukhosi phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nohulumeni wesifunda noma wesifundazwe. Lokhu kuvumela ukubusa kwendawo ezindabeni zesifunda njengemfundo, ezokuthutha, nezindawo, kuyilapho kugcinwa igunya lesizwe ezindabeni ezikhathazayo ezinjengokuzivikela, isimiso sangaphandle, nemali. Umbuso we-Federal uvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibe neqhaza elikhulu ezindabeni zendawo futhi zisebenze njengokuhlolwa okwengeziwe kwegunya eliphakathi.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni linamandla okulinganisela izenzo zamanye, liqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elibusayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isishayamthetho singawudlulisa umthetho, kodwa umphathi angawudlulisela. Isishayamthetho singawudlulisa i-veto, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingamemezela umthetho ongavumelani nemithetho. Lesi simiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokubambisana kwamabutho aqondisanayo nokucubungulisisa, ukuhlisa isenzo esisheshayo noma sobushiqela. Federalist Linikeza amaphesenti [ ahlola ngokushelelayo indlela lezi zindlela eziklanyelwe ukusebenza ngayo.

Ukubusa Okukhulu Ngamalungelo Amancane

Nakuba isinqumo seningi sikhona okhethweni nasemivoti yomthetho, amalungelo amaqembu amancane avikelwa ukuba apheliswe yiningi. Lokhu kuwukulinganisela okubucayi. I republic kumelwe ithathe isinyathelo ngokwanele ukuze ibonise intando yeningi kodwa ivinjelwe ngokwanele ukuvikela abantu ngabanye namaqembu amancane ekucinezelweni. Lesi simiso sivame ukuncintiswa futhi sicwe ngezinselele zomthetho nangenkulumo yasobala.

Indima Yezakhamuzi: Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Impilo yayo ixhomeke ngokuphelele ekuthembiseni izakhamuzi zayo amalungelo, kodwa futhi idinga imithwalo yemfanelo. Ukuqonda i - republic kusho ukuqonda ukuthi i - gawority iyindima ebalulekile.

Ukuzwa Nokuvuma

Ukuvota kuyisenzo esiyisisekelo kakhulu sokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Yinqubo eyinhloko izakhamuzi ezisebenzisa ngayo ubukhosi obuthandwayo. Nokho, ukuvota kubaluleke kakhulu uma kutshelwa. Ukuhlala waziwa ngezenzakalo zamanje, ukuqonda amapulatifomu, nokuhlola ithonya lezimiso ezihlongozwayo kuyimisebenzi yesakhamuzi. Amagugu anjenge USUSA.

Inkonzo KaJury Nobuhle

Ukukhonza ejajini kuwukubusa ngokuqondile. Kubeka amandla okwahlulela ezandleni zezakhamuzi ezivamile, kusebenza njenge-cheke emandleni kahulumeni omshushisi. Kuwumthwalo wemfanelo oyingqayizivele odinga izakhamuzi ukuba zilahle ubandlululo futhi zinikeze isinqumo esilungile esisekelwe emthethweni nasebufakazini. Lesi yisibonelo esiyinhloko sobuhle besizwe, zenza inzuzo nezimiso zibonakale zingcono ngaphezu kokuzifanela.

Ukuphoqeleka Nomhlangano Onokuthula

Izakhamuzi zingasekela izindaba ezizikhathalelayo, zithonya umthetho womphakathi ngaphandle kokhetho olungokomthetho. Ukubhalela abameleli, ukuhlanganyela ekubhikisheni ngokuthula, ukujoyina amaqembu abusayo, nokukhuluma emihlanganweni yasehholo lamadolobha konke kuyizindlela zokuxhumana nohulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., sivikela lamalungelo ngokucacile njengabalulekile eRiphablikini esebenzayo.

Indlela IRepublic Ethonya Ngayo Ukuphila Kwansuku Zonke

Izimiso ezifiphele zerepublic zibonakala zicacile emikhubeni yansuku zonke yezakhamuzi zayo. Izinga lemigwaqo, uhlelo lwezifundo ezifundiswa ezikoleni zomphakathi, umthetho womoya ohlanzekile namanzi, nenetha lokuphepha kwabangasebenzi konke kuyimikhiqizo yokuhlobanisa nge-riphabliki. Uma umkhandlu wedolobha uphikisana nomthetho ogunyazayo noma i-Congress ngokuhlela imali, bahlanganyela embusweni we-publication [[FLT: 0].

Imfundo Neziphakamiso

Izimiso zemfundo yomphakathi zixhaswe, zilawulwa nguhulumeni. Okuqukethwe yizincwadi, izimfuneko zokuthweswa iziqu, nokuxhaswa kwemali kwezifunda kunqunywa amabhodi esikole akhethiwe nezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Isibopho sokufundisa umphakathi eriphabliki siwukuzimisela ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwezakhamuzi. Izimpikiswano ezisekelwe ezindinganisweni zemfundo, izimpikiswano eziyinhloko mayelana nalokho isakhamuzi esinolwazi okudingeka sazi.

Izakhiwo Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Izinkonzo ezinjengobuphoyisa, iminyango yomlilo, ukulungiswa kwemigwaqo, kanye nezinto zokuhamba zomphakathi zilawulwa izikhulu ezikhethiwe ngenxa yezakhamuzi. Isimo semigwaqo ohamba ngayo, isikhathi sokusabela se-ambulense, nokutholakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile konke kuyimiphumela eqondile yenqubo kahulumeni nezinqumo zezimali. Irepublic esebenza kahle inikeza izimali ukuze kulondolozwe impilo, ukuphepha, nokuhamba kwabantu bakhona.

Imisebenzi Yezomthetho Nezentengiselwano

Isivumelwano ngasinye osisayinayo, ibhizinisi ngalinye oliqalayo, futhi yonke impahla onayo ilawulwa imithetho esungulwe ngenqubo yeRepublic. Isimiso somthetho sinikeza uhlelo lokuxazulula izingxabano, ukumisa izivumelwano, nokuvikela amalungelo empahla. Lendawo eqinile engokomthetho ibalulekile ukuze kukhule zomnotho futhi umuntu alondeke. Ivumela abantu namabhizinisi ukuba bahlele ikusasa ngokuqiniseka.

Impilo Yomphakathi Nenhlalakahle

Ohulumeni basebenzisa izinhlelo zokusekela inhlalakahle yezakhamuzi, kuhlanganise nokulondeka kwezenhlalo, umshuwalense wokuswelakala, usizo lokudla, nezokunakekelwa kwempilo yomphakathi. Lezinhlelo zibonisa isinqumo esihlangene sokunikeza abaswele inzuzo yokuphepha. Imithetho yokuphepha kokudla, ukugunyazwa kwemithi, kanye nezimfuneko zokugoma zonke ziyizindlela zokusebenzisa amandla kahulumeni ezihloselwe ukuvikela impilo nokhuseleko lomphakathi.

Ukuqhathanisa AmaRepublic: Ukwehlukahluka Kwemikhuba

Ukuqonda lokhu kushintsha kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi i - republic iyisigaba esivamile esinezinto eziningi ezizosetshenziswa.

Umongameli/umongameli/iPhalamende Izimiso zePhalamende

Kuyirepublic kamongameli, njenge-United States noma i-Brazil, umphathi (umongameli) ukhethwa ngokwahlukana nesishaya - mthetho futhi unegama elimisiwe. Lokhu kudala ukwahlukana okucacile kwemibuso, kodwa kungaholela ekubeni isikhulu nendlu yomthetho ivulwe yiqembu eliphikisanayo. Kuyiphalamende, njenge-Indiya noma iJalimane, umphathi (undunankulu nomphathi) ukhethwa epalamende futhi angasuswa ngokuvota okungathembi. Lesimiso sinikeza ukuhlangana okuseduze kwemibuso nezenzo zemithetho esemthethweni.

Federal v. Unitary Programmes

Kuyirepublic kahulumeni, amandla ahlukaniswa phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nohulumeni wezwe noma wesifundazwe. Lesi sakhiwo sivumela ukuzibusa nokuhlola kwendawo. E-republic ehlangene, enjengeFrance, uhulumeni wezwe unegunya eliyinhloko, futhi ohulumeni bezifunda bangamahlelo okulawula angakhiwa noma aqedwe uhulumeni ophakathi. Bobabili bayirepublic, kodwa basakaza amandla nokulawula kwendawo ngokwehlukile. [[FLT: 0] Enclopedia Britannica inikeza ukuqhathaniswa okunemininingwane yemifanekiso efanayo ye-pabulicratic.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Kuhulumeni Wezwe

Ukubona lezi zinsongo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekulweni nazo.

Ukwehla Kwemibono Yezombangazwe Nokuvaleka Kwemizwa

Ukuhlukana okujulile phakathi kwamaqembu ezombangazwe kungaphazamisa ukubambisana nokubusa okuphumelelayo. Uma ukuhlehla kubhekwa njengokukhaphela, izindikimba zomthetho zingakhubazeka, zingakwazi ukudlulisa izimali, ziqinisekise izikhulu, noma zibhekane nezinkinga eziphuthumayo zesizwe. Le ntambo ingaqeda ukwethemba umphakathi futhi iholele emzweni wokuthi isimiso siyaphuka.

Ukungaqiniseki Nokuncipha Kokwethembana

Isivinini nokungahlangani kwemininingwane yezenhlalakahle kungaphazamisa ukuqonda komphakathi, ukululaza ulwazi, futhi kubangele ukuhlukana kwezenhlalo. I republic esebenza kahle ixhomeke emaqinisweni ahlukene nakulokho okuyiqiniso okuvamile. Uma izakhamuzi zingavumelani ngamaqiniso ayisisekelo, impikiswano ekhiqizayo iba cishe engenakwenzeka. Izinhlangano zokucwaninga njenge- Ukucwaninga kuyaqhubeka kuhlola imiphumela yezedemokrati.

Ukunganaki Kwezindwangu Nezithiyo Eziyisimiso Somoya

Uma umvoti ophansi angalulaza inqubo yentando yeningi kanye nokumelelwa kwabantu. Uma inxenye enkulu yabantu ingahlanganyeli, uhulumeni uyahluleka ukusabela ezidingweni zabo. Imingcele yokuvota, njengemithetho ye-ID evimbelayo, izindawo zokuvota ezilinganiselwe, nokuzigoca, kungavimbela ukuphendulwa nokuhlanekezelwa kwemiphumela yezekhethelo.

Ithonya Lemali Kwezombangazwe

Uma singayilawuli imali esetshenziswa emikhankasweni yezombangazwe, abantu abacebile nezinkampani zinganikeza ithonya elingalinganisiswa ezikhulwini ezikhethiwe nasemithethweni yomphakathi. Lokhu kungaholela embonweni wokuthi lesi simiso sisekelwe ekuthembekeni okunamandla, okuqedayo nokukhuthaza ukungathembi. Inguquko yezezimali engokombango ihlala iyimpikiswano enzima nakumazwe amaningi.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda irepublic kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuyisekeleni. Izinqubo zokuhlola nokulinganisela, ukumelela, nokuthatha umsebenzi womphakathi kudala isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi esidinga ukunakwa njalo, ukunakekelwa, nokuhlanganyela. Izakhamuzi eziqonda laba omakhenika zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuba zigcine uhulumeni unomthwalo wokulandisa, zibone izinsongo esimisweni, futhi zithelele emphakathini onempilo, osebenzayo. I-republic ayikona ukuzibulala; iyisimiso esiphilayo esichumayo kuphela uma izakhamuzi zayo zihlanganyela nayo ngenkuthalo.