I-Bill of Rights ime njengesisekelo senkululeko yaseMelika, iqoqo lesiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo esichaza ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni wezwe nezakhamuzi zakhe. Yaqiniswa ngo-1791, lezi zinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi ze-U.S. uMthetho-sisekelo wawungaqashelwanga kodwa kwakuyisivikelo samabomu. Zavela ezimpikiswaneni ezinkulu phakathi kwamaFederali nama-Antifederalist, abathunyelelwayo besaba ukuthi uhulumeni omusha, onamandla kakhulu uswele isivikelo esicacile senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukuqonda iBill of Rights ngolimi olucacile akubalulekile kuzakhamuzi zonke, kodwa kungokokwazi nje ukuthi ungasho ukuthini ngaphandle kokwesaba, kodwa ngenxa yokuqonda indlela lamalungelo ahlobene ngayo nomthetho, izinkantolo, nohulumeni ngokwawo.

Liyini Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu?

IBill of Rights iyiqoqo lezindawo eziyishumi ezihlela ukunqanda amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni kuyilapho ilondoloza inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Nakuba indikimba eyinhloko yoMthetho-sisekelo yamisa isimo sikahulumeni($_la magatsha amathathu, imibuso yawo, nenqubo yokwenza imithetho (ihlanganisa izivikelo ezimbalwa kakhulu kubantu ngabanye. Imihlangano eminingi yombuso yayifuna imvume yamalungelo ngaphambi kokuba ivume uMthetho-sisekelo. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni engakukholelwa ukudingeka kohlu olunjalo, ekugcineni wafaka imisha-amperation futhi wayifaka eMhlanganweni.

Izinguquko zagunyazwa ngoDecember 15, 1791, lapho iVirginia iba umbuso weshumi nanye ukuba ivume. Namuhla, lamalungelo agxile kakhulu esikweni nasemkhubeni waseMelika. Ahlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali, isivikelo ekufuneni okungenangqondo, amalungelo omangalelwa, kanye nokubekwa kwemibuso emazweni nabantu. ISiphakamiso samaLungelo sisebenza ngokuqondile kuhulumeni wezwe, kodwa ngeSiphendulo se 145 se-STARClaus Proces Clausce, eziningi zesivikelo saso saso siye sabizwa ngokuthi "ihlanganisiwe" ekufuneni okungenangqondo, amalungelo ombuso omangalelwayo, kanye nohulumeni bendawo.

Ukuze kucaciswe kabanzi umlando, Izinqolobane zesizwe zinikeza umbhalo wokuqala nemibhalo ye-ratiation.

Amalungelo Abalulekile Avikelwa Ngaphansi KweziNguquko Zokuqala Eziyishumi

Inguquko ngayinye eBill of Rights ikhuluma ngendaba ethile ekhathazayo. Nakuba lonke leli bhukwana linamandla, amalungiselelo athile aye avelele kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla zomthetho nasekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngezansi kuneziphetho ezikhubazekayo.

Isichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inkululeko Yokukhuluma, Yenkolo, Yezindaba, Yomhlangano Neyesicelo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivame ukubhekwa njengesibaluleke kakhulu ngoba sivikela izindlela izakhamuzi ezingagxeka ngazo uhulumeni futhi zisekele ushintsho. Sinqabela ukuba iSishaya - mthetho sokwenza noma yimuphi umthetho "ukuqapha ukumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqabela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngenkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo."

  • [ Inkululeko yokukhuluma [ ivikela kokubili imibono ethandwayo nengathandeki. Ihlanganisa amazwi alotshiwe, izenzo ezingokomfanekiso (njengefulege elishiswayo), kanye nezinhlobo ezithile zokusetshenziswa komkhankaso. Nokho, inkulumo ayiphelele: ukugqugquzela ubudlova, ukuhlambalaza, ukuhlambalaza, nokusongela kweqiniso akuvikelwa.
  • [ Inkululeko yenkolo [ inezingxenye ezimbili. Ukumiswa kuka-Claus kuvimbela uhulumeni ekuvumeleni noma ekumiseni inkolo, kuyilapho i-Free Express Claus Claus evikela ilungelo lomuntu lokusebenzisa ukholo lwakhe. Izinkantolo zilinganisela lapho lemithetho ingqubuzana nemikhuba engokwenkolo.
  • Inkululeko yezindaba ivumela izintatheli ukuba zisakaze ukwaziswa ngaphandle kokucusumbula kukahulumeni, nakuba zingabhekana nemiphumela ngokukhipha noma ukunyathelisa ukwaziswa okuhlelwayo.
  • [ Ngokufanelekile nokunxusa kuqinisekisa ilungelo lokubuthana ngamaqembu ngezinjongo ezivamile], imibuthano, imihlangano, kanye nokucela uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sithi: "I-Militia elawulwa kahle, njengoba idingeka ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha izikhali, ngeke ligxambuzwe. Lokhu kulungisa bekuyindaba yempikiswano enkulu. Endabeni yengqopha - mlando IGquawula laseColumbia v. Heller [200] [ilungelo], iNkantolo Ephakeme iqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali liyilungelo lomuntu, alincikile enkonzweni yomthetho. INkantolo yaphawula futhi ukuthi ilungelo alilinganiselwe futhi alivunyelwe ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali ngenxa yezibhamu noma izifo ezingokwengqondo, futhi lithwele imingcele yezikhali ezindaweni ezizwelayo.

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu: Ukuhlanganiswa Kwamasosha

ISichibiyelo sesithathu senqabela uhulumeni ukuba aphoqelele abaninimakhaya ukuba bahlalise amasosha ngesikhathi sokuthula ngaphandle kwemvume yabo. Lokhu kwakuyimpendulo eqondile emikhubeni yaseBrithani phakathi nenkathi yamakoloni. Nakuba kungavamile ukuba kuqalwe namuhla, kugcizelela ukukhathazeka koMsunguli ngokufihla izindlebe zasekhaya nobungcwele bekhaya.

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuhlola Nokusimama

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuhlolweni "ukuphenyiswa okungenangqondo nokuquleka." Kudinga ukuba kukhishwe kuphela ngesizathu esingenzeka, futhi ukuthi ichaze ngokuqondile indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi ithathwe izinto. Lokhu kulunga kuyinsika eyinhloko yomthetho wemfihlo futhi kuhlolwa njalo ngenkathi yobuchwepheshe. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi amaphoyisa adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola isenzakalo socingo ukuze aboshwe.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Amalungelo Omangalelwa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza izivikelo eziningana ezibucayi kunoma ubani obhekene nokumangalelwa ngobugebengu. Sihlanganisa ilungelo lokumangalelwa kwabahluleli abakhulu ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína, isivikelo engozini ephindwe kabili (ukuzanywa kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo), kanye nelungelo lokumelana nokuzimela ("ukunxusa owesihlanu"). Kudinga futhi inqubo efanelekile yomthetho ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni uncishise umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Okokugcina, ukuthatha impahla yomuntu ngasese kugunyaza ukuba isetshenziswe ngaphandle kwenkokhelo, isimiso esiyinhloko secala eliphambili.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungagwegwesi

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nomphakathi, ijaji elingakhethi, ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nelungelo lokuthola iseluleko esingokomthetho. Ilungelo lommeli lanwetshwa kakhulu Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963], elifuna ukuba kunikezwe iseluleko kubamangalelwa abangakwazi ukubhekana naso ezicaleni zecala ezingokomthetho. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sobulungisa sisebenza ngendlela ekhanyayo nengagwegwesiyo.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Siyiso kanye Ecaleni Lokwahlulela Emacalani Ombango

ISichibiyelo seSember silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji enkantolo yomphakathi ehilela izimpikiswano ezingaphezu kwamaRandi angamashumi amabili. Sivimbela amajaji ekugumbuqeleni lokho okutholwa abahluleli abahluleli abakutholile. Lokhu kulungisa kubonisa ukuthembela koMsunguli weSikhathi kubantu abavamile ukuba baxazulule izingxabano, nakuba ezimweni eziningi zezakhamuzi manje sekuxazululiwe ngokudingiswa kwezindawo noma ukuqulwa kwecala ebhentshi.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili ephakeme, amafa eqile, "isijeziso esinzima nengavamile" lesi sigqebhezana siye sasetshenziselwa ukubekela inselele izindlela zokubulala, izimo zasejele, kanye nemilandu elingana nobugebengu. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi isijeziso kumelwe sivele lapho izindinganiso zokuhlonipheka zikhula, futhi siye savimbela ukujeziswa kwentambo yentambo yezingane nabantu abakhubazekile.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalolunye: Amalungelo Angenacala

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sithi uhlu lwamalungelo athile kuMthetho-sisekelo asho ukuthi abantu abanawo amanye amalungelo. Lokhu kulungisa kwabhalwa ukunikeza ukukhathazeka ngokuthi ingcaphuno yamalungelo ingachazwa njengokunikeza amalungelo kuphela. Isekela umqondo wokuthi abantu banamalungelo ayisisekelo angaphezulu kwalawo ashiwo ngokucacile, njenganelungelo lokuzifihla, iNkantolo Ephakeme eyayamukela Griswold v. Connecticut[[FFL:1] [65] [195]) kanye [FL:] Roe v.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi: Amandla Agcinelwe Elase - United States

ISichibiyelo seshumi sikhanyisa ukuthi amandla angekho kuhulumeni kahulumeni ongokomthetho, noma enqatshelwe yimibuso, agcinelwe izifundazwe noma abantu. Lokhu kulungiswa kuyisisekelo esiyinhloko sobuzwe, kuqinisekisa ukuthi ohulumeni bahulumeni bagcina igunya ezindabeni zendawo njengemfundo, ukugcinwa komthetho, nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo.

Indlela Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Esivikelwa Ngayo

Amalungelo aqoshwe kuyi-Bill of Rights awakona ukuzigunyaza. Adinga ukuzivikela okuphelele ngesimiso somthetho, incazelo yokwahlulela, kanye nokuthembisana komphakathi. Uma umuntu ekholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akhe aphulwe, angaletha icala enkantolo kahulumeni, ngokuvamile acaphuna iSigabeni 1983 se-U.S. Umthetho ovumela abantu ukuba bangenele izikhulu zikahulumeni ekuphule amalungelo abantu. Abamangalelwa besigebengu bangathatha futhi baphikise ubufakazi uma betholakele ukuphulwa kweSichibiyelo Sesine, noma ukubekela inselele iSiphakamiso sokwembula isambaziso soza esithola i-Mirenda (isihlanu neseSisithupha).

Izinkantolo, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., inendima eyinhloko ekunikezeni i-Bill of Rights. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, iNkantolo iye yasungula ukuhlola okungokomthetho ukuze isebenzise lamalungelo ezimweni ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, "ukuhlolwa kwengozi ekhona" yokukhuluma kwasungulwa [ Scheck v. United States [19], kamuva kucwengisiswe ku-"sinyathelo sokungabi namthetho" ekuhlolweni kwezenzo zomthetho" Brandenburg v.[FLT][12]][1969]]. Umqondo we-"ukulindela okunengqondo" ukubuswa kweze-odwa kwezene, ukuhlelwa okuvela ku-'intelligencess, okuvela ku-FLT][FFLT].[5]

Ngalé kwezinkantolo, izinhlangano zezezimali ezinjenge- American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) kanye ne American Bar Association zisebenza ukufundisa umphakathi nokwephula amalungelo.

Ukuhlehliswa Kwanamuhla: Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Esikhathi Esinezinombolo

Izimiso eziyisisekelo zeBhill of Rights zisabalulekile, kodwa ukusebenza kwazo kwezobuchwepheshe banamuhla kuphakamisa imibuzo eyinselele. IsiHlanzi sesine, esiklanyelwe amaphepha angokoqobo namakhaya, manje sibusa ukufinyelela kukahulumeni kuma-imeyili, i-GPS, kanye nokuqukethwe kocingo. Carpater v. United States [2018], iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi amaphoyisa adinga isiqinisekiso sokuthola amarekhodi engxenyeni yegumbi, iqaphela ukuthi ukwaziswa kobuchwepheshe bungambula imininingwane eyimfihlo ngokuphathelene nokuphila komuntu.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivivinywa futhi yiziteshi ze-inthanethi ze-Intanethi, ukulinganisela kwezenhlalo nemithetho kahulumeni yokukhuluma ngemishini. Imibuzo yokuthi izinkampani zezokuxhumana zezenhlalo ziwu "abadlali" yini i-First Demendment, nokuthi imithetho enjengemithetho yezenhlalo ye-Florida ne-Texas iphula amalungelo aphezulu okukhuluma, iyaqhubeka iveza izihloko eziphambili. Isivikelo seSichibiyelo seSichithi senkululeko yokukhuluma ngenkani, imininingwane yezindaba, kanye nezindlela zobulili.

Ukuze kuhlaziywe ngokujule kakhulu izikhawu zeSichibiyelo sesine enkathini yonyaka, i-Cornell Legal Information Institute inikeza ukucubungula okubanzi komthetho wamanje.

Imibono Evamile Engalungile Ngesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Umbono Ongalungile 1: Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Sikunika Amalungelo Angenamingcele

Alukho olulungile. Ngisho nenkululeko ethandwa kakhulu inemingcele. Awukwazi ukumemeza u-"mlilo" enkundleni yemidlalo egcwele abantu, ukuhlambalaza othile, noma ukusebenzisa inkulumo ukuze uvuse ubudlova obusheshayo. Uhulumeni angalawula isikhathi, indawo, nendlela yokukhuluma obala, uma nje imithetho ingekho esimweni esikhona futhi ushiye eminye imikhondo yokuxhumana eyanele.

Umbono Ongalungile 2: Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu Sivikela Izakhamuzi Kuphela

Amalungelo amaningi eBill of Rights asebenza ku-"nums" noma "abantu, hhayi nje izakhamuzi. Ngokwesibonelo, abafuduki abangatshelwanga, bangacela isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nelungelo leSichibiyelo sesihlanu ekuzifuneleni okungenangqondo. Nokho, amanye amalungelo, njengelungelo lokuvota kukhetho lukahulumeni, agcinelwe izakhamuzi.

Umbono Ongalungile 3: Amalungelo EMiranda Kumelwe Afundwe Ngokushesha Lapho Eboshwa

Imfuneko yokufunda izixwayiso ze-Miranda isebenza kuphela ngemva kokuba umuntu esejele futhi esebunzisweni. Uma umane umiswa emgwaqweni ("ukuma kwe-terry"), amaphoyisa akudingi ukukufundela amalungelo akho. Isixwayiso ngokwaso siyisivikelo esingokwesiko seSichibiyelo seNguquko sesihlanu sokuzinqanda ukuba uphoqelelwe ukuqashana nelungelo leSihlanu lokuzilungisa.

Umbono Ongalungile 4: Isichibiyelo Sesibili Sivimbela Yonke Imithetho Yezibhamu

Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yacacisa Heller kanye ne[FT:2] McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010), iSichibiyeli sesibili siqaphela ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokugcina izibhamu ekhaya ngenxa yokuzidubula ngokwakhe. Nokho, iNkantolo yasho ngokucacile ukuthi lelilungelo alikho elingenamkhawulo futhi linemithetho eminingi eqinile nemithetho enjengeyezigebengu, ezigula ngengqondo, nezibhamu ezizwelayo ezindaweni eziswayo ingokomthetho.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

IBill of Rights ayiyona ibhukwi elingokomlando noma iqoqo lezimfundiso ezingekho ngokomthetho. Isimiso esiphilayo esichaza ukulinganisela phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Nsuku zonke, ezinkantolo, ezindaweni zomphakathi, ekubhikisheni komphakathi, nasemapulatifomu e-inthanethi, lokhu kulungisa isimo esiguqula amaqiniso okuphila kwaseMelika. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho ngolimi olucacile kukunika amandla okuwagcizelela, ukuqaphela ukuthi asengozini nini, futhi ahlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekubuseni ngedemokrazi.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, umshisekeli, noma uyisakhamuzi esiqhubeka nesimiso sakho sansuku zonke, iBhili yamaLungelo liyisivikelo sakho. Yixoxe. Sivikele. Abasunguli baklama lesimiso ukuze siphoqelelwe abantu ngokwabo, ngokuqaphela, ngokuvota, nangokuzimisela ukumelela lokho uMthetho othembisa ukuthembisa kona.