Imvume yokufuna neSichibiyelo sesine zimelela izisekelo zomthetho - sisekelo waseMelika, ukumisa isivikelo esibucayi esilinganisela amalungelo omuntu ngasese nezidingo zomthetho omthetho ongokomthetho. Ukuqonda lezi zimiso zomthetho kubalulekile kuyisakhamuzi ngasinye, njengoba zithinta ngokuqondile indlela iziphathimandla zikahulumeni ezingasebenzelana ngayo nabantu ngabanye nempahla yazo. Lesiqondiso esiningi sihlola imininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi yokufuna imvume, iSiphendulo sesine, kanye nohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi olungokomthetho olulawula ukuphenywa nokuqubuka nokuquleka eUnited States.

Yini Inqaba Yokufuna?

Isiqinisekiso sokufuna siyincwadi engokomthetho ekhishwa umahluleli noma imantshi egunyaza izikhulu zomthetho ukuba zihlole indawo ethile ehlobene nobufakazi obuphathelene nobugebengu. Ukuze isikhulu somthetho sithole isiqinisekiso sokufuna, kumelwe sicele othile kumahluleli futhi senze isicelo saso ngokholo oluhle esisekelwe ekwazisweni okunokwethenjelwa okubonakala kunesizathu sokufuna. Lemfuneko isebenza njengesehlo esibalulekile emandleni kahulumeni, siqinisekisa ukuthi isikhulu sokwahlulela esizimele sibukeza amaqiniso ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ulwele umthetho ungene ezindaweni zomuntu.

Ukugcinwa komthetho ngokuvamile kumelwe kuthole isiqinisekiso sokufuna kumphathi ongathathi hlangothi futhi ongaboshelwanga ngaphambi kokuba angene endaweni eyimfihlo ukuze afune ubufakazi. Inqubo yokugunyaza idinga izikhulu ukuba zinikeze ubufakazi obufungiwe noma izikhombisi ezichaza amaqiniso asekela inkolelo yazo yokuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu buzotholakala endaweni ethile. Lenqubo ivikela izakhamuzi ekuphazanyisweni okungenamthethweni noma okungenasisekelo ezindabeni zazo zangasese.

Izingxenye Ezibalulekile Zokufuna Okufanele

Ukuze imvume yokufuna isebenze ngokomthetho, kumelwe ibe nezici eziningana ezigxekayo. ISichibiyelo sithi akukho mvume ekhona kodwa ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka, esekelwa ngesifungo noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi echaza indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi abantu noma izinto okumelwe zibanjwe. Lemfuneko ekhethekile ivimbela ukuseshwa okuvamile futhi iqinisekise ukuthi izikhulu eziqapha umthetho zazi ngokuqondile ukuthi yini ezigunyaziwe ukuphenya nokuthatha.

Imvume kumele isho ukuthi umthetho wezindawo uhlose ukusesha futhi izinto noma abantu abafunayo. Le mfuneko ecacile isekelwe kakhulu emlandweni, isuka kokuhlangenwe nakho kwamakoloni aseMelika ngemvume nezindlela zosizo ezivamile ezavumela iziphathimandla zaseBrithani ukuba ziphenye ngokungenacala. Abasebangeni lokuthola babefuna ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa okunjalo ngokufuna izimvume ezithintinyelayo futhi zicatshange ngokwezinga elithile.

Umyalo kumelwe uchaze izinto ezizobanjwa kahle ngokwanele ukuba iphoyisa lingakhipha zonke ezinye izinto, futhi ukwehluleka kwencazelo ukuba ikhiphe ezinye izindawo noma ukwehluleka ukuchaza kahle into noma umuntu ozobanjwa kuyokwenza ukuba isiqinisekiso singasebenzi futhi ukuseshwa kungabi semthethweni. Lendinganiso iqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu azikwazi ukusebenzisa imvume yokuhlola impahla yothile.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Isisekelo Sokufuna NoMthetho Ongasitholi

ISichibiyelo Sesine soMthetho - sisekelo wase-U.S. sinikeza ukuthi ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, ezindlini zabo, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni, ngokumelene nokuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka, ngeke liphulwe.

Umgomo oyinhloko walelilungiselelo ukuvikela ilungelo labantu lokufihla imfihlo nokukhululeka ekuphazanyisweni okungenangqondo uhulumeni. ISichibiyelo sesine sibonisa ukuqonda kwabahleli ukuthi ukuzifihla kuyimfuneko ekuhlonipheni nasekutholeni inkululeko yomuntu, futhi ukuqapha nophenyo okungaqashelwa kukahulumeni kusongela inkululeko.

Umlando Nenjongo

Lapho ingaphansi kokubusa kweBrithani, amakoloni ayishumi nantathu aseNyakatho Melika ayethola usizo, ayenika iziphathimandla zendawo amandla okufuna ukuvinjelwa, futhi abahluleli baseBrithani kwakungadingeki ukuba bezwe noma yimaphi amaqiniso mayelana nokwenza okungekho emthethweni ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe imboni futhi kungaphenywa ukuphenywa kokusola nje kuphela nakunoma iyiphi indawo. Lemikhuba yokuxhaphaza yashiya ithonya elihlala njalo kumakoloni aseMelika futhi yathonya ngokuqondile ukufakwa kweSimemezelo sesine sesine.

Ngemva kweNguquko yaseMelika, izakhamuzi zalelizwe elisha zazinesithakazelo ekulinganiseleni ukuseshwa kukahulumeni, futhi iBill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngo - 1791, yayineSichibiyelo Sesine, esasivikela abantu ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo. Lomongo ongokomlando usiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani iSichibiyelo Sesine sigcizelela kangaka ukujula okusekelwe ezivumelweni ezifanele nezikhishwa izimantshi ezingathathi hlangothi.

Umda nokulinganiselwa

Nokho, iSichibiyelo sesine asiqinisekisi ukuthi sivikelekile kukho konke ukuphenywa nokuquleka, kodwa yilezo kuphela ezenziwa uhulumeni futhi ezibhekwa njengezingenangqondo ngaphansi komthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine asisebenzi ekuhloleni abantu ngabanye noma izinhlangano, ngaphandle kokuba zisebenza njengezimeleli zikahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akudingi isiqinisekiso, kodwa yikho konke uhulumeni okuthiwa "kungabi nangqondo" ngaphansi kwezindinganiso zomthetho.

Ukuseshwa kweSichibiyelo sesine kwenzeka lapho isisebenzi sikahulumeni noma ummeleli kahulumeni ephula ukulindela komuntu okunengqondo ukuba wedwa. Lokhu "Ukulindela okunengqondo kwendawo eyimfihlo" kuye kwaba yisici esiyinhloko sokunquma ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine siyasebenza nini. Izinkantolo zicabangela kokubili ukuthi umuntu ulindele ukuba abe wedwa futhi ukuthi umphakathi uyakuqaphela yini lokho kulindelwe njengokunengqondo.

Imbangela Enengqondo: Indinganiso Yokukhipha Abashiyi

Imbangela efanelekile ingumthetho sisekelo okumelwe uhlangatshezwe phambi komahluleli anganikeza isiqinisekiso sokufuna. Isikhulu somthetho simisa imbangela okungenzeka ukuthi ingenzeka uma indoda ehlakaniphile eyazi amaqiniso nezimo ezaziwayo ikholelwa ukuthi umsoleki wenza icala lobugebengu.

Ukuze bathole isiqinisekiso sokufuna, izikhulu zezemthetho kumelwe zibonise ukuthi zinamaqiniso anokwethenjelwa nanele angabangela umuntu onengqondo ukuba akholelwe ukuthi kwenziwe isenzo sobugebengu nokuthi izinto noma umuntu ongase aphathwe umkhumbi usendaweni okumelwe ahlolwe kuyo. Kungenzeka ukuthi kubangela ukuzimisela kugxile ekupheleleni kwezimo ezaziwayo ekuqinisekiseni umthetho ngesikhathi ezifuna ngaso isiqinisekiso.

Ukuhlolisisa Izimo

Lapho inquma ukuthi imvume ithola imbangela okungenzeka, imantshi ibheka ingqikithi yezimo ezinikezwa enqabeni, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba iMantshi ihlaziywe njengesinqumo esiwusizo, esinengqondo evamile. Lendlela iqaphela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi imbangela ayinakuncitshiswa ibe yisici esiqondile kodwa kumelwe ihlolwe ngokwemininingwane eqondile yecala ngalinye.

E-Illinois no-Illinois, icala elihilela umthengisi ongaziwa, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphetha ngokuthi ukuba yiqiniso, isisekelo solwazi, nokwethembeka komphathi kungezinye zezici ezifanele umantshi okhiphayo angase azicabangele, futhi nakuba incwadi yalowo umahluleli engalazi lodwa kulelocala yayingaba enganele, iNkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi umahluleli okhiphayo wayengathola imbangela esekelwe kwezinye izici, njengeqiniso lokuthi ukuphenya kokuqala komthetho kwakuqinisekise izibikezelo eziningana eziqukethwe yilencwadi.

Indima Yokungakhathaleli Nokuzikhohlisa

Nakuba izimpawu zingasekela ukuthola imbangela okungenzeka, ukuqagela nje akuvamile. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kuyadingeka ekunqumeni ukuthi isiqinisekiso sihlangabezana yini nezindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Izikhulu zomthetho zokugcinwa kwemithetho zingathola izimpawu ezinengqondo emaqinisweni aziwayo, kodwa azinakusekela isiqinisekiso ekuqageleni okuphelele noma ekuqageleni okungaphelele.

Ukugcinwa komthetho kungaxhomeke ekuqeqesheni nasekutholeni ulwazi lokuthola imbangela. Ulwazi lomuntu okhethekile nobuchwepheshe kungasiza ekutholeni ukubaluleka kwamaqiniso athile angase angakhanyi kumphathi wezokwelapha. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu esinokuhlangenwe nakho singaqaphela izindlela zokuziphatha noma izimpawu ezingokomzimba ezisikisela ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa.

Imbangela eqinisekile yesiqinisekiso ayinakusekelwa kulokho okutholakele ekuphenyeni okulandelayo, kuphela emaqinisweni aziwayo lapho imvume ikhishwa. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi izimpawu zisekelwe ebufakazini obukhona obukhona kunokuba zithethelelwe ngemva kwalokho okwenzekayo kubaphathi.

Imfuneko Yempi Nezazi Ezingathathi - hlangothi

Ukugcizelela imfuneko yokugunyazwa kwemvume kumisa isahlulelo semantshi ezimele phakathi kwezikhulu eziqaphile zomthetho nezakhamuzi, kugunyaza ukuhlaselwa kwalelo lungelo lomuntu siqu kuphela ngokubonisa lokho okungabangela, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukuhlasela komuntu kufanele abanjwe, indawo okumelwe ihlolwe, futhi kufuneke ubufakazi. Lokhu kubekwa kwesikhulu sokwahlulela esingathathi hlangothi kusebenza njengesivikelo esibucayi ezithethwini zokuqinisa umthetho.

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sesine singasho ngokucacile ukuthi imvume iyokhishwa imantshi engathathi hlangothi futhi engenacala, ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengefa, njengoba enye yezinjongo zemvume iwukuvumela iqembu elingathathi hlangothi ukuba linqume ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kungenzeka yini kubangele ukuphenywa, futhi kuyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo yokufuna imvume yokuba kube neqembu elizimele elibukeza amaqiniso futhi likhiphe isiqinisekiso kuphela uma kungenzeka ukuthi kunezimbangela ezithile.

Ukwehluleka ukuba nesiqinisekiso esikhishwa umkhakha ongakhethi nongenabandlululo kuyokwenza imvume inciphe futhi kuvinjelwe ngokomthetho. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi isinqumo sokugunyaza ukuseshwa senziwa othile ongenaso isigxobo emphumeleni wophenyo futhi angahlola ngokungenaphutha ukuthi izindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo zihlangatshezwane yini.

Ukuba qotho Okuyinselele

Nakuba imvume ikhishwa inxenye, ukufaneleka kwayo kungaphikiswa ekuchosheni okulandelayo uma kutholakala ubufakazi obuyicala futhi kuvela ukuqulwa kwecala, futhi abamangalelwa bangase bangawabaza amandla esikhulu esikhipha isiqinisekiso noma ukuchaza okuqondile komthetho odingekayo. Lokhu kuhlola kwangemva kunikeza isheke elibalulekile enqubeni yokugunyazwa, ukuvumela abamangalelwa ukuba baphikise izimpawu ezikhishwa ngokungafanele.

Abalweli bangabekela inselele ngezizathu eziningi, kuhlanganise nezimbangela ezinganele, ukuntuleka kokuchaza indawo okumelwe iphenywe noma izinto ezizothathwa, noma izinkinga ngokungathathi - hlangothi kwemantshi ekhipha isigwebo. Izinkantolo zihlolisisa ngokucophelela lezi zinselele ukuze ziqiniseke ukuthi isivikelo Sezigwegwe Zesine sihlala sinenjongo.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Ngokuvamile, ukuphenywa kwezakhiwo zomuntu siqu okungavumelekile kwenqatshelwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine, ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe isici esikhethekile. Nakuba imfuneko engokomthetho iwumthetho ovamile, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi kunezindawo eziningana ezimiswe kahle ezivumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kuphengululwe ngaphandle kokuthola isiqinisekiso kuqala. Lokhu kubonisa izinto ezingokoqobo futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuveza izithakazelo eziphikisanayo ezenza ukufaneleka kungabi nanzuzo noma kungadingekile.

Ukuqonda lokhu kungayinaki imingcele kubalulekile kokubili ezikhulwini zomthetho nasezakhamuzini, njengoba zichaza imingcele lapho amaphoyisa engase aphenye khona ngaphandle kwemvume yokwahlulela.

Izimo Ezibucayi Ziyahluka

Kuwukwenqabela okusobala imfuneko egunyaziwe yokuthi izimo ezingase zivumelane neSichibiyelo Sesine. Lesi simo siyaqaphela ukuthi ezimweni ezithile eziphuthumayo, isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze uthole incwadi singalimaza abantu, siqede ubufakazi, noma siphumele ekusolweni.

KuMissouri McNeely (2013), iNkantolo Ephakeme yacacisa ukuthi izimo ezihlukahlukene zingase zibangele ukuvunyelwa okwanele ukuthethelela ukuphenywa okungenasiqinisekiso, kuhlanganise nesidingo somthetho sokunikeza usizo oluphuthumayo kulowo ohlala ekhaya, ukuphishekela ngokushisa umuntu osolwayo, noma ukungena esakhiweni esishisayo ukuze kushiswe umlilo futhi kuphenyelwe imbangela yawo.

Lokhu kukhishwa kunezimfuneko ezimbili: ukuthi isikhulu sasinesizathu sokusesha noma sokubopha, futhi lezozimo ezicacile zathethelela ukungenela okungenasizathu. Zombili izakhi kumelwe zibe khona ukuze kusetshenziswe izimbangela ezihlukile.(-ahnb) kuphela akwanele uma kungekho isimo esiphuthumayo sangempela, futhi isimo esiphuthumayo asikuthetheleli ukungatholi isizathu.

Izimo eziyingozi zikhona ezimweni lapho abantu besengozini eseduze, lapho ubufakazi bubhekene nembubhiso eseduze, noma ukusinda okuseduze kosoleki. Igama eliyinhloko lingu "oqinile""""""" lolu songo kumele lungasheshi futhi lucindezele, hhayi nje ukuthi kungenzeka noma kuqagelwe.

Izinhlobo Zezimo Ezibi

Izinkantolo ziye zaveza izigaba eziningana zezimo ezixekiwe. Imfundiso yosizo oluphuthumayo ivumela izikhulu ukuba zingene emagcekeni ngaphandle kwemvume lapho zinesisekelo esinengqondo sokukholelwa ukuthi othile ngaphakathi udinga usizo olusheshayo. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise nezimo lapho izikhulu zizwa ukumemeza, zibone izimpawu zokulwa kobudlova, noma zihlangane nothile obonakala ebhekene nesimo esiphuthumayo sezokwelapha.

Lemfundiso eshisayo ivumela izikhulu ukuba zilandele umuntu osolwayo obalekele endaweni yangasese ngaphandle kokuthola incwadi.

Ukubhujiswa okuseduze kobufakazi obungekho bufakazi kuvumela ukungena okungenayo okungenayo uma izikhulu zinesizathu okungenzeka zikholelwe ukuthi ubufakazi buzobhujiswa. Nokho, izinkantolo zihlolisisa ngokucophelela lamacala ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi izikhulu azizange zidale ukugunyazwa ngezenzo zazo, njengokusongela ukuthola isiqinisekiso futhi ngaleyondlela zishukumisele ukusola ukubulala ubufakazi.

Izinkantolo ziyobheka isikhathi lapho isikhulu sisesha noma sithathe ibhamu ukuze sihlole ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi isikhulu esinengqondo esikhona siyokholelwa ukuthi kuyaphuthuma yini ukuthatha isinyathelo futhi singasizi ukuvikela isiqinisekiso.

Funa Ithuba Lokuboshwa

Nokho, lapho isikhulu sibopha umuntu osolwayo, isikhulu singase siqhube isenzakalo sokusesha sokuboshwa, iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi umuntu nendawo eseduze kuphela okumelwe aphenywe kuyo eChimel v. California (1 969). Lokhu kufeza izinjongo ezimbili ezibalulekile: ukuvikela isikhulu ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ababoshi abanazikhali ezifinyelelekayo, futhi kuvimbela ukubhujiswa kobufakazi.

Ukuboshwa kumelwe kuvunyelwe noma ubufakazi bungabhekwa njengobungenakwenzeka ngaphansi komthetho wokukhishwa kwecala. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu azinakusebenzisa ukuboshwa okungekho emthethweni njengezaba zokusesha ngaphandle komthetho. Uma ukuboshwa okufihlekile kungekhona okusemthethweni, noma ibuphi ubufakazi obutholakalayo ngesehlakalo sokuphenya sokuboshwa obuyovinjelwa.

Ubukhulu besenzakalo sokufuna ukuboshwa bulinganiselwe kumuntu oboshweyo nendawo elawulwayo cishe cishe ngezikhathi ezithile ebizwa ngokuthi "i-"wingspan" noma "ibanga elibanzi" abaphathi bekhulu abanakusebenzisa lesisikhala ukuze bathethelele ukuphenya indlu yonke noma isakhiwo ngenxa nje yokuthi baboshe othile ngaphakathi.

Ukukhishwa kwemoto

Ngaphansi kwemoto engekho eyasungulwa uCarroll v. United States (1925), uma kungenzeka ukuthi amaphoyisa anesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi imoto inobufakazi bobugebengu, isithelo sobugebengu, noma ukuvinjelwa, ukuphenya imoto kungase kwenziwe ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu kubonisa ukuhamba kwezimoto okungokwemvelo nokuncishiswa kokulindela ukuba wedwa abantu abanakho ezimotweni uma kuqhathaniswa namakhaya abo.

Ukukhishwa kwemoto kuvumela izikhulu ukuba zihlole noma iyiphi ingxenye yemoto lapho ubufakazi obusolwayo bungatholakala khona, kuhlanganise ibhuthi, igumbi lokufaka imoto, namabhokisi ngaphakathi emoto. Nokho, izikhulu kumelwe ukuba zisenayo imbangela ngokunokwenzeka, azikwazi ukuphenya imoto esekelwe ekusoleni noma ekukhwameni.

Umbono Ongamanga

Uma ukugcinwa komthetho kuphawula ubufakazi bobugebengu, futhi benelungelo elingokomthetho lokuba kuleyondawo, bangase bahlole ngokungenasisekelo ngaphansi kombono ocacile.Lemfundiso iyaqaphela ukuthi amaphoyisa akufanele ashalazelele ubufakazi bobugebengu obubonakala obala kubo lapho bekhona ngokomthetho endaweni ethile.

Ukuseshwa okungenamdlandla nokuthathelwa izakhiwo akuyona into engekho emthethweni uma izinto eziseshwayo zisobala. Ukuze imfundiso ecacile ukuze isetshenziswe, izimfuneko ezintathu kumelwe zihlangatshezwane: isikhulu kumelwe sibe khona ngokomthetho endaweni lapho sibheka khona into, isimo sokukhetha sento kumelwe sibonakale ngokushesha, futhi isikhulu kumelwe sibe ngokomthetho ukufinyelela into ngokwayo.

Ukuhlola Okuvunyelwe

INkantolo iye yaqaphela ukuthi isakhamuzi singase sidele amalungelo aso eSichibiyelo Sesine ngokuvuma ngokuzithandela nangokuhlakanipha ukuseshwa, sivumele isikhulu ukuba sifune imvume engokomthetho.

Isivikelo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine singalahlwa uma umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela, noma engabuvumi ubufakazi obuqoqwe phakathi nokuseshwa okungenasiqinisekiso noma ukuthatheka. Nokho, imvume kumelwe ibe ngeyokuzithandela ngempela (ukuthi ayinakuba umkhiqizo wokuphoqelelwa, ukusongelwa, noma ukukhohlisa. Izinkantolo zihlola ingqikithi yezimo ukuze zinqume ukuthi imvume inikezwe ngokukhululekile yini.

Kuphakama imibuzo ebalulekile uma abantu abaningi benegunya endaweni ethile. Ngokuvamile, noma yimuphi umuntu onegunya elifanayo endaweni ethile angavuma ukuseshwa kwezindawo ezihlanganyelwayo. Nokho, uma omunye ehlala enqaba kuyilapho omunye okhona ohlala kuyo enqaba, ukwenqaba kuvame ukunqoba futhi izikhulu zingakwazi ukuphenya ngaphandle kogunyaza.

Okunye Okuyingqayizivele

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthathelwa indawo eshiyiwe ngaphandle kokugunyazwa, noma izakhiwo ezisemkhakheni wesibili akuphucwa iSichibiyelo Sesine, ngoba kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukulindela ukuba umuntu abe wedwa endaweni eshiyiwe noma ezakhiwo zempahla esobala akunangqondo.

Imfundiso esobala ithi izindawo ezingaphandle kwesakhiwo ezingasathuthuki noma ezingathuthuki ngokushesha ezizungeze ikhaya azivikelwe iSichibiyelo Sesine.

UMthetho Wokuqeda: Ukukhipha ISichibiyelo Sesine Samalungelo Okuziphatha

Umthetho ohlukanisayo usebenza njengekhambi eliyinhloko leSichibiyelo sesine. Ngaphansi kwalomthetho, ubufakazi obutholakala ngokufuna okungekho emthethweni noma ukuthunjwa ngeke busetshenziswe ngokumelene nommangalelwa enkantolo enkantolo. Lomthetho wamiswa izinkantolo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba ungaphuli amalungelo omthetho nokulondoloza ubuqotho ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo azivumelani nokuphulwa komthetho ngokomthetho.

Umthetho ohlukanisayo awusebenzi kuphela ebufakazini obutholakala ngokuqondile ngokufuna okungekho emthethweni, kodwa futhi nasebufakazini obuvelayo − ngezinye izikhathi obubizwa ngokuthi "izithelo zesihlahla sobuthi"" Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma amaphoyisa ethola ubufakazi ngokungemthetho, ngokuvamile awakwazi ukusebenzisa lobo bufakazi ukuze athole ubufakazi obengeziwe, ngisho noma ubufakazi obengeziwe bebungatholakala ngokomthetho ngokwabo.

Nokho, umthetho wokuhlukanisa unezinto eziningi ezihlukile. Ukushiyana kokholo kuvumela ubufakazi ukuba kuvunywe uma izikhulu zincike ngokunengqondo embweni kamuva owabonakala ungasebenzanga. Ukutholakala okungenakugwenywa kuvumela ukuvuma kobufakazi obungatholakali obungatholakala ngezindlela ezingokomthetho kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuphenywa ngokungemthetho. Imfundiso eyimfihlo inikeza ubufakazi lapho ukuhlobana phakathi kokufuna okungekho emthethweni nokutholwa kobufakazi sekuye kwaqina ngokwanele.

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile Komthetho Wanamuhla Wokufuna Nokungawutholi

Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu Nezobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buye badala izinselele ezintsha zomthetho weSichibiyelo Sesine. Omakhalekhukhwini, ama - computer, nezinye izingcingo zobuchwepheshe ziqukethe ukwaziswa okuningi okuphathelene nabantu, kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi amaphoyisa angayihlola nini futhi kanjani lemishini. Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi imishini ye - electronic ifanelwe isivikelo esinamandla seSichibiyelo Sesine ngenxa yokwaziswa okusheshayo nokubanzi okuqukethe.

ERiley v. California, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga imvume yokuhlola umakhalekhukhwini, ngisho nalapho ucingo luthathwa ukuze luboshwe.INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi omakhalekhukhwini banezici cishe zonke zokuphila kwanamuhla nokuthi ukuzihlola kuhilela izinto eziyimfihlo ngaphezu kwalezo ezihilelekile ekufuneni izinto ezingokoqobo.

Ngokufanayo, imibuzo ephathelene nokuqapha kukahulumeni, ukulandelela nokusebenzisa izingcingo ze - Internet iyaqhubeka ishintsha njengentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe.

Ukuzitika Okunengqondo Kuqhathaniswa Nembangela Enengqondo

Nokho, kwezinye izimo, amaphoyisa angase afune lapho esola ngokunengqondo izenzo zobugebengu. Ukusola okunengqondo kuyindinganiso ephansi kunesizathu okungenzeka sibangele futhi ivumela ukuphenya okulinganiselwe nokuphenya izikhali, kodwa hhayi ukuphenya okuphelele.

Ngaphansi kwe-Terry v.Ohio, izikhulu zingabopha othile okwesikhashana futhi zithathe isikhala sezikhali uma zinokungabaza okunengqondo ukuthi umuntu uhilelekile emsebenzini wobugebengu futhi kungenzeka uhlome futhi uyingozi. Lokhu "UTerry ukuma" noma "misa kanye ne-frask" kumelwe kusekelwe kumaqiniso aqondile, adwetshiwe qha qha qha, hhayi ukusola okungalawuleki noma okuvamile.

Ukuhlola Imingcele Nezidingo Ezikhethekile

Ezinye izimo zihlanganisa iSichibiyelo sesine esinciphileyo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphenya i-Bardet kungaqhutshwa ngaphandle kwemvume noma ngenxa yesizathu esizwakalayo sokukhathalela okukhulu kukahulumeni ukulawula ukuthi ubani nokuthi yini engena ezweni. Ngokufanayo, ukuphenywa kwezezimboni ezilawulwa kakhulu, iziteshi zezokuphepha ezikhumulweni zezindiza, nokuhlola okuthile kwesikole kungaqhutshwa ngaphansi kwezindinganiso ezikhululekile.

"Izidingo ezikhethekile" imfundiso ivumela ukuphenyiswa okungenasizathu lapho uhulumeni unezithakazelo ezibalulekile ezingaphaya komthetho ovamile. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuhlola izidakamizwa zezisebenzi ezithile, izikhungo zokuhlola ukudakwa, noma ukuphenya kwabafundi kubaphathi besikole. Lokhu kuphenya kumelwe kube nokulinganisela, kodwa akudingi izinga elifanayo lokulunga njengokuhlola kwesiko kobugebengu.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo: Lokho Izakhamuzi Okufanele Zikwazi

Amalungelo Akho Phakathi Nokufuna

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo sesine kubalulekile ukuze uzivikele lapho utholana nomthetho. Uma amaphoyisa eza ekhaya lakho nencwadi yokufuna, unelungelo lokubona imvume futhi uqinisekise ukuthi ikhona. Kufanele uhlole ukuthi incwadi isho ikheli lakho futhi uchaze ukuthi izikhulu ezigunyazwe ukuba zifuneni.

Uma amaphoyisa engenalo imvume, ngokuvamile unelungelo lokwenqaba ukuseshwa. Uma umane uthi "Angikuvumi lokhu kuhlola" kuveza ukuma kwakho ngokucacile. Nokho, khumbula ukuthi ezinye izimfuneko ezihlukile zingasavumela amaphoyisa ukuba ahlole ngisho noma ungenamvume.

Awufanele umelane ngokomzimba noma uvimbele izikhulu, ngoba lokhu kungaholela ekumangalelweni okwengeziwe kobugebengu. Kunalokho, chaza ngokucacile ukuphikisa kwakho futhi ubhale ukuthi kwenzekani uma kungenzeka.

Isikhathi Sokufuna Iseluleko Esingokomthetho

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo sesine aphuliwe, kufanele uthintane nommeli ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. ummeli onokuhlangenwe nakho ovikela ubugebengu angahlola ukuthi umsebenzi wokufuna ungenziwa ngokomthetho yini futhi angathatha izinyathelo zokubhala phansi ukuze avimbele ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho. Isikhathi ngokuvamile sibucayi kulezi zimo, njengoba izinselele ezithile ezingokomthetho kumelwe ziphakanyiswe ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala.

Ngisho noma ungakaze umangalelwe ngobugebengu, ukuxhumana nommeli ngemva kokufuna okungabazisayo kungakusiza ukuba uqonde amalungelo akho nezinye izindlela ongazikhetha.

Ukubaluleka Kokubhalwa Kwemibhalo

Uma uphenywa, zama ukubhala ngangokunokwenzeka. Qaphela amagama nezinombolo zamabhaji zezikhulu ezihilelekile, isikhathi nosuku lokuseshwa, ukuthi yini eyaseshwa, nokuthi yini eyabanjwa. Uma kungenzeka, thatha izithombe noma amavidiyo, nakuba kungafanele uphazanyiswe abaphathi ekwenzeni kanjalo.

Uma abanye bekubona kufunwa ngokungemthetho, bathola ukwaziswa kwabo ukuze banikeze izimemezelo noma ubufakazi uma kudingeka. Amaphuzu abhalwe ngokushesha ngemva kokuphenya angasiza ekulondolozeni imininingwane ebalulekile engase ikhohlwe.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nempikiswano Eqhubekayo

Umthetho weSichibiyelo sesine uyaqhubeka ushintsha njengoba izinkantolo zisingatha ubuchwepheshe obusha nezimo zezenhlalo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwaba nezinqumo ezibalulekile eziphathelene nokuhlola ucingo, i-GPS ukulandelela, ukuhlola izindiza, nokuthola imishini yokuxhumana egcinwe yizingxenye zesithathu zezingxenye.

Impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kokuvinjelwa kobuphekula nokulondeka, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wokuvinjelwa kobuphekula nokulondeka kwesizwe.

Imithetho-mithetho kahulumeni nezishaya-mthetho zesizwe zifeza indima ebalulekile ekufuneni nasekuthatheni umthetho wokuthatheka. Izwe lingamisa njalo izindinganiso eziphakeme zokuvikela ukusesha nokuquleka kunalezo ezifunwa yiSichibiyelo sesine, kodwa amazwe awakwazi ukuvumela ukuziphatha okuphula iSichibiyelo Sesine. Amanye amazwe aye athatha isivikelo esiqinile semfihlo ngaphezu kokuba uMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ufuna, anikeze izakhamuzi zawo ezinye izisivikelo.

Indima Yezishaya - mthetho Nemithetho

Nokho, iSichibiyelo sesine siye sanezela isivikelo esisekelwe emongweni ohlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokubeka imithetho eqinile yokusetshenziswa kwentambo. Umthetho weFederal unganikeza isivikelo esengeziwe esingaphezu kwesomthetho - sisekelo, kwakha amalungelo okuvikela alesisimemezelo seSichibiyelo Sesine.

Izimiso zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene zilawula ukuphenya nokugada kukahulumeni ngokwezimo eziqondile. I-Electronic Communications Privacy Act, ilawula ukuthunyelwa komthetho kwezobuchwepheshe. I-Freigntion Surveildance Act imisa izinqubo zokuhlola ukuphepha ekuhlolweni kwesizwe. Lemithetho ibonisa izahlulelo ezihlangene zokulinganisela ukubekwa kwezindaba zomuntu siqu nokugcinwa komthetho okudinga imibandela ethile.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Nokuqhathaniswa

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila emthetho wase-U.S., kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amanye amazwe anezindlela ezihlukene zokufuna nokuthatheka. Amanye amazwe anikeza isivikelo esiqinile sobuso bomuntu siqu kune-United States, kuyilapho amanye enikeza igunya elibanzi lokugcinwa komthetho. Ukuhlola lezizindlela ezihlukahlukene kunganikeza umbono obalulekile ngokukhetha okuboniswe kumthetho weSichibiyelo sesine se-American Isigwegwegwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, i - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ivikela ekuphazanyisweni kwezindaba zomuntu siqu noma ezingekho emthethweni.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kwezinqumo Zesine Ezivikelayo

ISichibiyelo Sesine nemfuneko yokufuna kumelela isivikelo esiyisisekelo esichaza ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni emphakathini okhululekile.

Nakuba ukugcinwa komthetho kunesidingo esingokomthetho sokuhlola ubugebengu nokuvikela ukuphepha komphakathi, lezi zithakazelo kumelwe zilinganiswe ngokumelene namalungelo omuntu siqu nemfuneko yokuba amandla kahulumeni asetshenziswe ngaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha futhi bushintsha emphakathini, iziNguquko Zesine zizoqhubeka zikhona. Izinkantolo, izishaya - mthetho nezakhamuzi zonke zifeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni indlela lezi zisivikelo zomthetho - sisekelo ezisebenza ngayo ezimweni ezintsha. Ngokuhlala zinolwazi ngalezi zindaba nangokuqinisekisa amalungelo azo uma kufaneleka, abantu bangasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sesine siyaqhubeka sinenjongo futhi sisebenza.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubhekene nophenyo lobugebengu, ukhathalela ukugadwa uhulumeni, noma umane unesithakazelo sokuqonda amalungelo akho omthetho - sisekelo, ulwazi lokufuna izimfuneko zokufunwa kweSichibiyelo Sesine lubalulekile. Lezi sivikelo zingezikawo wonke umuntu futhi zisebenza njengesivikelo esibucayi senkululeko esimisweni sethu somthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngamalungelo omthetho- sisekelo nenqubo yobugebengu, vakashela i- Legal Information Institute of Fourterment's Institute noma thintana nommeli ofanelekayo ophethe. Ukuqonda nokusebenzisa amalungelo akho akuyona nje indaba yomuntu siqu, kusiza ekulondolozeni izivikelo zomthetho-mthetho wonke umuntu emphakathini wethu.