Isingeniso: I - Policies ENdiya Isekela Ukulawulwa Kwenhlekelele Okunamandla

Indawo enkulu yaseNdiya esendaweni ezungezile, kusukela ezintabeni zaseHimalaya kuya emathafeni asogwini, iyenza ibe elinye lamazwe ayingozi kakhulu emhlabeni. Izwe libhekana cishe nayo yonke inhlekelele engokwemvelo — ukuzamazama komhlaba, iziphepho, isomiso, isomiso, imvula, imvula — kuyilapho izinhlekelele ezenziwe abantu njengezingozi zezezimboni kanye nokuchitheka kwamakhemikhali kunezela ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi. Ngonyaka ongaphezu ko-1.4, ukulahlekelwa komuntu nezomnotho kukhulu. Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, iNdiya iye yashintsha indlela yayo yokufinyelela usizo olusheshayo, ukuvimbela, ukubulala, ukuvuseba, ukuvuselelwa, ukuvuseleleka kwamakhemikhali. Lesi sihloko siveza ukubukeka okuphakathi kwezimiso, inqubo yezentengiselwano, inqubo yezentengiselwano eyenzekayo namuhla.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwesimiso Sokulawula Izinhlekelele ENdiya

Uhambo lwaseNdiya lokuqondisa izinhlekelele lungaqondwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ngalunye olubunjwe izenzakalo eziyinhlekelele ezadalula amagebe esimisweni samanje.

Inkathi Yangaphambi Konyaka Ka - 6000: Impumuzo Nokusabela

Ngaphambi kokuqala kwenkulungwane yeminyaka, abaphathi benhlekelele babewumthwalo wemfanelo weNkonzo yezeMpilo nezeNguquko. Lokhu kwakugxile cishe ekunikezeni usizo nasemkhakheni wokulungiswa kwezindawo ngemva kuka-1492diaster, ngaphandle kokunaka ukunciphisa izingozi noma ukulungiselela. IBhopal Gas Track (19984) nokuzamazama komhlaba kweLatur (1993) yaqokomisa isidingo sokuhlela ngokubambisana ngokwengeziwe, kodwa isimiso esibanzi sasala singekho.

I - hundzury Point: I - Odisha Super Synome (1999) Nokuzamazama Komhlaba OkuyiGujarat (2001)

IOdisha Super Synome ka-1999, eyabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-10 000, nonyaka ka-2001 wokuzamazama komhlaba (abafa ngama-Bhuj) kwakuyizikhathi eziphethukayo. Le zinhlekelele zabonisa ukuthi indlela yokuthatha isinyathelo kuphela yayanele. Zabangela ukuba kusungulwe ikomiti ephakeme yezikhulu elawula inhlekelele futhi ekugcineni yaholela ekubunjweni kwe-Dissaster Management Act, 2005 — ithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu elilawula insimu.

Inkathi Yanamuhla: Ukusuka Ekulawuleni Inhlekelele Kuya Ekuncishisweni Kwengozi

Kusukela ngo-2005, i-Indiya iye yahlanganisa izimiso zayo kanye nezici zembulunga yonke, ikakhulukazi i- i-Frameai for Disaster Reduction (2030). Ukugcizelela kuye kwashintshela ekwakheni impumelelo emphakathini, ukuhlanganisa ukuncishiswa kwezingozi zenhlekelele ekuhleleni ukuthuthuka, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulungisa i-palective Resation Disastermement (209) kanye ne-National Policy on Disaster Management Plan (209), ehlangene ne-2019)

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokuziphatha Nemisebenzi Engokomthetho Elawula Inhlekelele

Ukubusa kwenhlekelele eNdiya kusekelwe esimisweni esihlelwe ngezindlela eziningi nezakhiwo zemithetho.

Umthetho Wokuphatha Izinhlekelele, Ngo - 2005

I-DM Act ka-2005 i-parency stative. Yamisa isakhiwo senhlangano ezintathu:

  • National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) — ephethwe nguNdunankulu, ophethe ukubeka izimiso, amacebo, neziqondiso.
  • Iziphathimandla ze-SDMAs preference Management presence [[FT:1] — zibekwa isihlalo yizikhulu zezikhonzi, eziphethe ukuhlelwa kwegebe nokubambisana kwezwe.
  • Iziphathimandla ze-Digecal Disaster Disaster Disaster Management (ama-DDMA) — zihleliwe yi-Magistate yeSithili, ephethe isenzo sendawo esimayela nebanga eliphakathi.62]

Lo Mthetho ugunyaza futhi ukuba kwenziwe iNational Disaster Response Force (NDRF) — amandla akhethekile aqeqeshelwe izingozi ezihlukahlukene — neNational Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) ukuze kwakhiwe isakhiwo sokuphatha izimoto. Inikeza ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho kwezinhlelo zokuqondisa inhlekelele kuzo zonke izinga lokuphakama futhi inikeza imali enjengeNational Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) neNational Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF).

Umthetho Wezwe Ophathelene Nokulawulwa Kwezinhlekelele, Ngo - 2009

I-National Policy ibeka imbono, izimiso eziqondisayo, kanye nezinqubo ezisemzimbeni. Ihlanganisa wonke umjikelezo wokulawula inhlekelele — ukuvimbela, ukulinganisela, ukulungiselela, ukusabela, nokululama. Amalungiselelo abalulekile ahlanganisa:

  • Ukugcizelela ukucutha [[QL:0] ukufika kwenhlekelele [1]
  • Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwe - DR ekwakheni izinto ezinjengezisekelo zesisekelo, impilo, imfundo, nokuhlelwa kwamadolobha.
  • Ukuqinisa izimiso zokuxwayisa zakudala nokwakha amandla eziphathimandla zendawo.
  • Ukubonisa ukuthi uyakwazi ukuzwelana nobulili nokuhlanganiswa kwamaqembu asengozini (ngabadala, akhubazekile, abantwana).

National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP), 2016 & 2019

I-NDMP iguqula isimiso sibe iziqondiso ezisebenzayo. Ihlangene ne-Sendai Framey futhi ihlanganisa namasu aqondile ezingozi ezihlukahlukene. I-2019 yokulungisa yanezela izihloko eziningiliziwe ngezinhlekelele zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo neziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi — ezibaluleke kakhulu ngemva kobhadane lwe-COVID . Icebo futhi lihlela indima ecacile ezingxenyeni eziphethe inkonzo, ohulumeni bakahulumeni, kanye nezindikimba zendawo.

Isigaba Sikahulumeni Nesifunda

Isifundazwe ngasinye sinendawo yaso ebizwa ngokuthi i-Dasmedia Management Plan, evumelaniswe nezingozi zendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Uttarakotand no-Himachal Pradesh bagxila kakhulu ekubhidlikeni kwenhlabathi nasezikhukhuleni zechibi leqhwa, kuyilapho izifunda ezingasogwini njenge-Odisha neTamil Nadu ezihlela iziphepho kanye nama-tsunami. Amapulani esigodi agcwele ngisho nangokwengeziwe, ahlanganisa ibala lengozi, izimboni zokusungula imithombo, kanye nemizila yokuthutha.

Umsebenzi Weziqu: Ubani Owenzayo?

Ukulawula inhlekelele ngokuphumelelayo kudinga ukusebenzelana okungenamsoco phakathi kwababheki bezindawo eziningi.

Izinga lesizwe

  • [[UMTL:0] NDMA — ihlela izinqubo, ivumela amapulani, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwabaphathi.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuhlelwa kwezindaba zasekhaya (MHA) — inkonzo yezwi kubaphathi benhlekelele, yengamela i-NDRF ne-National Emergency Response Centre (I-NERC).
  • Impi yenhlekelele yesizwe [NDRF] — amalulwane angu 16 aqeqeshelwe ukutakula nokusabela okukhethekile.
  • Umnyango we-India Meteorological Department (MD) — unikeza izibikezelo zesimo sezulu nesiphepho.
  • Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) — izixwayiso ze-tsunami nesiphepho.
  • Izwe elikude lokubona i-National Spoint Centre (NRSC) [isithombe sesiphuphutheki] se-mead eyingozi nokuhlola umonakalo.

Izinga loMbuso

  • Igunya lombuso lokuphathwa kwenhlekelele (SDMA)
  • Isimo senhlekelele impoqo yokusabela (SDRF)
  • [[UMTHLO] I-Reue kanye nomnyango wosizo[[UMTL:1]
  • Isimo semisebenzi ephuthumayo eCenters (AMASEOC)

Izinga lesifunda ne lasendaweni

  • [[Umthetho:0] Igunya lokuphathwa kwenhlekelele (DDMA)
  • [[Umthetho:0] I-Panchayat yase-Louge ne-Urban Bodies yendawo
  • [[IQUMT:0] Community baamuldume (i-CBDMCs)] Commony à Based Disafe Office Common Office Common Office [i-CBDMCs]]

Lesi sakhiwo esinezinhlu siqinisekisa ukuthi ukwenza isinqumo kuyashintshashintsha nokuthi kungaqala ngezinga eliseduze kakhulu nenani labantu abathintekile.

Umjikelezo Wokuqondisa Inhlekelele: Ukuyeka Ukuvimbela Ukululama

Izimiso zaseNdiya zilandela umjikelezo wokulawula izinhlekelele, ziqaphela ukuthi ukukulungela ngokwanele kubalulekile njengokusabela ngokushesha.

Ukuvimbela Nokubulala

Ukuvimbela kuhilela izinyathelo zokugwema izingozi ngokuphelele — ngokwesibonelo, ukumisa imithetho yokwakha eqinile ezifundeni zokuzamazama komhlaba noma ukuvimbela ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezigcwele izikhukhula. IMitigation inciphisa izinga lenhlekelele. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokukhosela nezindonga zeziphepho (isib., uhlobo lwe - Odisha).
  • Izakhiwo ezibucayi ezikhona njengezibhedlela nezikole.
  • Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nezisebenzi eziwalawulayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukudilika kwenhlabathi nezingozi zezikhukhula.
  • Izimiso zokuqala zokuxwayisa ngeziphepho, ama - tsunami nezikhukhula.

Ukulungiselela

Ukulungiselela kuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphakathi nezinhlangano zikulungele ukuthatha isinyathelo.

  • izibhola ze-Mock eziqhutshwa yi-NDRF ne-SDMAs ezikoleni, emahhovisi, nasemizaneni esengozini.
  • [ Imikhankaso yokuqaphelisa [ ngomsakazo, imithombo yezindaba, kanye nemihlangano yendawo.
  • []] Ukucwengisiswa kwezinto zosizo njengokudla, amanzi, indwangu, nemithi esendaweni efanelekile.
  • [ Iqeqeshela abaphendulayo bokuqala, kuhlanganise nezinkonzo zomlilo, amaphoyisa, nezisebenzi zezempilo.

Ukusabela

Phakathi nenhlekelele, indlela yokusabela kumelwe ikhawuleze futhi ihambisane. Izakhi eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • I - Emergency Operations Centres (EOCs) ezingeni lesizwe, lesifunda nelesigodi.
  • Ukudilizwa kwamaqembu eNDRF neSDRF.
  • Usizo lwezokwelapha nokubaleka.
  • Ukulungiselelwa kwezindawo zokukhosela zesikhashana, amanzi okuphuza, nenhlanzeko.
  • Umonakalo nokudinga ukuhlolwa ukuze kuqondiswe imithombo yemali.

Ukululama Nokuvuselelwa

Ukululama kuhlanganisa ukubuyisela izinto zokuphila, ukusekela impilo, nokwakha kangcono.

Ukuhlanganyela Emphakathini Nokusekela Kwendawo

Izimiso zaseNdiya ziyaqaphela ukuthi imiphakathi iyiziphenduku zokuqala kunoma iyiphi inhlekelele. Aapda Mitra (uMngane) wohlelo lokuqeqesha izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezisezindaweni ezinenhlekelele. Izifunda eziningi ziye zasungula amakomiti endawo okuqondisa inhlekelele ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo. Abesifazane bahileleke kakhulu, ngoba bavame ukuba nolwazi lwendawo futhi babalulekile ekunakekeleni abantwana nasebekhulile phakathi nezikhathi zenhlekelele. Ukusuka ezindaweni eziphezulu kuya ezindaweni eziphansi kwe-PNG kulokhu kungezinye yentuthuko ephawulekayo ekulawuleni kwenhlekelele yaseNdiya.

Ubuchwepheshe Nezimiso Ezixwayisa Ngokushesha

INdiya iye yaba umholi wobuchwepheshe bembulunga yonke bokuxwayisa abantu, ikakhulukazi ngeziphepho nama - tsunami.

Isimiso Sesixwayiso Sesiphepho

I-Indiya Meteorological Department (IMD) iye yathuthukisa amakhono ayo okuxwayisa ngesiphepho ngama-radar esiphepho e-Doppler esimo sezulu, ukwaziswa kwesiphuphutheki okuvela e-INSATÍ3D, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuma kwe-production. Umphumela: ukufa kwezishingitshane kuye kwehla kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, iSiphepho uPhailin (2020) sathinta abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-12 kodwa kwafa abantu abangaba ngu-50 kuphela okubikwayo, uma kuqhathaniswa nabangu-10 000 esivunguvunguvuvu kakhulu sikahulumeni we-InSAT. I-Odisha u-1, uqondiswa ngokuqondile izixwayiso ze-IMD — yindaba yezincwadi.

Isimiso Sesixwayiso Sokuqala Se - tsunami

Ngemva kwe-tsunami yo-2004 e-Indian Ocean, i-Indiya yasungula i-Tsunami Early Centre (ITEWC) e-INCOIS, Hyderabad. Inikeza izixwayiso phakathi nemizuzu eyishumi yesenzakalo sokuzamazama komhlaba. Isimiso sisebenzisa uxhaxhaxha lwezinsi zomfutho wolwandle, izilinganiso ze-ijezi, neziteshi ezinyakazayo.

Ukubikezela NgoZamcolo

ICentral Water Commission (CWC) isebenza iziteshi ezingaphezu kuka - 300 ezibikezela izikhukhula emifuleni emikhulu. Ukuhlelwa kwezitellite process kwemifula kanye nemininingwane yemvula yangempela eyenzeka ngesikhathi esiyi - 416 isixwayisa ngamahora angu - 72 ngaphambi kokuba kufike.

Ubuchwepheshe busetshenziswa futhi ekuhloleni umonakalo — iNational Rerow Soult Scouncing Centre isebenzisa izithombe zesiphuphutheki esiphakeme ukuze ibalase izindawo ezigcwele izikhukhula futhi ibone izindawo zokuhlala ezithintekile ngokushesha ngemva kwenhlekelele.

Ukuphathwa Kwenhlekelele Ngokubambisana: Izimali Nemali

Imali eyanele ibalulekile. I-DM Act ifuna izimali ezimbili zezwe:

  • Inxanxathela yenhlekelele yesizwe ye-Fourcement Fund (NDRF) — ukuphendula ngokushesha nokukhululeka.
  • iNational Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF) — imisebenzi emide ye-partimebreding (isanda kusungulwa).

Ohulumeni bamazwe futhi balondoloza i-S State Disaster Disaster Funds Fund (SDRF). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Mali Commission (indikimba engokomthetho) iyabela izifundazwe ukuba zinikeze izimali zokuphatha inhlekelele ngokusekelwe ezicini ezithile. I-Profesmeth Commission ya 15 yatusa ukumisa i-National Disaster Disaster Diss Disasterd Managed Management Fund (NDRMF) [NFLF ne-[FLT:] State Disaster Disasterd Management Management Fund (SRMF)[F:3] i-SLT] i-FTY) ukukhokhisa izimali zokulungisa nokulungisa izindleko ezilungiselelwe izimali eziphambili lapho izimali eziningi zisetshenziswa khona ekuphenduleni.

Ukuhlola Icala: Izenzo Zezenzo Zokuziphatha

Isibonelo Sokulawula Isiphepho I - odisha

Ushintsho luka-Odisha kusukela enhlekeleleni ka-1999 kuya ekubeni ibhentshi yembulunga yonke luwumphumela oqondile wokusetshenziswa kwezimiso. Izwe lakha inxanxathela yezikhungo zesiphepho ezingu-80+intelligne zemisebenzi ewugqinsi, lamisa i-Odisha State Disaster Management Authority enikezelwe (OSDMA), futhi lafakwa ezisebenzini zomphakathi ezixwayisayo zakudala. Impumelelo yokuthutha i-Primple Phailn (2013) ne-Fani (2029) — okungalahlekelwangaphi ukuphila — kuthiwa ibangelwa yilendlela yokuthatha isinyathelo sokufa komphakathi (850diven).

Izikhukhula ZaseUttarakland (2013) Noshintsho Olulandelayo

Izikhukhula ze-Uttankand zango-2013, ezabangelwa ukuqhuma kwamafu neqhwa, zabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-5 000. Inhlekelele yadalulwa ekuhlelweni kwezakhiwo zemvelo (isibonelo, amadamu nemigwaqo eyakhiwe ezindaweni ezintekenteke) nenhlekelele endaweni enezintaba. I-Pfter 882013, uhulumeni walungisa uhlelo lwawo lokulawula inhlekelele, waqinisa ukugadwa kwechibi leqhwa, wavimbela ukwakhiwa kwezindawo eziphakeme ze-6arisk, futhi wathuthukisa izimiso ezixwayisayo zokuqala zezikhukhula. I-NDMA waphinde wakhipha iziqondiso eziqondile zokulawula inhlekelele ezindaweni ezinezintabeni.

ICOVOVID ←19 Njengenhlekelele Yesayensi Yokuphila

Isifo se-COVOID 16) sahlola indlela yokulawula inhlekelele yase-India. Ekuqaleni, i-NDMA yacela amalungiselelo e-DM Act ukuze inikeze iziqondiso zokuvala i-ockdood Management Plan 2019. I-National Disaster Management Plan 2019 yayihlanganise isiqephu senhlekelele yezinto eziphilayo, esanikeza isisekelo — kodwa izinga lenkinga yempilo elidinga ukubambisana okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili. Izifundo ezifundweyo manje zifakwa ekubukezeni esikhathini esizayo, futhi zigxile kakhulu ezinhlanganweni zezempilo zomphakathi.

Izinselele Ekufezeni Imisebenzi

Naphezu kwezimiso eziqinile, izinselele eziningana ziyaqhubeka:

  • Izakhiwo ezingenamsoco: Izindawo eziningi zasemaphandleni azikakwethembi ukusakazwa kobuxwayisi okungokokuqala (umz., ukuhlanganiswa kwenethiwekhi ye-inthanethi emagqumeni aqhelile).
  • [[Ukwehla] Izikhala zobubanzi endaweni: DMAS ezifundeni eziningi azinazisebenzi futhi azithandeki.
  • ishintsha ukuvuleka: ukunyuka nobukhulu bezenzakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu (izikhukhula ezibandayo, iziphepho) zidlula izinyathelo zamanje zokuzivumelanisa.
  • [ Ukuxhumanisa okungavumelani: ngezikhathi ezithile kubangela ukulibala; ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kweminyango yemali kahulumeni ne-SDMAs.
  • [ Ukuqaphela: Ngisho noma kunezimpawu, eminye imiphakathi iyanqikaza ukuthutha ngenxa yokwesaba ukulahlekelwa imfuyo noma impahla.
  • Ingozi ye-Urban: Ukuhlelwa kwezindawo ezikhuphukayo noma ukuzamazama komhlaba (umz., Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru) kudala izinto ezintsha eziqala ukubizwa ngezimiso ezikhona.

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukwakha Inhlekelele ENdiya Esafufusa

Isimiso se-Ediya sihambisana kakhulu nesiqalo se-Sendai Framew ye- “Yakhani Kungcono.” Izindlela zokubuyela phambili zihlanganisa:

  • I-National Coalition for Disaster Reduction (NCDR):[ Iqonga le-DR hodder ukuhlanganisa imizamo enqamule izingxenye.
  • Uhlelo lwe-Urlience: lugxile emisebenzini yasemadolobheni ehlakaniphile ehlanganisa amanzi angenamanzi akhukhulayo, uphahla oluluhlaza, nezindawo zokuhlala ezinamagebhugebhu.
  • [ School Safety Programme: Imfundo yokulawula inhlekelele ephokophele esikoleni futhi iqeqeshela ukugcona njalo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuhlela okungaqondakaliyo: Ukuhlanganisa ukuphathwa kwenhlekelele neNational Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izibalo zesimo sezulu zinikeza izibalo zengozi kanye nomklamo wesakhiwo.
  • [ Ukugunyaza Ohulumeni Bendawo:[ IKhomishane ye-15 yezemali yatusa ukuba okungenani i 10% yohlelo lokuhlela inhlekelele ephelele yabelwe izindikimba zendawo ukuze kuncishiswe imisebenzi eyingozi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNdiya ifaka isandla ngokuzikhandla ekuncipheni kwenhlekelele yembulunga yonke ngokubambisana kwamazwe angomakhelwane, ihlanganyela ubuchwepheshe bokuxwayisa kwasekuqaleni namazwe angomakhelwane, futhi ihlanganyele emapulatifomu eUN. iNational Disaster Management Authority [[[FLT: 1] njalo ihlela kabusha iziqondiso zayo ukuze ihlanganise imikhuba emihle kakhulu emhlabeni wonke.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zokuphatha inhlekelele zaseNdiya ziye zavela ngokuphawulekayo kusizo oludlulela phambili kuya ekunciphiseni izinhlelo ezibanzi eziyingozi. [FLT]Disaster Management Act 2005, i- Nationalgal Policy 2009, kanye [[FLT] ne- National Management Management Plan Plan [ inikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho nesakhiwo. Impumelelo esisesakhefuthezekezekezeko esivukweni i-Odishayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezesayensi yakuqala kwezimiso zobuchwepheshe zingene ezisebenzayo ezibonelela ekusebenziseni izinhlelo eziwumphumela zalengisweni.[FFE] Izingozi zezenyukston embulukweni lenani elingokomthetho elingokomthetho, kodwa futhi ezikhona ngokulandelana kwezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo: kodwa inzuzo yezentengo: Nokho, kodwa ihluleka ukuguqula inzuzo, ihluleka uku