Ukuqonda Izinga likahulumeni: Ubani Okhokha Icala Lapho Kugadla Inhlekelele?

Izinhlekelele zemvelo, izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, kanye nezinhlekelele ezinkulu aziyihloniphi imingcele elawulayo. Uma isiphepho siwisa indawo, iqubula lomlilo lihlasela umphakathi, noma umqedazwe usakazeke kulo lonke izwe, umbuzo wokuthi ubani onegunya nomthwalo wemfanelo uba yimfuneko ngokushesha. Impendulo ayivamile. Ukusabela okuphuthumayo eUnited States kuhilela isigaba esihleliwe sikahulumeni, uhulumeni, nohulumeni bendawo, ngamunye oneziphathimandla ezihlukene zomthetho, imithombo yezimali, nemithwalo yemfanelo. Ukuqonda indlela lezi zilinganiso zikahulumeni ezibaluleke ngayo kubaphathi bezesimo esiphuthumayo, izikhulu zomphakathi, izakhamuzi zomphakathi, nabantu abavamile ngokufanayo. Uma wonke umuntu esazi indima yakhe futhi eqonda inqubo, ukusabela okushesha, ukuhlanganiswa, nokuphumelela kakhulu ekusindiseni impahla kanye nemithwalo yempahla.

Isimiso esilawula ukusabela kwenhlekelele e-United States sakhiwe ngesimiso sobuzwe, lapho kuhlanganyelwa khona amandla phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni. Umthetho iStafford Act, uhlelo oluyinhloko olungokomthetho losizo lwenhlekelele kahulumeni, sisungula inqubo eqalayo endaweni futhi inyuke kuphela uma imithombo yendawo ne-ohulumeni ikhushulelwa kahle. Lendlela ephansi iqinisekisa ukuthi imiphakathi iyakwazi ukulawula imizamo yayo siqu lapho ithola ukusekela kwezwe lapho kudingeka. Nokho, ukunkimbitheka kwalesimiso kungaholela ekudideleni, ukubambezela, nokungahambisani kahle uma zonke izinhlangano zingalungiselelwa kahle. Lesi sihloko sizohlola izinga ngalinye likahulumeni ngomniningwane, sihlole ukuthi iziphi izinkathazo, futhi izihloko ezinkulu zihlangana kanjani phakathi nezinhlekelele ezisezingeni elisesimweni sanamuhla.

Izinga Lendawo: Abasabela Kuqala Nabanegunya Lokuqala

Uhulumeni wendawo uyindawo ephambili yokusabela enhlekeleleni. Uma isiphepho sihlasela, ukuchitheka kwamakhemikhali kwenzeka, noma isikhukhula siqala ukunyuka, umnyango wamaphoyisa wendawo, umnyango womlilo, izinkonzo zezokwelapha, nezisebenzi zomphakathi ezisabela kuqala. Lezi zinhlangano zisondelene kakhulu nale nhlekelele, ziyazi ukuthi umphakathi uneziphepho zawo, futhi ziqeqeshelwa ukwenza ngokushesha ngaphandle kokulinda imvume evela kumazinga aphakeme kahulumeni. Ezimweni eziningi, uhulumeni wendawo uhlala ukhona uphethe igunya eliholayo kuyo yonke inqubo yokusabela nokululama, ngisho nalapho umbuso nemithombo yawo ilethwa ukuze isize.

Indima Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni Wendawo

Imithwalo yemfanelo eqondile kahulumeni wendawo phakathi nenhlekelele ibanzi futhi isebenza kakhulu. Okokuqala, izinkonzo eziphuthumayo zendawo zinomthwalo wokusebenza ngokuphepha okusheshayo. Izikhulu zamaphoyisa zivikeleka ezindaweni ezithintekile, izimoto eziqondisa izimoto, futhi zigcine ukuhleleka. Abacimi bomlilo bayaphesha futhi bahlele imishini yokuhlenga, baphethe izinto eziyingozi, futhi bavimbele imililo. Izisebenzi zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo zisiza abalimele futhi zithuthe labo abadinga ukunakekelwa okuphakeme.

Ngaphandle kokusabela ngokushesha, ohulumeni bendawo banomthwalo wemfanelo wokulungiselela umphakathi nokulinganisela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuthuthukisa nokugcina amasu acacile okusebenza okuphuthumayo, ukuqondisa izinqubo zokubhola nokuzivivinya, ukufundisa umphakathi ngezindlela zokuthutha nezindawo zokukhosela, nokumisa imithetho yokwakha eklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukuchayeka ezingozini ezingokwemvelo. Ohulumeni bendawo futhi baphatha izimiso zokuxwayisa ngezimo eziphuthumayo, njengokubuyisela izingcingo ezingu-911, kanye nezixwayiso eziphuthumayo ezingaqondakali, ezinikeza ukwaziswa okunenselelekile ezakhamuzini ngaphambi naphakathi nenhlekelele.

Izikhulu zendawo ezikhethwe, njengezikhulu zedolobha namalungu omkhandlu wedolobha, zifeza indima eyinhloko ekwenzeni izinqumo nokuxhumana komphakathi. Zinegunya lokukhipha iziyalo zokuxoshwa, ukumisa imithetho yezikhathi zokwehla, izikhungo ezivulekile, nokucela usizo oluvela kuhulumeni wezwe. Ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo kwabaholi bendawo kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukwethenjwa umphakathi nasekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izakhamuzi zithatha izenzo ezifanele zokuvikela. Uma izikhulu zendawo zinikeza ngokucacile, ngesikhathi, futhi ukwaziswa okuqondile, umphakathi ucishe uvumelane kakhulu neziqondiso zokuphuma komphakathi nezinye iziqondiso zokuphepha.

Imingcele Yokukwazi Ukuzenzela Izinto Endaweni

Nakuba ohulumeni bendawo bengowokuqala ukusabela, abahlonyiselwe ukusingatha izinhlekelele ezinkulu ngedwa. Amadolobha amancane nasemaphandleni kungaba namanani alinganiselwe abacimi bomlilo, amaphoyisa, nezisebenzi zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo. Izinto njengamathuluzi amakhulu okuhlenga, izinhlelo zokuxhumana, nezimoto ezikhethekile zingaba mancane. Uma inhlekelele idlula amandla endawo, uhulumeni wendawo kumelwe acele usizo kuhulumeni. Lokhu kuyingxenye evamile futhi kulindeleke esimisweni sokuphatha inhlekelele, futhi kubangela inqubo engokomthetho yokwabiwa kwempahla nokuhlelwa kwemisebenzi nokubambisana okuletha amakhono engeziwe okuthwala.

Isilinganiso Sikahulumeni: Ukubambisana, Imithombo Yengcebo, Negunya

Uhulumeni usebenza njengebhuloho eligxekayo phakathi kwezindawo nemithombo kahulumeni. Uma inhlekelele inqoba isilinganiso sendawo, uhulumeni uthatha indima edingekayo ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka nokusekela imithombo edingekayo ukuze kugcinwe inzuzo edingekayo kakhulu. Umbusi ungumuntu oyinhloko ekusabeleni kwenhlekelele kahulumeni, ephethe igunya elingokomthetho ngaphansi komthetho wezwe ne-Stafford Act ukuze enze izinto ezingenakukwenziwa ohulumeni bendawo. [

[UMlawuli weMandla neZwe leNkakhulu leNkathi yeNkathi [

[[FLT]] [iindlela] [indlela] eqinile yethuluzi elinamandla kakhulu lokusabela kwenhlekelele, ukuvuma kwesimo esiphuthumayo. Lokhu kuveza ukuhlelwa kwemvume yesimo esiphuthumayo nesembukwamandla sezomthetho wezomthetho [imvume yombuso]

Isifundazwe ngasinye sinakekela isikhungo saso sokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo, esiyindikimba eyinhloko ehlela ukusabela ngenhlekelele ezingeni lombuso. Lamanxusa, njenge-Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES) ye-California noma iTexas Division of Emergency Management (TDEM), anomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthuthukisa nokunakekela izimo eziphuthumayo zikahulumeni, ukuqondisa isikhungo sokusebenza okuphuthumayo, ukuhlangana nohulumeni bendawo, nokucela nokusakaza imithombo kahulumeni. Izinhlangano zokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo ziqhuba futhi zinikeze usizo lweze zilungisele nabaphathi bendawo eziphuthumayo.

Ukubambisana Kwemithombo Yemali Nosizo Lobunye

Enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu kahulumeni wezwe phakathi nenhlekelele ukubambisana kwemisebenzi yezezimali. Uma uhulumeni wendawo ecela usizo, isikhungo sokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo sisebenza ukuze sigcwalise leso sicelo ngemithombo kahulumeni noma ngezivumelwano zokusizana nezinye izifundazwe. I-Emergency Management Implate Convictive (EMAC) iyisivumelwano esibalulekile samazwe ahlukene esivumela amazwe ukuba ahlanganyele izisebenzi, amathuluzi, nezinto zokusiza phakathi nezinhlekelele. I-EMAC iye yasetshenziswa kakhulu phakathi neziphepho, imigodi, nezinye izenzakalo ezinkulu, okwenza ukuba kukwazi ukuthumela amaqembu omlilo, abaphathi bezomthetho, amaqembu ezokwelapha, nezinye izinto zosizo ezithinta izindawo ngokushesha nangempumelelo.

Ohulumeni bakahulumeni bafeza indima eyinhloko ekuqondiseni ukwaziswa komphakathi phakathi nenhlekelele. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziqondisa izimo eziphuthumayo zivame ukusebenzisa izikhungo zokwaziswa ezihlangene ezixhumanisa imiyalezo enqamule izifundazwe ezihlukene nezikhungo eziningi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi umphakathi wamukela ukwaziswa okungaguquguquki, okunembile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhulumeni uwunikeza liphi. Iminyango yezempilo yezempilo yoMbuso, iminyango yezokuthutha, nezinhlangano zendawo ezungezile zinendima ekhethekile ekusabelweni kwenhlekelele, ukusingatha izindaba ezinjengokuhlola izifo, ukuvala kwemigwaqo, nokungcoliswa kwendawo ezungezile.

Isilinganiso Sezikhungo Zomphakathi: Ukusekela Nemithombo Ekhethekile

Uhulumeni ungena esabelweni senhlekelele lapho umbuso nemithombo yendawo kunganele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zalesisimo. Ngaphansi koMthetho weStafford, uMongameli unegunya lokumemezela inhlekelele enkulu noma isimo esiphuthumayo, esivula izinhlelo eziningi zosizo lukahulumeni. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni akathathi hlangothi; kunalokho, usekela uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo, abahlala bephethe imibuso yabo siqu.

I - FEMA Nendlela Isizwe Esisabela Ngayo

I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) iyinhlangano ephambili kahulumeni yembubhiso nempucuko. I-FEMA ihlanganisa imisebenzi yeminyango kahulumeni engaphezu kwengu-20 nezinhlangano ezinendima ekuphenduleni inhlekelele, kuhlanganise noMnyango Wezezenhlalakahle, uMnyango Wezempilo Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi, i-Divior of Treamment, ne-Auto Corps of Engineers. Imithwalo yemfanelo ephambili ye-FEMA ihlanganisa ukunikeza usizo lwezimali kuhulumeni nakohulumeni bendawo ukuze baphendule futhi balungise imizamo, ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zosizo zemithombo kahulumeni, kanye nokuqondisa izinhlelo zosizo zenhlekelele kubantu ngabanye nemikhaya.

I-National ResponseFramework (NRF) iyincwadi eqondisayo yendlela uhulumeni ophethe ngayo izinhlelo zenhlekelele. I-NRF imisa uhlelo olufanayo lwezimiso, izindima, nezakhiwo ezenza wonke amazinga kahulumeni asebenze ngokuphumelela. Yakhiwe enxanxanyeni kwe-Incident Leading System (ICS), isimiso sokuqondisa esivamile esinikeza uhide lweziyalezo kanye nolimi olufanayo kubo bonke abasabelayo. I-NRF ibuye ichaze izindima zezinhlangano ezizimele, amaqembu angezona inzuzo, nezisebenzi zokuzithandela ekusabeleni ngenhlekelele, iqaphela ukuthi ukuphatha inhlekelele kudinga indlela yokuthatha isinyathelo esiphelele.

Izinhlelo Zosizo Ezizimele

Usizo lwezezimali phakathi nenhlekelele lunezindlela eziningi. Uhlelo lwe-FEMA yomphakathi lunikeza izimali kuhulumeni bendawo nasezindaweni ezikhona ukuze kulungiswe futhi kubuyiselwe izakhiwo eziwohlokile, njengemigwaqo, amabhuloho, izikole, nezindawo zokulapheka amanzi. Usizo ngalunye lunikeza usizo oluqondile lwezimali kubantu ngabanye nasemakhaya ukuze kuhlalwe izindlu, impahla yomuntu siqu, nezinye izidingo ezihlobene nenhlekelele. I-Hazade Mitigation Grant Program inikeza izimali emiphakathini yemisebenzi enciphisa ingozi yesikhathi esizayo, njengamakhaya akhuphule izakhiwo ezimelene nokuzamazama komhlaba, noma izakhiwo ezikhubaza izakhiwo ezizungezile ezisezindaweni ezishisayo.

Uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza futhi ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile nemithombo yezobuchwepheshe engekho esilinganisweni sombuso noma sendawo. IButho lempi lase-U.S. linikeza ubunjiniyela kanye nokwakha, kuhlanganise nezindlu zesikhashana, ukususwa kwemfucumfucu, nokulawulwa kwezikhukhula. ICenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ithumela abacwaningi bezifo kanye nokusekela kokucwaninga phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zezempilo zomphakathi. Umnyango wezempilo nezezinkonzo zomphakathi uthumela iNational Disatial Medical System, ehlanganisa amaqembu odokotela, abahlengikazi, nezinye izazi zezokwelapha ezingamisa izibhedlela zasemasimini futhi zinikeze usizo lwezempilo ezikhungweni zenhlekelele.

Ukukhulumisana Nokubambisana: Isihluthulelo Sokusabela Okuphumelelayo

Impumelelo yanoma ikuphi ukusabela ngenhlekelele ixhomeke ekuxhumaneni nokubambisana okuphumelelayo phakathi kwawo wonke amazinga kahulumeni. Uma izinhlangano zikahulumeni, uhulumeni, nomphakathi zihlanganyela ukwaziswa, zihlela imisebenzi yazo, futhi zisebenzela ukufinyelela imigomo efanayo, ukusabela kushesha, kuphumelela kakhulu, futhi kuphumelela kakhulu. Uma ukuxhumana kunqamuka, imiphumela ingaba yinhlekelele. Izifundo ezifundwe ezinhlekeleleni zesikhathi esidlule ziye zathuthukisa kakhulu indlela ohulumeni abaxhumana ngayo futhi basebenzelana ngayo phakathi nezinkinga.

Izinhlangano Zohulumeni Ezihlangene

Inqubo eyinhloko yokubambisana phakathi kwezindawo zohulumeni phakathi nenhlekelele isikhungo semisebenzi yesimo esiphuthumayo (EOC). Izindawo, isifundazwe, ne-EOC yesifundazwe, isebenza njengezindawo eziphakathi zokuqoqa ulwazi, ukuphatha izimpahla, nokwenza izinqumo. Abameleli abavela ezinhlanganweni eziningi basebenza ngapha nangapha e-EOC, bahlanganyela ulwazi lwangempela nemisebenzi yabo. Lemisebenzi ehlangeneyo yezisebenzi ezisuka emazingeni ahlukene kahulumeni futhi iphula izinhlangano zenhlangano futhi yenza kube nenkinga esheshayo.

Ukuqeqesha okuhlangene kungelinye ithuluzi elibalulekile lokwakha ukubambisana kwezinhlangano zohulumeni. Ukuqeqeshelwa njalo okuhilela uhulumeni, umbuso, nezinhlangano zendawo kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi bonke abahilelekile baqonde indima yabo nemithwalo yemfanelo futhi bangasebenza ndawonye ngokuphumelelayo ngaphansi kokucindezela kwesenzakalo sangempela. Ukuvivinya umzimba kusuka ezingxoxweni eziphezulu zezenzakalo ezicatshangelwayo kuya ezihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwezisebenzi nemishini. Lokhu kuhlola futhi ubuthakathaka emacebweni nasezinqubweni ezingase zixazululwe ngaphambi kokuba inhlekelele yangempela yenzeke.

Ukuhlanganyela Ukwaziswa Nobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla bulithuthukise kakhulu ikhono lohulumeni lokuhlanganyela ulwazi phakathi nezinhlekelele. I-Gographic Information Systems (GIS) ivumela abaphendulayo ukuba banikeze amabalazwe ezindawo ezithintekile, baphawule abantu abasengozini, futhi balandelele ukuhamba kwezingozi ngesikhathi sangempela. Amapulatifomu asekelwe kuyi-Webhusayithi njenge-FEMA Incide Information Drashboardboard nezimiso zokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo zikahulumeni zinikeza i-status abonisa umfanekiso osebenza osebenza kahle ongase utholakale ngezisebenzi ezigunyaziwe kuzo zonke izingalo zikahulumeni. Izenhlalakahle zisetshenziswa futhi zisebenzisa imibiko yomphakathi, imibiko yezokuhlola izimo, nemizamo yezisebenzi zokuzithandela. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe bodwa abunele. Ithemba, ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu, nemithetho yokuxhumana emisiwe ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukwaziswa kuyahlanganye futhi kusebenza ngokushesha.

Ukuhlola Izifo: Izifundo Ezitholakala Ezinhlekeleleni Ezinkulu

Ukuhlola izinhlekelele ezingokoqobo emhlabeni kunikeza ukuqonda okucacile kwezindlela izilinganiso zikahulumeni ezisebenzelana ngayo lapho kunezinkinga nokuthi yini engalunga uma ukubambisana kwezimiso kungahambi kahle. Ucwaningo olulandelayo lubonisa izinselele nokuphumelela kokusabela enhlekeleleni eyanda kakhulu.

ISiphepho uKatrina (2005)

Isiphepho uKatrina sisalokhu siyisibonelo esiphawuleka kakhulu sokwehluleka kwenhlekelele eyenzeka embusweni kahulumeni.

Kuhulumeni, i-FEMA yagxekwa ngokuthatha kancane ukuqaphela ubukhulu balesimo nokuhluleka ukuxhumana ngokuphumelelayo neziphathimandla zikahulumeni nezendawo. Umqondisi wenhlangano ngaleso sikhathi, uMichael Brown, wabonwa kabanzi njengongakulungele ukubhekana nenhlekelele. UMnyango Wezempi wakubekela ijubane ukuthunyelwa kwamabutho asebenzayo, kuyilapho i-National Guard yayibhekene nomyalo kanye nezimpikiswano ngoba amanye amaqembu ayengaphansi kokulawulwa umbuso kuyilapho amanye elawulwa. Izimiso zokuxhumana zahluleka ngokwenhlekelele, zashiya abaphendulayo nabantula omphakathi bengenalwazi olunokwethenjelwa izinsuku eziningi.

Kulelozinga lesifundazwe, uMbusi uKathleen Blanco wagxekwa ngokucela usizo lukahulumeni nokwenza isisekelo sombuso singasebenzi ngokugcwele. Ukusabela kukahulumeni kwaphazamiseka ngenxa yokungahleleki nokungaxhumani kohulumeni bendawo, ikakhulukazi idolobha lase-New Orleans. Ngezinga lendawo, i-New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin yakhipha uhlelo oluyisibopho kodwa yayingenacebo elisebenzayo lokukhulula izakhamuzi ezinabantu abangakwazi ukuthutha. Izinkulungwane zabantu zashiywa zingenakho ukuhlelwa eSuperdome naseSikhungweni soMhlangano-Mhlangano ngaphandle kokudla okwanele, amanzi, noma ukunakekelwa kokwelashwa.

Ukwehluleka kweSiphepho uKatrina kwaholela ekushintsheni okukhulu ekuqondiseni izinhlekelele. Umthetho wePost-Katrina Emergency Management Act ka-2006 waphinde wahlela i-FEMA, wayinika igunya nengcebo eyengeziwe. I-National Reformation Framework yabukezwa ukuze kucaciswe izindima nemithwalo yemfanelo. Umqondo ‘ wonke umphakathi ’ wokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo wavela, ugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlanganisa inkampani yomuntu siqu, ukungazifaki nzuzo, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ekuhleleni inhlekelele nokusabela. Izifundo zikaKatrina ziyaqhubeka zitshela ukuhlelelwa kwesimo esiphuthumayo kuze kube namuhla.

Imlilo eCalifornia (207 - 2018)

Izinkathi zequbula lomlilo ezibhubhisayo zika-2017 no-2018 eCalifornia zabonisa indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokubambisana kwezindawo zikahulumeni. I-Camp Fire, eyabhubhisa idolobha lasePharadesi ngoNovember 2018, kwakuyisiphepho somlilo esibhubhisa kakhulu emlandweni weCalifornia, ukubulala abantu abangu-85 nokucekela phansi izakhiwo ezingaphezu kuka - 18 000. Naphezu kwesilinganiso senhlekelele, ukusabela kwanconywa kakhulu ngesivinini, ukubambisana nokusebenza kwayo.

UMbusi uJerry Brown wamemezela ngokushesha isimo esiphuthumayo, esavumela ukuqoqwa okusheshayo kwemithombo kahulumeni. I-Office kaMbusi waseCalifornia yeNkonzo yezezimo (Cal OES) yamisa isikhungo sayo sokusebenza futhi yaqala ukusebenza neminyango yomlilo yendawo, izinhlangano zokugcinwa komthetho, kanye nabantu abasebenza nohulumeni phakathi namahora amancane e-ignomential. Umbuso wabuye wagunyaza i-Emergency Management Affect Community, waletha amaqembu abacishi abavela kwamanye amazwe ukuba balwe namalangabi.

I-FEMA yanikeza ukusekela ngokushesha nangendlela ephumelelayo, ibonisa intuthuko ekwakhekeni kwezimiso zikahulumeni okwaqala ngemva kukaKatrina. Inhlangano yathumela amaqembu okuqondisa izenzakalo, yanikeza usizo lwezimali kubantu ngabanye nemikhaya, futhi yasebenza eduze neziphathimandla zikahulumeni nezindawo ukuze iqondise ukusabela. Izinhlangano zokugcinwa komthetho zendawo eButte County zakwazi ukunqanda ukunqanda ukuthuthwa ngokuphumelelayo, futhi nakuba inani labafa laliphakeme ngokudabukisayo, izazi eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi izimiso ezingcono zokuhlela nokuxwayisa zasindisa ukuphila okwengeziwe. Ukusabela kwemililo yeCalifornia kwabonisa ukuthi lapho zonke izigaba zikahulumeni zisebenza ndawonye ngemisebenzi ecacile nokuxhumana okuphumelelayo, ngisho nezinhlekelele ezibhubhisa kakhulu zingaphumelela kakhulu.

ICOVID-19 Pandemic (2020 - 2023)

Isifo se-COVOID-19 saveza inselele eyingqayizivele yokusabela phakathi kwenhlekelele kahulumeni ngoba sathinta wonke amazwe kanye nendawo ngesikhathi esisodwa, okuyinto engavamile ngezinhlekelele zemvelo. Lokhu kwabangela isidingo semithombo yemali futhi kwahlola imingcele yesimiso sokubambisana kwezwe esisesifundazweni.

Lo mqedazwe waqokomisa kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka esimisweni samanje. Ekuqaleni kwenhlekelele, kwakunokudideka okukhulu ngokuthi iliphi izinga likahulumeni elalinegunya lokukhipha iziyalezo zokuhlala ekhaya, ukugunyaza ukuvala izifihla - buso, nokulawula ukuhanjiswa kwempahla yezokwelapha nemijovo. Ohulumeni kwezinye izizwe bakhipha iziyalezo zikahulumeni, kuyilapho ohulumeni bendawo kwezinye izizwe basebenzisa imithetho yabo siqu, okwaholela ekusebenziseni imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi eyadidanisa umphakathi futhi yayenza yayinkimbinkimbi ukusabela.

Uhulumeni kahulumeni, nge CDC ne-FEMA, wanikeza isiqondiso nengcebo kodwa wabhekana nokugxekwa ngokuthunyelwa kwemiyalezo okungavumelaniyo nokubambeka ekusakazweni kwemishini yokuvikela yomuntu siqu kanye nokuhlola izinto ezitholakalayo. Ukusakazwa kwemijovo yokugoma ekupheleni konyaka ka-202020 nasekuqaleni kuka-2021 kwadinga ukubambisana okungakaze kube khona phakathi kwabaxhasi bezwe, nohulumeni bendawo, kanye nohulumeni bendawo, kanye nempumelelo yomphakathi wezempilo kanye namakhambiso. Impumelelo yomkhankaso wokugoma ibonisa ukuthi lapho isimiso sokugoma sisebenza ngendlela eklanywe ngayo, singafinyelela imiphumela ephawulekayo, kodwa ukuphambuka kwasekuqaleni kwalo mqedazwelo kubonisa ukuthi kusekhona ithuba lokuthuthukisa ukusebenzelana kwezenzwe phakathi kwe-Probibiong.

Lokho Izakhamuzi Okufanele Zikwazi: Isiqondiso Esisebenzayo Sokusabela Enhlekeleleni

Ukuqonda ukuthi amazinga kahulumeni asebenzelana kanjani phakathi nenhlekelele akuyona nje indlela yokufunda, kodwa kulezi zakhamuzi ezivamile, lokhu kungayisiza inhlekelele. Uma inhlekelele igadla, ukwazi ukuthi ithinta bani, ukuthi ikuphi ukwaziswa okufanele sikufune nokuthi ungalusebenzisa kanjani usizo lwesimiso semfundo kungasiza abantu nemikhaya ukuba bathole usizo oludinga ngokushesha.

Uhulumeni wendawo kufanele ube yindawo yokuqala yokuxhumana phakathi nezikhathi eziphuthumayo. Amaphoyisa endawo, umlilo, kanye nezinkonzo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo yizona ezisabela ngokushesha kakhulu nezijwayelene kakhulu nezimo zendawo. Izikhulu zendawo zikhipha iziyalo zokuthutha, izikhungo ezivulekile, futhi zinikeze ukwaziswa mayelana nokuvaleka komgwaqo nezinye izingozi. Izakhamuzi kufanele zisayine izimiso zendawo eziqaphile, ezithumela izixwayiso futhi zilungise ngqo umakhalekhukhwini kanye ne-imeyili. Iwebhusayithi i-every.gov iwumthombo omuhle kakhulu wokufunda indlela yokulungiselela izimo eziphuthumayo.

Uma imithombo yendawo inqotshwe futhi kudingeka usizo olwengeziwe, uhulumeni wezwe uba umthombo oyinhloko wosizo. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo zilondoloza amawebhusayithi kanye nezindawo ezishisayo ezinikeza ukwaziswa ngezinhlelo zosizo zenhlekelele, izindawo zokufihla izindawo, nemithombo yokuthuthukisa. Umbuso futhi uhlanganisa ukuthunyelwa kwamabutho esizwe, anganikeza ukulondeka, ezokuthutha, kanye nokusekela. Phakathi nenkathi emisiwe yesimo esiphuthumayo, izakhamuzi kufanele ziqaphele ukuxhumana nomthetho obalulekile wokulungisa nokuqondisa okubalulekile.

Uma uMongameli ememezela inhlekelele enkulu, i-FEMA iba khona ukuze inikeze usizo oluqondile kubantu ngabanye nasemakhaya. Lokhu kusiza kungahlanganisa izimali zezindlu zesikhashana, ukulungisa ikhaya, nezinye izindleko ezihlobene nenhlekelele. Izakhamuzi zingafaka isicelo sosizo lwe-FEMA ku-inthanethi ye-FEMA nge-website ye- FEMA.gov noma ngokubiza i-FEMA DECPRPline. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi usizo lwe-FEMA alusona isithakazelo somshuwalense nokuthi ukukhokha okusekelwe ekudingweni nasebusweni komonakalweni.

Okokugcina, izakhamuzi kufanele ziqonde ukuthi ukusabela ngenhlekelele kungumthwalo wemfanelo ohlanganyelwe. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni kuzo zonke izigaba zifeza indima yazo, kodwa abantu ngabanye nemiphakathi bafeza indima ebalulekile. Ukuba necebo lomuntu siqu lokunikeza inhlekelele, ukwakha amathuluzi okunikeza inhlekelele, ukuhlala zinolwazi ngezingozi zendawo, nokuhlanganyela emisebenzini yokulungiselela umphakathi zonke ziyizinyathelo ezibalulekile wonke umuntu angazenza. I-National Oceanic ne-Atmospheric Administration (NOA) inikeza izixwayiso zesimo sezulu nokwaziswa okuyingozi ngenkonzo yezwe yeNyakathombo , futhi i-American Cross Cross inikeza imithombo yenhlekelele elungiselelwe izinhlelo nezinhlelo.

Isiphetho: Isimiso Esakhelwe Ubuhlobo

Isimiso sokusabela enhlekeleleni e-United States siyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa sakhiwe ngesimiso esinengqondo: ukulawula kwendawo ngokusekela kukahulumeni nohulumeni. Lendlela ephansi iqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa ngabantu abazi imiphakathi yabo kangcono, kuyilapho isanikeza ukutholakala kwemithombo emikhulu nobuchwepheshe bezinga eliphakeme likahulumeni uma kudingeka. Isimiso siye savivinywa kaningi ngezinhlekelele ezinkulu, futhi nakuba singakenziwa ngendlela ephelele, inhlekelele ngayinye iye yaveza izifundo eziye zasenza saqina.

Isihluthulelo sokuphumelela ekusabeleni enhlekeleleni asikona nje ukuba nemithetho elungile, amasu, nengcebo esendaweni. Kungokokwakha ubuhlobo nokwethembana phakathi kwabantu abasebenza ezingeni ngalinye likahulumeni. Uma amamenenja esimo esiphuthumayo, izikhulu ezikhethiwe, nabaphendulayo bokuqala bezwana, bakhulumisana njalo, futhi baqeqeshene, basengozini kakhulu ukusebenza ngokunempumelelo njengeqembu lapho ukucindezela kuqhubeka. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukutshala izimali eziqhubekayo phakathi kombuso, ukuqeqesha, nokuvivinya umzimba kubalulekile.

Ekugcineni, ukusabela kwenhlekelele kuwumthwalo wemfanelo ohlanganyelwe, hhayi nje uhulumeni kuphela kodwa futhi nezinhlangano ezizimele, izinhlangano ezingazuzisi, nezakhamuzi ngazinye. Umqedazwe we-CHOVID, i-California, iphepho lomlilo, iSiphepho uKatrina, nezinye izenzakalo ezingenakubalwa ziye zabonisa ukuthi lapho zonke izingxenye zomphakathi zisebenza kanye ngenjongo eyodwa, ngisho nezinhlekelele ezibhubhisa kakhulu zinganqotshwa. Ukuqonda indima nemithwalo yemfanelo yesigaba ngasinye sikahulumeni kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile ekulungiseleni inhlekelele elandelayo.