Table of Contents
Izinhlangano eziphethe zakha umgogodla wendlela uhulumeni wase-United States anikeza ngayo izinkonzo, uphoqelela imithetho, nezimiso ezithinta izigidi zamaMelika nsuku zonke. Ukuqinisekisa ukulondeka kokudla namanzi ethu ukuze kuqondiswe inzuzo yeNtlalo-ntle nokusabela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo, lezinhlangano ezikhethekile zifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuguquleni izinhloso zomthetho zithathe isinyathelo sangempela. Ukuqonda indlela izinhlangano eziphethe, igunya lazo elingokomthetho, nezindlela ezikhonza ngazo umphakathi kungakunikeza amandla okuhamba kangcono emfundweni kahulumeni, ukusekela izithakazelo zakho, nokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekuphileni komphakathi.
Ziyini Izimo Eziqondisayo?
Izinhlangano eziphethe ziyizinhlangano ezikhethekile ezingaphakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni ophethe ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho nokusebenzisa izinqubo, zisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya likamongameli futhi ziphethe imisebenzi ehlukahlukene enjengesimiso sokuqondisa, ukuqondisa, nokugcinwa kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni. Lezizinhlangano ziyizinhlangano eziphethe abaphathi abaphathiswe ukumiswa, ukuphatha, nokuphatha umthetho wethu nesimiso somphakathi.
Inhlangano ephethe, emongweni womthetho wokuphatha, iyinhlangano kahulumeni ebekwe ngaphansi kweHhovisi loBuqondisi likaMongameli noma omunye weminyango engu-15 yeKhabhinethi egatsheni eliphethe. Njengoba uhulumeni wakhula, izinhlangano eziphethe zakhula njengendlela yokusiza umongameli ukuba afeze imisebenzi yakhe futhi anakekele izindaba zakhe. Namuhla, lamahhovisi ahlanganyela ekuqondiseni nasekubekeni imithetho yezikhulu nsuku zonke.
Ububanzi bezinhlangano eziphethe bukhulu ngokuphawulekayo. Lokhu kushiya uhide olukhulu lweminyango kahulumeni, amabhungane, amakhomishane, amabhodi, abaphathi nezinhlangano ezichazwa ngokuthi "ukuhlakanipha". Kunamakhulu ezinhlangano zikahulumeni nezikhomishane ezinemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukahlukene, ngayinye igxile ezicini ezithile zesimiso nokuphathwa komphakathi.
Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesemithetho
UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States awunikezi igunya eliqondile neliqondile lokumiswa kwezinhlangano eziphethe noma ukumiswa kwamalungu eKhabhinethi. Nokho, uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo lunikeza igunya eliphelele. Isigaba II, isigaba 2, uMthetho-sisekelo uthi umongameli angase "awuthole uMqondo, ngokubhala, isikhulu esiyinhloko soMnyango ngamunye ophethe, kunoma isiphi iSihlokwana esiphathelene namahhovisi awo azimele".
Izinhlangano eziphethe zingaphansi komthetho ogunyaziwe we-Administrative Procedure Act ("APA"), obusa inqubo lapho izinhlangano zokuqondisa zidala futhi zimisa imithetho. Ngaphansi koMthetho we-Administrative Procedure ka- 1946, "umthetho" ugunya likahulumeni ngaphandle kweSishaya-mthetho, izinkantolo, nezempi. Loluhlelo olungokomthetho luqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zilandela izinqubo ezihleliwe lapho zenza imithetho futhi zenza izinqumo ezithinta umphakathi.
Intuthuko Engokomlando
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izikhulu zikahulumeni ziye zakhula ngokuphawulekayo ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo ezikhulayo zomphakathi oyinkimbinkimbi. Ukwakhiwa kwezinhlangano ezintsha kuye kwahambisana nokuvela kwezinto eziza kuqala ezweni, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, kanye nezidingo zomphakathi ezishintshayo.
Kulo lonke ikhulu lama - 20, izinhlangano eziphethe zanda njengoba uhulumeni kahulumeni wathatha imithwalo yemfanelo enwetshiwe ezindaweni ezinjengesivikelo sendawo ezungezile, ukuphepha kwabathengi, izindinganiso zemisebenzi, nezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle. Lokhu kwabonisa kokubili ukukhula okukhulayo komphakathi wanamuhla nokuqaphela ukuthi kwakudingeka ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile ukuze kusingathwe izinselele zenqubo yobuchwepheshe nezimiso eziningi.
Izinhlobo Zezinhlangano Eziqondisayo
Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kusiza ekucaciseni indlela izinhlangano ezihlukene ezisebenza ngayo nezinga lokuzimela ezizigcinayo, akuzona zonke izinhlangano eziphethe ngendlela efanayo noma zijabulela ubuhlobo obufanayo nomongameli noHulumeni.
Izinhlangano Eziqondisa Isigaba Sekhathi
Iminyango ephethe iyizinhlangano zikahulumeni ezingaphansi kokuqondisa okuqondile kukaMongameli, futhi iKhabhinethi kaMongameli ihlanganisa uMongameli oyisekela, inhloko yeminyango engu-15 ephethe ngezansi, ne-Attorney General. Leminyango imelela izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lesimiso esiphethe amagatsha.
Inhloko ngayinye ibizwa ngokomthetho njengoNobhala womnyango wayo, njengoNobhala woMbuso, unobhala wezokuvikela, noma unobhala wezisebenzi, futhi unobhala wakha amalungu eKhabhinethi kamongameli futhi unikeza imibiko nesiqondiso sansuku zonke kumongameli kokubili ezindabeni zesizwe nezezizwe. Abasekeli boMnyango badlala izindima ezigxekayo ekusizeni umongameli ukuba athuthukise isimiso sezwe, athathe isinyathelo ezimweni zakwamanye amazwe, futhi asebenzise amandla aphethe umongameli.
Amalungu eKhabhinethi ayingxenye yohlu lokulandelana kumongameli lapho umongameli edlula, ecelwa, noma ethathwa esikhundleni. Lendima engokomthetho-sisekelo igcizelela ukubaluleka kwalezizikhundla kuhulumeni.
Iminyango yeKhabhinethi ye 15 ihlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi kahulumeni, ehlanganisa iSizwe, iNdawo yezezimali, uMahlulelo, iZangaphakathi, i-Premily, i-Orty, i-Orty and Human Services, i-House and Urban Development, i-Energy, i-Electry, iPriciation, iVeterans Affairs, ne Homeland Security. Imnyango ngamunye uqukethe izimo eziningi ezisemkhankani namahhovisi akhethekile afeza imisebenzi ekhethekile ezindaweni zawo ezibanzi.
Izimo Ezizimele Zokuqondisa
Ezinye izinhlangano ezingangeni ezigabani ezintathu zokuqala zibizwa ngokuthi izinhlangano ezizimele ezizimele, ezifana kakhulu neminyango yeKhabhinethi, kodwa zincane futhi aziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile zinezindawo ezilinganiselwe zomthwalo wemfanelo kuneminyango yamakhathekhathi. Eziningi zalezi zikhungo zilawulwa umongameli futhi zizimele ngomqondo wokuthi aziyona ingxenye yomnyango, futhi umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko awukona ukuqondisa, kodwa ukugcwalisa inqwaba yezinye imithwalo yemfanelo zokuphatha.
Izibonelo zezinhlangano ezizimele ezizimele zihlanganisa i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), i-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), i-General Service Administration (GSA), ne-Small Business Administration (SA). Lezi zinkampani zisebenza ngenkululeko enkulu emikhankasweni yazo yansuku zonke kuyilapho zihlala zilandisa kumongameli.
Izimo Ezizimele Zokuqondisa
Kuhulumeni kahulumeni waseUnited States, izinhlangano ezizimele ziyizinhlangano ezingaphandle kweminyango ephethe kahulumeni (lezo eziholwa unobhala weKhabinet) neHhovisi LoMongameli Eliphethe, futhi ngomqondo ophansi, leligama libhekisela kuphela kulezozinhlangano ezizimele ezithi nakuba zibhekwa njengeziyingxenye yegatsha eliphethe, zibe negunya lokulawula noma lokubusa futhi ziboshwe ekulawuleni komongameli, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokuthi amandla kamongameli okuxosha indikimba noma ilungu lilinganiselwe.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zezinhlangano zokuqondisa: izinhlangano eziphethe nezinhlangano ezizimele, futhi uMongameli ngokuvamile uyakwazi ukulawula izinhlangano eziphethe kunalezo ezizimele.
Ikhomishane, ibhodi, noma umzimba ohlanganisa amalungu aphakathi kwamahlanu nayisikhombisa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ivame ukuhola amanxusa azimele, kanye nomongameli omisa ibhodi noma amalungu agunyaziwe angaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kwe-senate, futhi ilungu ngalinye elisebenza isikhathi esilinganiselwe, okuyiminyaka emine, futhi amagama amalungu asheshiswa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukujika okuphelele kwebhodi ngesikhathi esisodwa.
IReduction Act yephephay ibala izinhlangano ezingu-19 ezizimele ezizimele ezilawulayo, njenge-Secturaties and Exchange Commission, i-Federal Reserve, i-Commody Famist Family Trading Commission, iNhlangano ye-Federal Depositat Intestry, ne-Consurecial Finicial Protection Bureaument. Lezi zinkampani zilawula izigaba ezigxekayo zezomnotho futhi zilondoloze inkululeko ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi izinqumo zazo zisekelwe ebuchwephesheni nasemithethweni yemithetho ye-Preathom kunezimo ezicatshangelwayo zezombangazwe.
Izinhlangano Zikahulumeni
Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zimelela isakhiwo esihlukile esihlanganisa izinhlangano zezentengiselwano zomuntu siqu nemisebenzi yenkonzo yomphakathi.
I-United States Postal Service (USPS) mhlawumbe iyinhlangano kahulumeni eyaziwayo kakhulu, enikeza izinkonzo zokuhambisa iposi kulelo nalelo kheli ezweni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi linenzuzo. I-Amtrak, umsebenzi wezwe owenzelwa abagibeli, iyisibonelo senhlangano kahulumeni esebenza ezindaweni lapho izinkampani ezizimele zingase zingayitholi iphumelela ngokwezomnotho ukuze inikeze inkonzo ebanzi.
Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zivumelana kakhulu nemisebenzi yazo kunezinhlangano ezivamile, kuhlanganise nekhono lokuveza inzuzo, ukuphatha imali yazo, futhi zenze izinqumo zebhizinisi ngaphandle kokuqondisa kwezikhulu.
Amandla Nemisebenzi Yezinhlangano Eziqondisayo
Ukuqonda la mandla kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele indlela izinhlangano ezilawulayo ezinamandla amakhulu ngayo esimisweni sikahulumeni waseMelika, zenze imisebenzi ethinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwanamuhla.
Ukubusa
Izinhlangano eziphethe zinamandla okumisa imithetho engaphansi kwegunya lazo, ziqhube uphenyo, futhi ziqikelele imithetho eziyihlanganisayo ngokufanelekile. Zimiswe ngezimiso ezihlukene ezidluliswa yiKhongolo, imvume ngayinye ehlukene yegunya ichaza imigomo inhlangano okumelwe isebenzele kuyo, kanye naziphi izindawo ezingaphansi, uma zikhona, okungenzeka ukuthi inamandla okubusa, futhi lemithetho yenhlangano (noma iziqondiso), lapho isebenza, ichaza izinhloso, kanye nanoma yiziphi izindawo ezingaphansi komthetho kahulumeni.
Lezi zikhungo zinegunya lokwakha imithetho ethinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke, njengezindinganiso zokuphepha emsebenzini nezokuvikela indawo ezungezile. Lomthetho uvumela izinhlangano ukuba zisungule izimiso zobuchwepheshe ezisebenzisa imithetho emikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho uMkhandlu unikeza umthetho odinga izindinganiso zomoya ezihlanzekile, i-EPA imisa imithetho ethile echaza amazinga okungcoliswa komoya amukelekayo, izimfuneko zokuhlola, kanye nezimiso zokugcinwa.
Inqubo yokubeka imithetho ihlanganisa izinyathelo eziningana eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubonakala kahle nokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Izimo zomphakathi kumelwe zinyathelise imithetho ehlongozwayo, zamukele ukukhulumela komphakathi, zicabangele ukunikeza impendulo, futhi ziveze imithetho yokugcina kanye nezincazelo zezinqumo zabo. Le nqubo, elawulwa yi-Administrative Proceduce Act, isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho icatshangelwa kahle futhi iyasabela ekukhathaleleni izikhalo ezihilelekile.
Ukuphoqelelwa Nokuphikiswa
Izinhlangano eziphethe zinendima ebalulekile ekusebenziseni imithetho nezimiso zikahulumeni ngokuthuthukisa imithetho, ngokumisa ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho nokuqondisa izinkonzo zomphakathi ezihlukahlukene. Imisebenzi yokuphoqelela ingasukela ekuhloleni okuvamile nasekuhloleni okungokomthetho kuya ekuhloleni okungokomthetho kanye nasezindinganisweni ezingokomthetho ezimelene nabaphula umthetho.
Izinkampani zisebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene okuqinisekisa ukunqatshelwa kwemithetho, kuhlanganise nezijeziso zomphakathi, ukuquliswa kwezigebengu (ngokuvamile ngokuvumelana noMnyango Wobulungisa), ukuchithwa kwamaphepha - mvume, nezivumelwano zokuvuma.
Ukudalulwa
Izinhlangano eziningi eziphethe zinamagunya okungalawuleki, okusho ukuthi zingaphatha ukuthethwa kwecala futhi zenze izinqumo ezimpikiswaneni ezihlobene nezindawo zazo zegunya. Lezi zigqizo zokuphatha zixazulula izingxabano phakathi kukahulumeni namaqembu abantu noma phakathi kwamaqembu azimele azimele angaphakathi kwegunya lenhlangano.
Amajaji omthetho ophethe (ALJ) avame ukwengamela lezi zinqubo, ezilandela izinqubo eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa kuyilapho zingakhokhwa ngokusemthethweni kunezinkantolo. Izigijimi ezinganeliseki ngezinqumo zezinhlangano ngokuvamile zingakhangwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, zinikeze ukulandisa okwengeziwe.
Ukubeletha Kwenkonzo
Inhlangano ephethe iyingxenye kahulumeni kahulumeni ophethe onomthwalo wemfanelo wokufeza imisebenzi ethile kahulumeni nokusebenzisa imithetho, izimiso, nezimiso, futhi lezi zinkampani zisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya lomnyango futhi zisebenza ngokuqondisa izinkonzo ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi nemithwalo yemfanelo yokuqondisa.
Ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo kungumsebenzi omkhulu wezinhlangano eziningi eziphethe. Izinqubo ze-Social Security Administration nezinzuzo zezigidi zaseMelika ezikhubazekile. I-Department of Veterans Affairs inikeza izisebenzi zempilo nezinye izinkonzo konogada bezempi. I-International Revenue Service iqoqa izintela nezinqubo. Lemisebenzi yenkonzo ithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwezakhamuzi kwansuku zonke futhi imelela ubuso obubonakalayo kakhulu bukahulumeni kubantu abaningi.
Indlela Izinhlangano Eziqondisayo Eziwusebenzela Ngayo Umphakathi
Ukuqonda lezi zinkonzo kungakusiza ukuba uthole imithombo yemali, uqonde amalungelo akho, futhi uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yentando yeningi.
Ukuvikela Impilo Yomphakathi Nokulondeka
Izinhlangano eziningi eziphethe zisebenza ukuvikela amaMelika ezingozini zempilo nokulondeka. I-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) iqinisekisa ukulondeka kokudla, izidakamizwa, imishini yezokwelapha, kanye nezimonyo. I-Occational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) imisa futhi iphoqe izindinganiso zokuphepha emsebenzini. I-National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHSA) ilawula ukuphepha kwezimoto futhi ihlola ukushiyeka.
Lapho uphuza imithi kadokotela, udla esitolo sokudlela, noma ushayela imoto, izinhlangano eziphethe ziye zamisa futhi zasebenzisa izindinganiso eziklanyelwe ukunciphisa izingozi nokuvikela impilo yakho.
Ukulawula Imithombo Yemvelo Nendawo Ezungezile
I - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ingenye yezinhlangano eziphethe ezivelele ezigxile ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile. i - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inomthwalo wokulawula imithetho yendawo ezungezile nokuvikela impilo yabantu. i - EPA ibeka izindinganiso zokulahla umoya namanzi, ilawula ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu eyingozi, futhi igcizelela imithetho yendawo ezungezile.
Ezinye izinhlangano zifeza indima ebalulekile ekunakekeleni indawo ezungezile. UMnyango wezangaphakathi ulawula amazwe omphakathi, kuhlanganise amapaki esizwe neziphephelo zezilwane zasendle. I-National Oceanic ne-Atmospheric Administration (NOA) iqondisa isimo sezulu, ilawula ukudoba, futhi yenza ukucwaninga ngesimo sezulu. Lezi zinkampani zilinganisela imigomo yokulondoloza imvelo nentuthuko yezomnotho nokutholakala komphakathi emithonjeni yemvelo.
Ukuqinisekisa Ukuqina Kwezomnotho Nesivikelo Sethengiselwano
Izinhlangano eziphethe zenza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni izomnotho nasekuvikeleni abathengi ekukhwabaniseni nasemikhubeni engalungile. iSecureties and Exchange Commission (SEC) ilawula izimakethe zokuvimba izimali futhi ivikele abatshali bezimali.
I - Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) yengamela imikhiqizo nezinkonzo zezimali, kuhlanganise nezikweletu zezikweletu, amakhadi okuthenga ngesikweletu, kanye nemali ebolekwa abafundi.
Ukulungiselela Izinkonzo Zomphakathi Nezinzuzo
AmaMelika amaningi asebenzelana ngokuqondile nezinhlangano eziphethe lapho ethola izinkonzo zezenhlalaphansi nezinzuzo. I-Social Security Administration (SA) inikeza izigidi zabantu baseMelika izinzuzo zomhlalaphansi, ukukhubazeka, kanye nabasindayo. UMnyango Wezempilo Nezezinkonzo Zobuntu wengamela izinhlelo zeMedicare neMedicaid ezinikeza asebekhulile inzuzo yezempilo, abakhubazekile nabangenayo.
I-Divince of Veterans Affairs inikeza ukunakekelwa kwempilo, izinzuzo zemfundo, imali ebolekwa ekhaya, nezinye izinkonzo konogada bezempi nemikhaya yabo. Lezi zikhungo zisebenza njengamanetha okuphepha abucayi futhi zifeza izibopho zikahulumeni kubantu abathile.
Ukuqondisa Inhlekelele Nokusabela
I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ihlanganisa ukusabela kukahulumeni kahulumeni ngezinhlekelele zemvelo nezinye izimo eziphuthumayo. Uma iziphepho, izikhukhula, imlilo, noma ezinye izinhlekelele zigadla, i-FEMA inikeza usizo lwezimali kubantu ngabanye nemiphakathi, ihlanganisa imizamo yokusiza, futhi isiza ngokululama kwesikhathi eside.
I - FEMA ibuye ithuthukise ukulungiselela inhlekelele, isize imiphakathi ukuba ihlele izinto eziphuthumayo futhi yakhe ukubhekana nezinhlekelele ezizayo.
Ukusekela Izinto Zokuhamba Nezakhiwo Eziyimfucumfucu
I-Divince of Transportation (DOT) yengamela izimiso zokuthutha zalelizwe, kuhlanganise nemigwaqo emikhulu, isitimela, izindiza, nezokuthutha zasolwandle. Izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene eziseDOT zimisa izinga lokuphepha, izakhiwo zesakhiwo, kanye nokulawula izimboni zezokuthutha.
I-Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ilawula izindiza futhi ilawula izimiso zokulawula izindiza. I-Federal Highway Administration inikeza izimali zokwakha nokulungiswa kwemigwaqo emikhulu. Lezi zinkampani ziqinisekisa ukuthi amaMelika angahamba ngokuphephile nangempumelelo enqamula izwe.
Ukulandisa Nokuqondisa Kwezinhlangano Eziqondisayo
Njengoba kunamandla aphawulekayo asetshenziswa izinhlangano eziphethe, kubalulekile ukuba kutholakale izindlela eziqinile zokulandisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zisiza umphakathi futhi zisebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho.
Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela
Izinhlangano eziphethe zinendima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho edluliswa uMkhandlu ikhishwa ngokuphumelelayo, futhi lapho zisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya lomongameli, izenzo zazo zingabukezwa amakomiti aqondisayo nezinqumo ezixhaswa ngemali.
Izinqubo zokulawula njengokuhlola, ukubika izimfuneko, nokuqulwa kwezindlebe ezihlangene kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lezizinhlangano zihlala zivumelana nezithakazelo zomphakathi kuyilapho zisazivumela ukuba zivumelane nezimo ezidingekayo ukuze zifeze imisebenzi yazo. Amakomiti enhlangano anezimemezelo athatha amacala ukuze ahlole izenzo zezinhlangano, izikhulu zezinhlangano zokuhlola, futhi ahlole izinkinga noma izimpikiswano.
UKhongolo-mthetho futhi luqondisa ngamandla alo esikhwameni. Izimo zincike ekuxhaseni kwezinhlangano ukuze zixhase, zinikeza iKhomishane amandla abalulekile okuthonya izisekelo nemisebenzi yezinhlangano. Uma i-Congress engavumelani nezenzo zenhlangano, inganciphisa ukuxhasa imali, ibeke imingcele, noma ngisho nokuqeda izinhlelo.
Ukulawula Kwama - Presidenti
Izinhlangano eziphethe zisebenza ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukamongameli kodwa zinenkululeko enkulu ekusebenzeni kwazo nasekwenzeni izinqumo. Umongameli uthonya izinhlangano eziphethe ngezindlela eziningana, kuhlanganise nokumisa izinkampani, ukukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu, nokuhlela izinto eziza kuqala.
Kuleyominyango yeKhabhinethi nakuyizinhlangano eziningi eziphethe, umongameli angasusa izinkampani ngokuthanda, anikeze ukulandisa okuqondile.
I-Office of Management and Baccouncil (OMB), ingxenye yeHhovisi Lomphathi Ophethe, ibukeza izimiso zezinhlangano kanye nezicelo zokusetshenziswa kwemali, iqinisekisa ukuhlelwa kwezinto eziza kuqala kumongameli. Lenqubo yokubukeza ehlangene isiza ekuqondiseni izenzo zezinhlangano kulo lonke igatsha eliphethe.
Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinikeza enye inqubo ebalulekile egunyazweni lezinhlangano. Izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, namanye amaqembu athinteka ngezenzo zezinhlangano angabekela lezozenzo enkantolo inselele. Izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi izinhlangano ziye zenza ngokuvumelana negunya lazo lokubusa, zalandela izinqubo ezifanele, futhi zenza izinqumo ezisekelwa ubufakazi nokuhlaziya okuhluzekile.
Ukuhlola kokwahlulela kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zivumelana nomthetho futhi ziwahloniphe amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, izinkantolo zivame ukuthobela imishini elwazini lwezindaba zobuchwepheshe endaweni yenhlangano yokuqamba, ziqaphela ukuthi izinhlangano zinolwazi nokuhlangenwe nakho okungase kungabikho abahluleli.
Amahhovisi Okuhlola Avamile
Izinhlangano eziningi eziphethe zineHhovisi le-Inspector (OIG) elizihlolela ngokwalo nokuhlola imisebenzi yezinhlangano. Abahloli jikelele bahlola ukukhwabanisa, ukulahlwa, ukuxhashazwa, nokuphatha kabi ezinhlanganweni zabo. Babika lokho abakutholayo kubaphathi be-Congress kanye nakubaphathi bezinhlangano, batusa izenzo zokulungisa.
Lamahhovisi asebenza njengezindawo zokuqapha zangaphakathi, aphawula izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba zibe amahlazo amakhulu futhi asize izinhlangano ukuba zithuthukise imisebenzi yazo. Imibiko ye-Inspecter General ivame ukunikezwa umphakathi, inikeza izimpawu eziphathelene nokusebenza kwezinhlangano.
Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokubona Izibuko
I-Administrative Procedura Act idinga izinhlangano ukuba zinikeze isaziso somphakathi sezimiso ezihlongozwayo futhi zamukele ukukhulumela komphakathi ngaphambi kokuqeda imithetho. Le nqubo yesaziso nenqubo yokuhlanganisa ivumela izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, amaqembu ezokuphatha, nabanye abafaki-mthetho ukuba banikeze ukufakwa ezimisweni ezihlongozwayo.
I-Freedom of Information Act (FOIA Act) inikeza umphakathi ilungelo lokucela amarekhodi kahulumeni, ikhuthaza ukubonakala nokulandisa. Nakuba ezinye izigebengu zivikela ukwaziswa okulula, i-FOIA yenza ukuba izintatheli, abacwaningi, nezakhamuzi zihlole izenzo zezinhlangano futhi zivune izinkinga.
Izinhlangano Eziphethe Nemisebenzi Yazo
Ukuqonda lezi zikhungo ezinkulu kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zazi ukuthi zingayitholaphi imininingwane, izinkonzo noma zibhekane nezinkathazo.
I - Agency Yokuvikela Indawo Ezungezile (EPA)
I-EPA, eyamiswa ngo-1970, ivikela impilo yabantu nendawo ezungezile ngokumisa imithetho esekelwe emithethweni edluliswa yiSishayamthetho. Lenhlangano ilawula umoya namanzi angcolile, ukungcola okuyingozi, izibulala zinambuzane, nezinto ezinobuthi. I-EPA imisa izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile, imishini yokuhlola izinhlelo zokugcinwa kwezindawo ezizungezile, futhi ithatha isinyathelo sokuqinisekisa ukumelana nabaphuli bomthetho.
I - EPA yenza nocwaningo lwezemvelo, inikeza imibuso nezindawo iminikelo yezinhlelo zendawo ezungezile, futhi ifundisa umphakathi ngezindaba zendawo ezungezile.
Inhlangano Yezokuphepha (SSA)
Cishe zonke izisebenzi zaseMelika zikhokha ezinhlanganweni zezokuphepha kwezeNtlango yabantu futhi zifanelekela ukukhokha izintela ezikhokhelwayo futhi zifanelekela izinzuzo uma sezithathe umhlalaphansi noma zikhubazekile.
Izinqubo ze SSA zizuzisa ekusetshenzisweni, zinqume ukuzuza, ukubala inzuzo, nokusakaza izimali. Zilondoloza amarekhodi emali ehholo lezisebenzi zaseMelika futhi zinikeza isilinganiso sezinzuzo zesikhathi esizayo. Kwabaningi abathathe umhlalaphansi, iSocial Security imelela umthombo wabo oyinhloko weholo.
I-Agency yokuphathwa kwezengozi (FEMA)
IFEMA, ingxenye yoMnyango Wezokuphepha, ihlanganisa ukusabela kwenhlekelele nemizamo yomthetho yokululama. Lapho isifundazwe nemithombo yendawo sikhungethwe yizinhlekelele, i-FEMA inikeza usizo lwezimali, ihlela ukusekela kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, futhi isiza imiphakathi ukuba yakhiwe kabusha.
I-FEMA futhi iphethe i-National Mondal Inshuwarence Program, isekela ukuqeqeshwa okuphuthumayo, futhi isiza imiphakathi ukuba ithuthukise izicwangciso zokulinganisela izingozi. Ukuphumelela kwenhlangano kuthinta ngokuqondile indlela imiphakathi elulama ngayo ngokushesha ezinhlekeleleni.
Umnyango Wezokuthutha (DOT)
I-DOT yengamela isisekelo sokuhamba nokuphepha kwezwe. Ihlanganisa izinhlangano ezinjenge-Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), ne-Federal Railrastration (FRA).
Lezi zinkampani zilawula ukuphepha kwezokuthutha, zinikeza izimali zemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi, zicwaninga, futhi zibeka iziqondiso zezimoto nezokuthutha. Umsebenzi we-DOT uthinta indlela amaMelika ahamba ngayo emsebenzini, ekuzijabuliseni nasezentengiselwano.
Umnyango Wezempilo Nezinkonzo Zabantu (HHHS)
HHS is the federal government's principal agency for protecting Americans' health and providing essential human services. It includes agencies like the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
IHHS iqhuba ukucwaninga kwezokwelapha, ihlola ukuqubuka kwezifo, ilawula ukudla nokuphepha kwezidakamizwa, inikeza izinhlelo zokunakekela impilo, futhi inikeza izinkonzo zomphakathi. Umsebenzi wayo uthatha isikhathi kusukela ekucwaningeni kwezokwelapha okungalawuleki kuya ekuqinisekiseni izinga lasekhaya lasebegugile.
UMnyango Wemfundo
I - Department of Education imisa isimiso semfundo kahulumeni, inikeza izimali zemfundo, futhi imisa imithetho yemfundo kahulumeni.
Lo mnyango uqoqa ukwaziswa okuphathelene nemfundo, ucwaninge, futhi unikeza isiqondiso ezikoleni nasemayunivesithi.
Umnyango Wezindaba Ze - Veterans (VA)
I-VA inikeza ukunakekelwa kwempilo, izinzuzo, nezinkonzo komakadebona ezempi nemikhaya yabo. I-VA iphethe isimiso sokwelapha esihlangene kakhulu kulelizwe, ikhonza izigidi zomakad’ebona ezibhedlela nasemitholampilo ezweni lonke.
Ngaphandle kosizo lwempilo, i-VA inikeza inkokhelo yokukhubazeka, izinzuzo zemfundo (kuhlanganise ne-GI Bill), izimali ezibolekwa ekhaya, nezinhlelo zomshuwalense wokuphila. I-VA futhi iphatha amathuna esizwe futhi inikeza izinzuzo zokungcwaba. Kubantu abaningi abangomakad ’ ebona, i-VA imelela isibopho sikahulumeni kulabo abakhonza empini.
Inkonzo Yenzuzo Yangaphakathi (IMINI)
I-IRS, ingxenye yoMnyango weTreasure, iqoqa izintela zikahulumeni futhi iphoqelele imithetho yentela. Cishe wonke amaMelika asebenzelana ne-IRS lapho ehlela intela ebuya ngonyaka. Lenhlangano ihlela izikhokhelo zentela, izikhangiso, amakhambi okuhlola intela, futhi ilandela ababalekela ukukhokhwa kwentela.
Intela eqoqwa yizimali ze-IRS cishe yonke imisebenzi kahulumeni kahulumeni, yenza ukuba lenhlangano ibaluleke ekusebenzeni kukahulumeni. I-IRS futhi inikeza izikweleti zentela nezinye izinhlelo ezinikeza usizo lwezimali emikhayeni ehholo ephansi.
Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezimo Eziqondisayo
Ukuqonda lezinselele kunikeza umongo wokusebenza kwezinhlangano nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngoshintsho lukahulumeni.
Ukulinganisela Ukuzimela Nokulandisa
Ukulinganisela ukuzimela kwezinhlangano eziphethe nokulandisa kwazo kubalulekile ekubuseni okuphumelelayo, futhi nakuba izinhlangano zidinga ukuzibusa okuthile ukuze zisebenze kahle futhi zisabele ngokushesha ezindabeni eziphakamayo, ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kuzibusa kungaholela ekukhathazekeni ngokuntuleka kokulandisa.
Izinhlangano zidinga inkululeko eyanele ukuze zenze izinqumo ezisekelwe ekwakheni ubuchwepheshe nasemiyalweni engokomthetho esikhundleni sokucindezela kwezombangazwe. Nokho, embusweni wentando yeningi, izikhulu ezingakhethwanga ezinamandla abalulekile kumelwe zihlale zinesibopho sokulandisa kubameleli abakhethiwe nakwabanye abantu. Ukuthola ukulinganisela okulungile kuhlala kuyinselele eqhubekayo.
Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto
Izinhlangano eziningi zibhekene nemingcele yemali evimbela ukufezeka kwemisebenzi yazo. Ukungakhokhi imali enele kungaholela ekusweleni kwezisebenzi, ezobuchwepheshe eziphelelwe isikhathi, izinkonzo ezibambezelekayo, nokuncishiswa kwemisebenzi yokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamandla. Uma izinhlangano zingakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yazo, impilo yomphakathi, ukuphepha nenhlalakahle zingahlupheka.
Ukuhlomela ochwepheshe abangochwepheshe abazimele abazimele kuba nzima lapho amanxusa ehluleka ukunikeza amaholo okuncintisana noma izindawo zomsebenzi zanamuhla.
Ukuzivumelanisa Nokushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe
Intuthuko esheshayo yezobuchwepheshe idala izinselele ezinhlanganweni ezisebenza ngokuqondisa nokuvikela umphakathi. Ubuchwepheshe obusha buvame ukuvela ngokushesha kunezinhlangano ezingaveza imithetho efanelekile. Izimo zobuchwepheshe kumelwe zilinganisele ukusungula okukhuthazayo nokuvikela izithakazelo zomphakathi.
Imishini futhi ilwa kanzima ekulungiseni imisebenzi yayo siqu nezimiso zobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa. Izimiso zefa zingaba ezingaphumeleli, ezingalondekile, futhi kube nzima ukuzinakekela. Ubuchwepheshe obuhleliwe budinga ukutshala imali nobuchwepheshe obubalulekile ongase bungabikho izinhlangano.
Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe
Ukwanda kokuncishiswa kwezombangazwe kuthinta izinhlangano eziphethe ngezindlela eziningi. Izimo zomkhakha zingabanjwa ezimpini ezilwa nabashokobezi, namaqembu ezombangazwe ahlukene akhuthaza izindlela ezihlukene kakhulu zokulawula nezinkonzo zikahulumeni. Ukuqondisa ukushintsha ngemva kokhetho kungaholela ekubhucungeni kwezimiso, okwenza kube nzima ngezinhlangano ukuba ziphishekele amasu athatha isikhathi eside.
Ukuhlaziywa kombono kuthinta nokwengamela kwenhlangano, ngezinye izikhathi okushukunyiswa kakhulu ukucabangela ukulwa kunokukhathalela okuqotho ngemishini.
Ukubanjwa Kwesimiso Sokuqondisa
Ukuthunjwa okulawulayo kwenzeka lapho izinhlangano zibuswa izimboni ezizilawulayo, kuholela ezimisweni ezisekela izimboni ezithakazelela izithakazelo zomphakathi. Lokhu kungenzeka ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nethonya lemboni ezinhlanganweni, umnyango owehlayo phakathi kwezimboni nohulumeni, kanye nokuncika kwezinhlangano ebuchwephesheni bezemboni.
Ukuvimbela ukuqashwa kokuqondisa kudinga ukuqapha, imithombo ehlukahlukene yobuchwepheshe, nezindinganiso eziqinile zokuziphatha. Ukuhlanganyela ekubekeni imingcele yomthetho nomphakathi ekubuseni kusiza futhi ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinqumo zezinhlangano ziveza izithakazelo zomphakathi eziningi kunokuba zibonise izinkathazo zezemboni ezilinganiselwe.
Indlela Yokubambisana Nezinhlangano Eziqondisayo
Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzelana ngokuphumelelayo nezinhlangano eziphethe kunikeza izakhamuzi amandla okuthola izinkonzo, ukusekela izithakazelo zazo nokuhlanganyela enqubweni yentando yeningi.
Izinkonzo zokufinyelela kanye nolwazi
Izinhlangano eziningi zinamawebhusayithi agcwele anikeza ukwaziswa ngezinhlelo zazo, izinkonzo, nezimiso. Lezi zingosi zivame ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa okuthintanayo, imibuzo, amafomu esicelo, kanye namaphepha okuqondisa.
Ngezinkonzo ezithile ezikhethekile njengenzuzo ye-Social Security noma izinzuzo zomuntu osemnkantshwweni, izinhlangano zivame ukuba namahhovisi endawo lapho ungahlangana khona nabameleli abathile. Ukumisa izimvume kusengaphambili kunganciphisa izikhathi zokulinda futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi unezincwadi ezidingekayo.
Ukuhlanganyela Ekwenzeni Umbuso
Uma izinhlangano zimisa imithetho emisha, zikhipha isaziso kuyiFederal Register futhi zamukela ukukhulumela komphakathi. Noma ubani anganikeza ukukhulumela ngemithetho ehlongozwayo, futhi izinhlangano kudingeka zicabangele zonke izimpendulo ezimukelwayo. Izinkulumo ezicatshangelwe kahle, ezicatshangelwe kahle zingathonya iziqondiso zokugcina.
I-Mithetho yewebhusayithi.gov inikeza indawo ephakathi yokubuka imithetho ehlotshaniswayo nokunikeza iziphetho. Ungafuna imithetho nge-authom, isihloko, noma igama eliyi-games, futhi unikeze izimpendulo nge-electal. Ukuhlanganyela ekubuseni imithetho kukwenza ukwazi ukuveza indlela eqondile yokuthuthukisa imithetho.
Izikhalo Ezibi Nokubhikisha
Ngokwesibonelo, ungabika ukuphulwa kwezokulondeka emsebenzini kuyi - OSHA, ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo ezungezile kuyi - EPA, noma ukukhwabanisa kwe - FTC kwabathengi.
Izinhlangano zihlola izikhalo futhi zingase zithathe isinyathelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphulwa kwemithetho kuyiqiniso.
Ukucela Ulwazi Ngaphansi Kwe - FOIA
I-Freedom of Information Act ikunikeza ilungelo lokucela amarekhodi ku-university . Izicelo ze-FOIA zingasetshenziselwa ukuthola ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi ye-accom, izinqumo, nemisebenzi. Inhlangano ngayinye inehhovisi le-FOIA elisebenza izicelo.
Nakuba izinhlangano kumelwe ziphendule ezicelweni zeFOIA, ezinye izigebengu zivikela ukwaziswa okudinga ukuqashelwa okunjengezimfihlo zesivikelo sezwe, izindaba zomuntu siqu, nezohwebo oluyimfihlo. Ukuqonda lemisebenzi yokungadingi kungakusiza ukuba wenze izicelo eziphumelelayo.
Abameleli Abaqanjiwe
Uma unokukhathazeka ngezenzo zenhlangano ethile noma udinga usizo lwezinqubo zokuhamba, ukuxhumana nabameleli bakho abaphethe i-congrational congression kungaphumelela. Amahhovisi e-Congression ngokuvamile anezisebenzi ezinikezelwe ekusizeni abameleli ngezindaba zikahulumeni.
Abameleli bangabuza ngawe, bacele ukwaziswa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi basize ekuxazululeni izinkinga.
Ikusasa Lezimo Eziqondisayo
Izinhlangano eziphethe ziyoqhubeka ziguquka ukuze ziphendule izidingo zomphakathi, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, nezinto eziza kuqala kwezombangazwe.
Ukuguqula Izibalo
Imishini ithatha ubuchwepheshe bemishini ukuze ithuthukise ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo nokusebenza kwayo. Ama-Online avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zifake isicelo sezinzuzo, imibiko yamafayela, kanye nokuthola ukwaziswa ngaphandle kokuvakashela amahhovisi angokoqobo. Ukuhlakanipha nomshini wobuchwepheshe kungangena ezindleleni ezivamile futhi kukhululeke izisebenzi emisebenzini eyinkimbinkimbi.
Nokho, ukushintsha kwemishini kwabangela izinselele ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe - Internet, ukuxhumana kwamanani nokuzimela.
Ukwenza Ubufakazi
Kukhona ukugcizelela okukhulayo ekusebenziseni ukwaziswa nobufakazi ukuze kumenyezelwe izinqumo ze-athom nokuhlola uhlelo oluphumelelayo. Imishini ifaka imali eqoqweni kokwaziswa nasemakhonweni okuhlaziya ukuze iqonde kangcono ukuthi iziphi izinto ezisebenzayo nezingasebenzi.
Izindlela ezisekelwe kubufakazi zingathuthukisa imiphumela futhi zikhulise ukuthembela komphakathi ezinqumweni zezinhlangano. Nokho, zidinga ukugcinwa okuqinile kwekhono lokucwaninga kanye nempucuko eyazisa ukufunda nokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Ukubusa Okunethonya Elikhulu
Izinhlangano zisebenza ngokubambisana kakhulu nohulumeni bendawo, izinkampani ezizimele nezinhlangano zomphakathi.
Izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zidinga izinhlangano ukuba zithuthukise amakhono amasha okuqondisa izivumelwano futhi zihlanganyele amandla negunya lokwenza izinqumo. Uma kwenziwe kahle, ukubambisana kungaveza amakhambi amasha naphumelelayo.
Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokuzinza Kwaso
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kudala izinselele ezintsha nezinto eziza kuqala ezinhlanganweni eziningi. Izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile kumelwe zilungise igesi ekhipha ugesi oshisayo kanye nokuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu. Izinhlangano zezokuthutha kumelwe zihlele izakhiwo zesakhiwo esiqinile. Izinhlangano zezempilo kumelwe zilungiselele ukubhekana nemiphumela yempilo ehlobene nesimo sezulu.
Ukucabangela isimo sezulu ezindaweni ezisemikhankasweni yezinhlangano kuyodinga ubuchwepheshe obusha, amathuluzi, kanye nezinqubo. Izimo zobuchwepheshe zizodinga ukulinganisela izidingo ezisheshayo nemigomo emide eqinile.
Isiphetho
Izinhlangano eziphethe zimelela ingxenye ebalulekile kahulumeni waseMelika, zihumushe iziyalezo eziqinile zokuvikela impilo yesintu nokuphepha, zinikeze izinkonzo ezibalulekile, ziphathe imithombo yemvelo futhi ziqondise umsebenzi wezomnotho. Ukulandisa kwezinhlangano eziphethe kubalulekile ukuze umphakathi uhlale uthembekile futhi ziqiniseke ukuthi zifeza okuthile ngenzuzo yezakhamuzi.
Nakuba izinhlangano zibhekana nezinselele ezinkulu, kuhlanganise nokuvinjelwa kwemithombo yezinto, ukucindezela kwezombangazwe, nesidingo sokuzivumelanisa noshintsho olusheshayo, zisebalulekile ekuqondiseni kwanamuhla.
Njengoba umphakathi uqhubeka uguquka, izinhlangano eziphethe kuyodingeka zivumelanise izindlela zazo lapho zinakekela izisusa zazo eziyisisekelo zokukhonza isithakazelo somphakathi. Ngokuhlala zinolwazi ngemisebenzi yezinhlangano nokuhlanganyela ekunakekeleni nasekubuseni, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lezizinhlangano ezinamandla zihlala zinecala futhi zisabela ezidingweni zomphakathi.
Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezinhlangano ezithile zikahulumeni nezinkonzo zazo, vakashela .gov's Federal Actrimitical Directory, enikeza amakhonsathi olwazi olubanzi nokuxhumana kuzo zonke izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ungahlola futhi [ ama-registration.gov[ ukuthatha isigaba sokushaya umthetho futhi wenze izwi lakho lizwe ngezimiso zikahulumeni ezihlolwe.