Isisekelo Somlando Nesesayensi

Isivumelwano Sezenhlalo Nokukhula KobuConstitution

Umqondo wanamuhla wokulandisa kukahulumeni usekelwe esikweni lefilosofi lesivumelwano sezenhlalo. Abacabangi abanjengoJohn Locke noJean-Jacques Rousseau baphikisa ngokuthi ohulumeni bathola ilungelo labo lomthetho ngokuvumelana nababuswayo. Lemvume ayingenamibandela; ivela esibophweni esiqinile sokuba ababusi bathathe isinyathelo esithakazelelwa umphakathi. Uma uhulumeni ephula lokhu kuthemba, abantu banelungelo lokukhipha imvume nokufuna ushintsho. [FLT:] Lo mbono oyisisekelo ushintshela eqenjini wemithetho yemithetho yemithetho, isimiso sokuthi igunya likahulumeni kufanele lichazwe futhi lilinganiselwe ngemithetho ephakeme. U.S., umthetho wesisekelo, othonywe kakhulu [[FLT: 0], udinga ukuphendulelwa kwenye igatsha, ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwenye impoqoqo.

Ukuziphendukela Kokuqondisa Izinhlangano

Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, umqondo wefilosofi ofiphele wokulandisa obekwe ezinhlanganweni ezithile. Ihhovisi le- ujenene noma i-ambudman [[ yavela njengemikhandlu enikezelwe ukuba iqondise. EUnited States, ukumiswa kweHhovisi le-Authority (GAO) ngo-1921 kwaphawula ukushintshwa kochwepheshe, okungeyongxenye yokuhlola imali yegatsha. Ngokufanayo, ukudalwa kwe [[FLT:] uJeneralist [[FL:] [FLT] embonini ye-wase-ord ezimele ngaphakathi kwezinhlangano. Lezimiso eziqinile zabekwa ukuba ziqinisekise ukusebenza okulungile kodwa okungafanelekile, ngendlela efanayo, umsebenzi owenziwa njalo ngesimiso somphakathi, futhi nomthetho womphakathi kabanzi ka-197064.

Imishini Yokulandisa: Isimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela

Isivikelo sokwakha esidume kakhulu ekumelaneni nobushiqela yisimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Amaphephu e-Federali[Foderal:1], ikakhulukazi u-Federalist No. 51 kaJames Madison, unikeza ipulani eyisisekelo yalesi simiso. Impikiswano iwukuthi isifiso sesifiso kumelwe siwenziwe ukulwa nesifiso sokuvelela. Ngokunikeza igatsha ngalinye ingxube yamandla phezu kwamanye, amandla esimiso ukubambisana nokukhanya. Akukho gatsha elilodwa elingasebenza ngaphandle kokukholisa noma ukuqondisa abanye.

Ukuphatha Kwemithetho: I - Congregational Manday

Igatsha lomthetho linendlela enamandla kakhulu yokunikeza isikhulu somthetho icala. amandla esikhwama avumela iKhomishane ukuba ibukeze, inqabe, noma izimali zobumongameli. [ inqubo yokuqinisekisa [[[[FLT:] [[FLT:] ingumthetho] yesikhulu neyabaphathi abaqondisi abaqondisi ababo ababoshelwe ukukhonzwa. [[FLT] [FLT] inikeza imvume eqondile yezikhulu zezikhulu zezezikhundla [injini] [[FLT:] isebenza njengezinkantolo zomphakathi lapho izenzo zempatho zihlukaniswa, futhi izikhulu ziphoqelelwa ukunikeza ubufakazi obuphansi. [[FFLT:] [5] ezimweni ezingathi zikhulu] [FFT] [FLT] [F] [FF:] izibond] izibondswonga zikamongameli zomthetho, ezinye izikhulu zeze, izikhulu, izikhulu zezezenye izikhulu, izikhulu, izikhulu, izikhulu,

Iziphakamiso Eziphethe: Izimpoqo Zangaphakathi

Ukulandisa akukhona nje kwangaphandle kuphela; futhi kusebenza ngaphakathi egatsheni eliphethe. [[FLT:] i-flut]to header ivumela umongameli ukuba aphindisele emuva ekuphathweni umthetho, agcine ukulinganisela. Okubaluleke kakhulu, igatsha eliphethe linemithetho yalo yangaphakathi. ihhovisi leMnyango we House [[[FLT:]] nezikhulu zezezimiso zisebenza ekuqinisekiseni ukuvumelana okungokomthetho. [[FLT:] Igunya eliphethe linemithetho elingaphakathi [[FLT] linendlela yokulawula nokuhlela (OMB) licindezela ukuhleleka kwemithetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izisebenzi zomphakathi zisebenza njengelungu lokuhlola izinhlangano zezombangazwe, zisebenzisa ikhono lezenkumbulo futhi zimelane yingozi. Uma lokhu kuvame ukuveza ukulandisa okungabonakali.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Umngcele Wokugcina Wokuzivikela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho edluliswa yiKhongolose nezenzo ezithathwa umqondisi. Ngamandla [abaphathi] omthetho , igomelezelwe okokuqala ku-[FLT]] Marbury v. , izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho nemithetho yezikhulu ephula umthetho. [i-Foctl, amajaji agunyaziwe [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] ukuphila [[FLT:], kuvikelekile ekucinezeleni kwezombangazwe, kuvumela ukuba kwenziwe izinqumo ezisekelwe ezimisweni ezingokomthetho kunoma ezingokomthetho. Lokhu kwenza ukuba i-judiary inhlolo enkulu ekhohlakanisweni yempathi ne-mpatho. Uma uhulumeni ezama ukuvimbela inqubo yenkululeko efanele izikhulu, kungagunyaza uhulumeni ukuze uvume uhulumeni ezinkantolo zomthetho ezingokomthetho zomphakathi.

Isimiso Sokulandisa: Ngalé Kwamagatsha Amathathu

Uhulumeni awunakuziphendulela kulutho. idemokrasi enempilo incike engokwakheka kwezindawo eziqinile zabadlali bangaphandle abahlola, babike, futhi basekele ukuba kube sobala. Lendawo ezungezile isebenza njengesithasiselo esibucayi somthetho sisekelo osemthethweni.

Imithombo Yezindaba Njengefa Lesine

I-university iwukuhlolwa okunamandla kakhulu okungekhona kweze-hulumeni emandleni. Igama elithi "Indawo Yesikhala" livuma indima yemithombo yezindaba njengengxenye engekho ngokomthetho kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu yokubusa. Kusukela ehlazweni ] lokuhlasela [, lapho abacosheli bezindaba Bob Wooward noCarl Bernstein bevulile khona isifihlakaliso esikhulu sezombangazwe, ekuhloleni kwanamuhla ekuhloleni isixwayiso sikahulumeni nemali engekho ngokwezimali, intathelela ububi obungase buphuthelelwe noma bushaywe. Amabutho kahulumeni akhululekile nawazisayo ekukhanyeleni komphakathi. Ngaphandle kokuhlola, inqubo yokulandisa, ngokuvamile inqubo yokuziphendulela ihlala ikhona. I-mo yokwehluleka kwe-'i-'i-'i-'iphediumgardensi yosongo yosongo esakaza kakhulu kumagazini abaningi.

Umphakathi Wangaphakathi Nemisebenzi Yokuqapha

Izinhlangano ezingekho hulumeni (NGO) kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi zinikeza uhlobo oluhleleke kakhulu noluqhubekayo lobubonisi. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Imithetho eqinile yezwe lonke ne iProject Ouncement (PORN)] i-Oversity isebenza ngokuthuthukisa ukukhohlakala kukahulumeni, ukucubungula, nokusekela imithetho eqinile ye-uhulumeni. Isebenza njengebhuloho phakathi komphakathi nohulumeni, inikeza izinselele zezazi nemithetho engokomthetho yokukhanyisa noma yemithetho engalungile. Lamaqembu athembele kuyo kanye imithetho asizayo, njengaleyo inkululeko yomthetho (FOI) efuna ulwazi nezincwadi zomphakathi. Ingxenye esebenzayo yomphakathi iwusizo kakhulu ekubonelweni komphakathi.

Izakhamuzi Ezinolwazi Nezikhuthele

Ekugcineni, ukuhlola okuyisisekelo kakhulu akuyona i-social commontry ngokwayo. Ukhetho olunolwazi oluvotayo, oluthatha ingxenye ekuphileni komphakathi, futhi olufuna ukuba sobala luyikhomba lokulandisa. Imfundo yamaSifo ayiyona into ephambili; isidingo sokusinda emphakathini ozisebenzela wona. Izakhamuzi ezihlonyiswe ulwazi lwamalungelo azo kanye nomsebenzi kahulumeni zingenwa yikho kancane kakhulu ukubekezelela ukuxhashazwa kwezenzo zokuxhashazwa kwabantu. Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi emabhodini, emihlanganweni yehholo, nokukhuluma obala ngemithetho ehlolwayo kuyizenzo ezincane ezisebenza empucukweni enamandla. I-inthanet-m-net kanye nezinyathelo elivulekile zokuzinzisa izakhamuzi zinikwe amandla okufinyelela ulwazi ngokuqondile, ukuguqula amandla amandla embusweni embusweni yamandla embusweni wamandla ekhona ngempela.

Amathuluzi Okuhlola: Izincwadi, Imithetho Ebonisa Ukushintshashintsha Neziphephelo Eziphehlayo

Ngaphandle kokuhlola nokulinganisa ukwakhiwa, amathuluzi athile abalulekile ukuze kuqikelelwe ukuba kubekwe icala. La mathuluzi adinga uhlelo olungokomthetho lwamabomu ukuze asebenze ngokuphumelelayo.

Izimali Nemisebenzi

Izibalo ezizimele ziwuhlelo lokuzivikela ngokwezimali lukahulumeni. Amabhukwana anjenge- GAO aqhuba ukuhlola ukusebenza kwemali ukuze ahlole ukuthi ayisetshenziswa ngokomthetho yini kodwa ukuthi yasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo futhi yafeza injongo yayo. Lemitapo inikeza isisekelo, okungekho-partian data abenzi bomthetho nomphakathi abangayisebenzisa kakhulu izinhlelo ezingaphumeleli noma abalahla izenzileyo. Ngaphandle kobufakazi obunzima obunikezwa yizazi, izimpikiswano zikahulumeni ngokusetshenziswa kwemali ezisekelwe ekukhulumeni kuneqiniso. Imithetho nokucaca kwemithetho, njenge [FLC:2] Inkululeko yomthetho wokwaziswa [FOI] [FLT] [F:3], iyinye ithuluzi eligxekayo. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zigunyaza ukukhomba ukukhomba ukukhomba ukuthulwa komthetho womphakathi. Imithetho engokomthetho yokukhohlisela imvume yokukholisa izakhamuzi zezelelwa komthetho.

Indima Ebucayi Yesivikelo Samazambane

Abacuphi bavame ukuphumelela kakhulu ekudaluleni ukuziphatha okubi. Nokho, ingozi yomuntu siqu ababhekene nayo inkulu. I-Strong iwumthetho wokuvikela [ idingekile ukuze kusungulwe umzila ophephile wokubika ukukhohlisa, ukungcola, nokuxhaphaza. Lemithetho ivikela izisebenzi zikahulumeni ekuphindiseleni, njengokuhlehlela noma ukudubula, lapho zibika ngokungemthetho. Abavulimisi abaphezulu be-palishi bedalula izinhlelo ezinkulu zokuhlola (Edurd Snowden), ukuphathwa kabi kwesibhedlela eMnyango weVeterans, nokusetshenziswa kabi kwezimali zikahulumeni. Ukuvikela labagxeki bangaphakathi kuvikela phambili kwenkohlakalo. Lapho izisebenzi zifikela phambili, ukukhwazwa kwezenzo zokuhlazisa impova.

Abahloli Abavamile Nezimiso Zokuziphatha

Uhulumeni wase-U.S. ufake * * * * I-Inspecter General (IGs***) cishe kuyo yonke izinhlangano ezinkulu. Lezi zinja ezizimele zinomthwalo wokuhlola ukuziphatha okubi kobugebengu nokulawula ngaphakathi kwenhlangano yazo. IGs inikeza imibiko yomphakathi yokuthi ngokuvamile yembula amaphutha amakhulu emikhankasweni yezinhlangano. Isebenza njengendawo yokuqondisa yangaphakathi evimbela ububi. Ngokufanayo, imibuso enamandla e-ethics [, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko zezezimali nemingcele yokuthola imvume, iklanyelelwe ukuvimbela ukungezwani kwesithakazelo ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke. Lemithetho idala ukubonakala obala lapho izithakazeko zomuntu siqu nemisebenzi kumelwe kuhlukaniswe kahle, yenza inkohlakalo ifihleke kakhulu.

Izinselele Nosongo Lokulandisa Kukahulumeni

Imikhuba eminingi yanamuhla isongela ngamandla amandla ombuso nezakhamuzi okugcina amandla okulandisa.

Ukuphakama Kwamandla Aphethe Nesimiso Sokuphatha Ebunyeni

Kulelikhulu leminyaka elidlule, amandla okuphatha aye akhula ngokuphawulekayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zezokuphepha kwesizwe, amandla aphuthumayo, kanye nesenzo esingathathi hlangothi. Inkolelo-lwazi yesikhulu sokulawula , ephikisa ukuthi umongameli unegunya eliphelele phezu kwegatsha eliphethe, ubekela inselele imingcele yokuzibusa. Uma umongameli engawushaya indiva umthetho ovimbelayo, abahloli bezomlilo ngaphandle kwesizathu, noma enqaba ukuphoqelela imithetho edluliswa yi-Congress, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa kuncishwa ngokuphumelelayo. Ukushikashikeka kokuchaza imingcele yegunya lezempathi, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezikhathi zenhlekelele noma ukuphatha, kuyinselele yokulandisa impikiswano yanamuhla.

Ukwaziswa Okungaqondakali, Okuyimfihlo Nokungaqondakali

Uhulumeni uvame ukuba nokwaziswa okuningi kakhulu kunomphakathi. Nakuba kudingeka ukuba kugcinwe imfihlo ethile ukuze kuvikelwe izwe, ukuhlelwa ngokweqile kungasetshenziselwa ukufihla ukungalungi nokungavunyelwa ngokomthetho. Indawo yanamuhla ezungezile yokungavumelani kolwazi ingenza lokhu kube nzima nakakhulu. Abadlali bamaMalign bangenza ukulandisa okungamanga okudida umphakathi, kulula ukuthembana ezinhlanganweni ezingokomthetho, futhi kuvikela izikhulu ukuba zingahlolisiswa. Uma izakhamuzi zingavumelani ngamaqiniso ayisisekelo, ukubeka uhulumeni esabelweni ngenxa yokwehluleka kwazo. Ukunqanda ukunqandwa kwenkululeko kungathi inselele impikiswano yenkululeko yekhulu lama-21 abusayo.

Ukubanjwa Kwesimiso Sokuqondisa Nomnyango Ojikelezayo

Ingozi yokuba abaqondisi bagcine izimboni abafanele bengamele iyaziwa ngokuthi ukukhokha izinkampani komthetho. Lokhu kuvame ukubangelwa "umnyango ojikelezayo" lapho izikhulu zikahulumeni zishiyela khona inkonzo yomphakathi ukuze zisebenzele abashiqela abakhokhelwe kakhulu noma abaphathi abaphethe emagumbini abodwa. Lokhu kwakha isikhuthazo esinamandla sokusekela izimboni ezisebenzela ibhizinisi ukuvuna umphakathi. Ngokufanayo, ithonya lezezimali zomphakathi liyinselele izimali zezenkambiso [[[FLT:] ezimisweni zomthetho] zingaguqula izinto eziphambili, zenze abacebi abacebile abasabelayo kakhulu kunabo abacebile. Ukulungisa lezi zisusa kuyinselele inselele eqhubekayo.

Ukuhlola Icala Ngokulandisa: Ukuphumelela Nokuhluleka

I - watergate: Isimiso Semvelo Esisebenza Ngokuhlongozwa

Ihlazo leWatergate lama-1970 liseyisibonelo sencwadi yezomthetho wokuziphendulela ngokuphumelelayo ekuhloleni umqondisi onamandla. Inhlanganisela ye-meya ye-university eqinile ephenyayo (i-Washington Post), ukuqulwa kwemithetho eqinile, ukuqulwa kwemithetho eqinile, kanye nomshushisi onamandla waphoqelela uMongameli uRichard Nixon ukuba aphume. Isimiso sabonisa ukuthi ukusabela okuhlangene okuvela kuSine seSinawo soMpanso negatsha lemithetho yezomthetho kunganqoba ukuvingcakaza kwamatshe okunamandla. Ukuwa kwaholela ngokuqondile ekulungiseni izinguquko ezinkulu, kuhlanganise nokudalwa kweNkantolo yecala [FLT] ukuba kwengamele, ukuqiniswa kwenkululeko yenkululeko yokwaziswa, nemithetho emikhankathi. I-okhesayo ibonisa ukuthi ukulandisa okungcono kakhulu lapho kuhlola abanye.

Ukugada Nokulinganiselwa

Ihlazo le-Entron ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2000 lembula ukuhluleka okubhubhisayo kokuqondisa kwenkampani nohulumeni. Inkampani yamandla yawa ngenxa yokukhwabanisa okukhulu kokubhalisa, okwabonwa ababali, amalungu ebhodini, nabaphathi bakahulumeni okwakumelwe bakubambe. Intukuthelo yomphakathi yaphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba athathe isinyathelo, iholele ekulweni yinhlekelele Sarbanes-Oxley Act ka 2002 , okuyingozi ehlaziywe ngokuphawulekayo ukubusa kwezinhlangano zezentengiselwano, izindinganiso ze-accounter, nezokuphehla impepho. Lokhu kuqokomisa ukuthi ukulandisa kwecala kusebenza emjikelezweni: ukwehluleka okukhulu kuholele esimweni somphakathi, okuyobangela ukukhiqiniswa kwezombangazwe okudingekile ukuze kulungiswe.

ICOVOID-19 Pandemic: Ukuvivinywa Kokulawula Ngokucindezeleka

Isifo sembulunga yonke se-COVOVAD-19 sasebenza njengovivinyo olunzima lokubhekana nezimiso zikahulumeni ngokuqubuka okukhulu kohulumeni ngezinhlelo ezifana ne-Paycheck Program (PPP) e-United States yanikeza ithuba elikhulu lokukhwabanisa. Nakuba ezinye izindikimba eziphethe zakhipha imibiko esheshayo yokusetshenziswa kabi kwezimali, ezinye zazama ukugcina ijubane. Umqedazwe odalwe wadalulwa kakhulu ekutholeni ubuthakathaka obukhulu ekwazisweni kwempilo yomphakathi ukuhlanganyela nokuhlelwa kwezeluleko lwezesayensi. Ukusabela kwezizwe kwanikeza isifundo sangempela sezwe ekuboneleni, ukuthemba ezinhlanganweni, kanye namandla okuphatha kuhlangene ngokuqondile nemiphumelo engcono. Inselele ihlala ikhona ukuze ikwazi ukwenza izifundo ezifundwe phambi kwenhlekelele elandelayo.

Ukuqinisa Ukulandisa Ngekhulu Lama - 21

Ukulandisa akuwona umsebenzi owenziwe ngokuqhubekayo; kuwumkhuba okumelwe uvikelwe njalo futhi uhlelwe. Njengoba izinsongo zishintsha, kanjalo kumelwe ukuba sisebenzise izindlela zethu zobubonisi. Indawo ethembisayo iwumsebenzi wokwenza umboni ovulekile nokukhanya kwe-algorithism[[. Njengoba ohulumeni beqhubeka bethembela ezinqumweni zokushaya umthetho ezingokomthetho zobugebengu, inhlalakahle, nokuqasha umphakathi kumelwe ukwazi ukuhlaziya lezizimiso zobandlululo nokulunga. Enye indawo enzima iqinisa isakhiwo sembulunga yonke se-yo. Izinhlangano ezifana ** Ukukhishwa kwama-Industries Intectionries (I) * ihlela izindinganiso zomhlaba zonke zokukhokha ngokumelene nale zomnotho azikwazi ukukho ukukhomba inzuzo ezindaweni eziphuma kumafutha, igesi, nezimbazwe. Ukusekela lezizimiso zezizwe zomhlaba ezisemhlabeni wonke kusiza ukulwa kwemibalwa kweminde, nokuvusekubusa komphakathi wanamuhla ngokuzinye ukuthi azikwazi ukukho ukukhomba ukukhomba ukukhomba okulungile.

Isiphetho

Ukulandisa kuhulumeni yisici esibalulekile senkululeko. Kuguqula imvume engabonakali elawulwayo ibe yinto engokoqobo engokoqobo. Kusukela ekuhlolweni nasekulinganiseni kokuhlolwa nokulinganiswa kwansuku zonke kuya ekuphikeleleni kwansuku zonke kwezintatheli nezokugada, lezindlela ziqinisekisa ukuthi amandla awayona imvume kodwa ayiyomvume yomphakathi ethembekile. Izinselele zokuphambana kwezikhulu, ukukhubazeka, nokungakhonjwa okungokomthetho kungokoqobo, kodwa amathuluzi okuzisingathayo ayaziwa. Kumelwe sibophe inqubo yokuqapha njalo, ubuhlanga obunolwazi, nenguquko yenhlangano. Uhulumeni obonakala kalula, okwazi ukuphendula, nowenza ukuphathwa ngempumelelo nguhulumeni kuphela ofanelwe abantu abakhululekileyo. Ukuvikela nokuphelela kwalesi simiso umsebenzi ohlala njalo.