Isakhiwo Esingokomthetho Sabashisekeli Bempi Abayimiqemane

Izimfuneko ezingokomthetho ezigunyaziwe ezivumelwaneni zentsha zisekelwe ekuvikelweni kweSichibiyelo sesine sokuhlola nokuquleka okungacabangeli, njengoba kusetshenziswa kubantwana nge-Century Procession yeSichibiyelo se-14. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. kuyisikhathi eside iqaphela ukuthi intsha inamalungelo omthetho, izindinganiso eziqondile zemvume yezingane eziqulweni zezehlulelo ziye zavela ngenhlanganisela yemithetho kahulumeni, imithetho yesifunda, nemithetho yenkantolo. Ukuqonda lemingcele engokomthetho ibalulekile kubaphathi bemithetho, abameli, abahluleli, nemikhaya ngokufanayo, ngoba izigxobo ezicabeni zentsha ngokuvamile azihileli nje inkululeko esheshayo kodwa futhi nemiphumela emide yentsha ngemiphumela yerekhodi neyomlando yesikhathi esizayo.

Isimiso esiyinhloko semfuneko engokomthetho ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kuthole imvume yokwahlulela ngaphambi kokungena ezindaweni zomuntu siqu zezingane noma ukuthatha umuntu noma impahla. Lemfuneko isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukuqapha kwamaphoyisa futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa imajistant engathathi hlangothi ngokwesizathu esilindelekile. Nokho, isimiso sobulungisa sobusha siye sasebenza ngokwesiko ngokwethukela kakhulu nangendlela ehlukile kunesimiso sabantu abadala, siholela empikiswaneni eqhubekayo ngokuthi izindinganiso ezifanayo zingasetshenziswa yini. Imithetho eminingi iye yamukela imithetho ethile eqondile noma imithetho ekhuluma ngezimo ezikhethekile zabantwana, njengendima yabazali, ukuvumelana, nokuguquguquka kwezimiso zesikole.

Isidingo Esinengqondo Sembangela

Imbangela efanelekile ingumthetho ogunyaziwe, noma kuyini ukusetshenziswa komthetho, noma kungumuntu omdala noma umntwana. Ezindabeni zentsha, indinganiso iyafana: ukugcinwa komthetho kumele kunikeze amaqiniso nezimo ezingenza umuntu onengqondo akholelwe ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa nokuthi insizwa ihilelekile. Lendinganiso ayiwona umthwalo onzima kakhulu. Kunzima kakhulu ukunikeza ubufakazi obungenakungatshazwa kodwa obungangatshazwa. Izinkantolo zibheka imbangela cishe ngokusekelwe ekupheleleni kwezimo, uma kucatshangelwa ukuqeqeshwa kwabaphathi, okuhlangenwe nakho, nokwaziswa okukhona ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma amaphoyisa ethola umbiko wofakazi wokuzibonela othembekile wokuthi osemusha othile weba imoto futhi ucashe endlini ethile, lowombiko "obekwe ngemininingwane esekelayo" ungathola isizathu esingaba khona sokuthola imvume yokuboshwa kwentsha noma yokuseshwa kwezindawo. Nokho, uma ubufakazi bubodwa buyinto engaziwa engenakho ukukhombisa ukuthembeka, lesi sicelo siyolahlwa. Lendinganiso isebenza kokubili endabeni yabantwana nabadala, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zihlola izicelo ezigunyaza izicelo ngokuseduze kakhulu uma amalungelo omntwana esesigxotsheni, ikakhulukazi uma ubugebengu obumangalelwe bungenawo amandla aluhlaza noma uma ingane engakabhaliwe ngaphambili.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi imbangela iqanjiwe yintsha ngayinye. Ukusola okuvamile ngeqembu noma indawo akwanele. Imvume kumele ichaze umuntu ukuba athathwe noma indawo okumelwe iphenywe ngayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlasela okungadingekile. Ezimweni zentsha, lokhu kuvame ukudinga ukuchazwa okunembile, njengegama lomntwana, ikheli, noma incazelo engokoqobo, kanye namazwi acacile obugebengu obuphenywayo.

Ubufakazi Obusekela Abashisekeli Bempi

Ukuze zithole imvume, izikhulu zomthetho kumelwe zinikeze ubufakazi obusekelayo kumahluleli noma kumahluleli, ngokuvamile obuwuhlobo lwe-affidavit efungelwe. Lobu bufakazi bungahlanganisa ukuqaphela komuntu ngokwakhe, izisho ezivela ezisulwini noma kofakazi, ubufakazi obungokoqobo obufana ne-DNA noma iminwe, amarekhodi anjengezingobo zesikole noma imininingwane yocingo, futhi ngisho nemibono yolwazi. Ezinkantolo zentsha, zinikeza ukunakekela ngokuseduze emthonjeni nokwethembeka kobufakazi ngenxa yokuthi abantwana bangase bangakwazi ukuphoqelelwa noma ukusikisela. Uma ubufakazi buhlanganisa amazwi ashiwo yintsha ngokwayo, umbuso kumelwe uqinisekise ukuthi lawomazwi atholakala ngokuvumelana noMirenda nanoma yimiphi imithetho yombuso ngokuphathelene yokuncintiswa kwezingane.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma u-15Âar à old evuma ekugqekezeni phakathi nengxoxo yamaphoyisa ngaphandle komzali futhi engawafundi amalungelo awo, ukuthi ukuvuma izono kungase kungamukeleki enkantolo futhi kungenakusetshenziswa njengesisekelo semvume. Ngokufanayo, ubufakazi obutholakala ekuhloleni ucingo lomntwana kumelwe busekelwe cishe ngesizathu sokuthi ucingo luqukethe ubufakazi bobugebengu. Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela kakhulu ukuthi imishini yemishini yemishini iqukethe ukwaziswa okuningi komuntu siqu, futhi izicelo ezigunyaziwe kumelwe zihlangabezane nezimfuneko eziqinile zohlobo lwemininingwane yemininingwane yemininingwane efunwayo.

Esinye isici esibucayi uchungechunge lobufakazi obungokomzimba, ikakhulukazi uma buhilela izinto ezinjengezidakamizwa noma izikhali.

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile Ezicathulweni Eziyizithulu

Isimiso sokwahlulela sentsha sisebenza ngaphansi kwefilosofi eqondisayo ehlukile kunesimiso sabantu abadala, ukugcizelelwa kokuvuselelwa, ukuvikelwa, nenzuzo engcono kakhulu yengane. Lomehluko ugcwele ukusetshenziswa kwezimfuneko zokugunyazwa. Izinkantolo zithambekele kakhulu ekucabangeleni ubudala bomntwana, amandla engqondo, nokuba khona kwabazali, noma abanakekeli lapho behlola ukufaneleka komthetho kokuhlola nokuquleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe amaningi aye amisa imithetho eveza isivikelo esengeziwe sentsha, njengokufuna ukuba imvume ithathwe ngaphambi kokuthatha imvume yokugcinwa kwecala (njengentambo yokujeza noma ukubaleka), noma ukulinganisela ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola kwesikole.

Izinkantolo zeFederal, kuhlanganise neNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., ziye zagcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi izingane zihluke ngokwemithetho-mthetho kubantu abadala ngezinjongo zeSichibiyelo sesine. [[FL:0] New Jersey v. T.L.O.[[FLL:1] [85], iNkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi izikhulu zesikole zidinga ukusolwa okunengqondo kuphela, hhayi ukuphenya ngemithetho yempahla yomfundi ehlelwe yisikole. Nokho, leso sinqumo sasilinganiselwe ekuphenyeni izikhulu zesikole, hhayi umthetho. Uma izikhulu zamaphoyisa zihilelekile ekufuneni isikole, imfuneko ngokuvamile iyasebenza ngaphandle kokuba izimo ezikhona. Lokhu kungoko kuvela izindaba eziningi zentsha ezisesikoleni.

Imfuneko Yokungasitholi Isidingo Ezimweni Eziningi

Umthetho ugunyaza ukuba ulwenze umthetho ngaphambi kokuba uboshe umntwana ekhaya noma uphenye igumbi lokuhlala, imoto, noma imishini ye-electron. ISichibiyelo sesine sisebenza ngamandla aphelele kubantwana, futhi umthetho okhishwa imantshi ongathanga hlangothi uqinisekisa ukuthi isinqumo sisekelwe entweni engenzeka kunesizathu sobuhlakani besikhulu. Lokhu kuvikela imfuno yezindaba zomuntu siqu nenkululeko yentsha nomkhaya wayo. Ekwenzeni ngokomthetho, izakhiwo eziningi ziphatha ukuboshwa kwezingane ngokufanayo imfuneko yokuba ziboshwe abantu abadala, ngezinyathelo ezifanayo: ukusebenza, ukubukezwa kwejaji, futhi kuviswe umahluleli.

Uma amaphoyisa efuna ukusesha ikamelo lezingane ekhaya, kumelwe athole imvume ngaphandle kokuba enye yezindawo eziqashelwayo isetshenziswe. Iqiniso lokuthi umzali angase avume alikho ngokwanele njalo, `ikhonsathi zihlola ukuthi umzali unegunya lokuvuma noma imvume yayingeyokuzithandela yini. Ezimweni eziningi, imvume yomzali iyasebenza, kodwa uma emdala ngokwanele ukuba alindele ukuba abe wedwa ekamelweni labo, ikhono lomzali lokuvuma lingalinganiselwe. Lokhu kudinga ukuba kuqaliswe umthetho ukuba uqashelwe kahle emphazaneni womthetho womkhaya nenqubo yomthetho womthetho.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Njengezinguquko zesine, imfuneko egunyazwayo ezicaleni zentsha ihlukile.

  • Imvume: Imvume yokuzithandela yokuhlola enikezwa yintsha noma umuntu onegunya elifanayo endaweni (njengomzali noma umnakekeli) ingasiqeda isidingo semvume. Nokho, imvume kumelwe inikezwe ngokukhululekile futhi ingabi umphumela wokuphoqelelwa. Intsha, izinkantolo zihlolisisa ukuthi ingane iyawaqonda yini amalungelo ayo nokuthi izizwa icindezelwa ukuba khona kwamaphoyisa. Kwezinye izifunda, umzali akanakuvumela ukuphenywa kwendawo yangasese (njengedilodiodi elikhishiwe) uma izinto ezincane ziveza amazwi angaziboni.
  • Ukuphenya Ithuba Lokuboshwa Ngokusemthethweni: Lapho umntwana eboshwa ngokomthetho, izikhulu zingase zifune ukuthi umntwana ungubani futhi nendawo eseduze ukuze zithole izikhali noma ubufakazi. Lokhu kufana nakubantu abadala, kodwa izinkantolo zilinganisela izinga lazo lendawo phakathi kokulawula komthumbi ngokushesha. Ukuhlola isikhwama noma ucingo lwentsha ngokushesha ngemva kokuboshwa kungadinga isiqinisekiso uma ithuluzi lingafinyeleli ngokushesha.
  • Izimo ezingathi sína: Uma kunosongo olusheshayo lokuphepha noma ingozi ewubufakazi obuzobhujiswa ngaphambi kokuba imvume itholakale, abaphathi bangathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngokwesibonelo, uma amaphoyisa ezwa intsha esongela ukukhipha izidakamizwa endlini yangasese, angangena ekhaya ngaphandle kwemvume yokuvimbela ukubhujiswa kobufakazi. Ngokufanayo, uma ingane ikholelwa ukuthi isengozini esheshayo (isibonelo, usongo lokuzibulala), ungena okungena okungena okungenayo okungenayo okungenayo.
  • Umbono oPlain Trinity: Uma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho endaweni futhi sibona ukuphathwa noma ubufakazi embonweni ocacile, akudingeki ukuba sithathe lobu bufakazi. Lemfundiso isebenza emicimbini yabantwana, kodwa ukuba khona kokuqala kwesikhulu kumelwe kuvunyelwe (umz., phakathi nophenyo noma lapho senza esinye isiqinisekiso).
  • I-Terry Stops ne Frisks: ukusola okunengqondo ukuthi ingane ihileleke emsebenzini wobugebengu futhi ihlomile kuvumela ukuma okufushane nokugodla izikhali okulinganiselwe. Lokhu kukhetha akuvumeli ukuseshwa okuphelele, kodwa kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esivamile ezimpini eziningi zentsha, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphakeme.
  • Izidingo ezikhethekile Ukuhlola: Ezimweni ezithile ezinjengezikole noma isigwebo, ukuphenya kungaqhutshwa ngaphandle kwemvume uma kuthethelelwa “isidingo esikhethekile” esingaphezu kokugcinwa komthetho ovamile, njengokugcina ukuphepha esikoleni noma ukugcinwa kwezimo zokuhlola. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu sezeluleko singase sihlole ikhaya lentsha ngaphandle kwemvume uma umntwana esesendisweni futhi ukuseshwa kuhlobene ngokunengqondo nemigomo yesiqondiso.

Lokhu kukhetha akulinganiselwe, futhi izinkantolo ziye zaxwayisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi akufanele zisetshenziswe kakhulu ukuze zilulaze umsebenzi wesivikelo wesidingo, ikakhulukazi sezingane. Uphenyo olungenasiqinisekiso olusekelwe evumelwaneni noma ekuvumeni kumelwe lubhalwe futhi luqinisekiswe ngamaqiniso aqondile; kungenjalo, ubufakazi bungase buvinjelwe lapho kuqulwa icala.

Umlando Nezenzakalo Eziyinhloko

Ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele indlela engokomthetho yamanje, kusiza ukuhlola indlela izimfuneko zentsha eziye zavela ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isimiso senkantolo yanamuhla yentsha siqala emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, lapho abashisekeli benguquko befuna ukuphathwa kwezingane ezephula umthetho ngokungafani nabantu abadala, begxile ekulungiseni isijeziso. Okuningi kwaleyo nkathi, izinkantolo ezisebenza ngesimiso esikhulu, futhi isivikelo somthetho senziwa ngaphandle kakhulu. Kwakungakho kuze kube icala lengqopha - mlando eGault (1967) ukuthi iNkanto yeNkantolo ephakeme yandisa amalungelo afanele inqubo efanelekile, ukuhlanganisa nokwaziswa, ukuxabana, nelungelo lokumelana nomthetho womthetho-odwa [FLT] nomthetho wobuntwana.

Ngemva IGUlt, izinkantolo eziphansi zaqala ukusebenzisa iziphetho zesine eziqinile emacaleni ezingane. [[FLT]] [1970], iNkantolo yafuna ubufakazi obungenakungatshazwa obunengqondo ezimpikiswaneni, futhi [[FLT:]] [4] Bred v. Jones [7]] [7], yandisa isivikelo esiphindwe kabili. Lezi zinkantolo zathola ukuthi intsha inelungelo lokufaneleka okungathi abantu abadala abawumthetho owenzile ngokwezenzo zobuqalo. Nokho, imfuneko ngokwayo yayingabhekiswe ngqo eNkantolo yekhulu leminyaka kuze kube sekhulu leminyaka elina. Esikhundleni sezezinkantolo ezihlangene, izinkantolo ezithiwe ezinye izikhothiwe, ezinye izikhothi zeze izigethi zezena ezinye izigethi eziqinile.

Enye intuthuko ephawulekayo yayiwukuqaphela ukuthi inkathi yomntwana kumelwe ihlolwe ekuhloleni ukuvunyela kwemvume. J.B. v. eNyakatho Carolina (2011], iNkantolo Ephakeme (2011), ikholelwa ukuthi inkathi yomntwana iyimbangela yokunquma ukuthi uvalelwe egumbini likaMiranda. Imibono iye yadluliselwa izinkantolo eziningi eziphansi ukuba zivume, ibambe ukuthi imvume yentsha no-imcan ilula ukuvuma kwayo. Ngokufanayo, izinkantolo ziye zathi imvume yomzali yokuhlola ikamelo lentsha ingenza i-sleveveveveve ilindele ukuba ingoye yengane uma ilindele ukuba isikhulu esincane sivinywe kahle.

Ukuqhathaniswa Nezindinganiso Ezingathandeki Zabantu Abadala

Nakuba uhlelo olungokomthetho lwemvume lufanayo kubantu abadala nakubantwana, kuvela umehluko oyinhloko omningana. Okokuqala, umqondo wembangela okungenzeka usetshenziswa ngokuqinile lapho umcabango ewumntwana ngenxa yefilosofi ephinde yalesimiso. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho efuna indinganiso ephakeme jwayezi, njengokuthi “ubufakazi obucacile nobuqinisekisayo”" ngenxa yezicelo ezithile ezihilela intsha, ikakhulukazi ukufakwa ezikhungweni zokuvalelwa. Okwesibili, ukungezwani kwemfuneko kuchazwa ngokuqaphela okukhulu ukuhluleka kwengane. Ngokwesibonelo, imvume enikezwa ngu-12/65 remary âld obelokhu umzali okhona cishe ibhekwa njengenhlanhla.

Okwesithathu, indima yabazali nabanakekeli imane ikhona emicimbini yabantwana kuphela. Umzali angavuma njalo ukusesha izindawo ezivamile zekhaya, kodwa hhayi ezindaweni ezilawulwa yingane kuphela, njengedayari elivaliwe noma iphasiwe [1] ucingo oluvikelwe ngokushesha. Ezimweni zabadala, umuntu ohlala naye noma umngane womshado angase abe negunya lokuvuma; ezimweni zentsha, igunya lomzali libanzi kodwa alilinganiselwe. Okwesine, “izimo ezingefaniyo” zivame kakhulu ukutholakala lapho ukuphepha kwentsha kusemngciphekweni osheshayo, njengokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa noma inkinga yempilo. Ekugcineni, ukutholakala kwezindlela zokusetshenziswa kwemithetho engokomthetho yenkantolo [1] njengezinhlelo zokuzinhlebo ezibonisa ukuthi ukufuna ukwamukeleka kwabantu abadala, okungathi abamele basebenzise isigaba esincane.

Indima Yabazali Nabagadi Ezimisweni Eziyinqaba

Abazali nabanakekeli banendima ebalulekile ezindabeni zentsha, kokubili njengabameleli nabagcini besango bemvume. Uma abaphoqeleli bomthetho befuna umthetho wokufuna ikhaya lapho kuhlala khona intsha, umzali ngokuvamile ungumuntu osebenzelana namaphoyisa, onikeza ukwaziswa, futhi angase acelwe ukuvuma. Kubalulekile ukuba abazali baqonde amalungelo abo kanye nemingcele yegunya labo. Isinqumo somzali sokuvuma ukuphenywa singenza umntwana angabi namalungelo okuncintisanayo uma umzali enegunya elingokoqobo noma elisobala endaweni ephenywayo. Nokho, uma umntwana enethemba elicacile lomuntu siqu futhi umzali azi ukuthi izinto ezincane, imvume yakhe ingaba yize.

Ezindabeni eziningi, amaphoyisa kudingeka azise abazali ngaphambi kokubuza izingane ezivalelwe, futhi leso simiso esifanayo sisebenza ekugunyazeni ukusebenzelana nomzali. Ezinye izifundazwe zinemithetho egunyaza ukuba khona komzali lapho imvume ikhishwa enganeni, okungenani ezimisweni zesikole. Abazali futhi kufanele baqaphele ukuthi abanakuphoqelelwa ukuba bavume ekuhloleni. Banelungelo lokwenqaba ukubambisana nokufuna imvume. Lokhu kuyiphuzu elibucayi ngoba abanye abazali bangase bazizwe becindezelwa amaphoyisa ukuba bavumele ukuphenywa, futhi bangaqapheli ukuthi ukwenza kanjalo kungalimaza isikhundla somntwana esingokomthetho.

Abavikeli bentsha, babekela imvume yabazali inselele evamile lapho ubufakazi butholakala ngaphandle kwemvume. Ukuvikela kungase kuphikise ngokuthi imvume yaphoqelelwa, ukuthi umzali wayengenalo igunya endaweni ethile eyaphenywa (isibonelo, ikamelo lentsha eliyimfihlo esimweni esihlukene sokuziphatha), noma ukuthi intsha engazifuni. Izinselele ngokuvamile ziholela ekucindezeleni ubufakazi nasekuqedweni kwecala.

Umphumela Wobuchwepheshe Kwabaxhaphazi Abayimihambima

Inkathi ye-minuber iye yaveza izinkimbinkimbi ezinkulu ezivumela izimfuneko zentsha. Ama-Mineros avame ukusebenzisa ama-makhalekhukhwini, i-menum, i-webster, kanye nama-internet, konke okuqukethe ukwaziswa okuningi komuntu siqu. Ukugcinwa komthetho kuvame ukufuna iziqondiso zokungena kumakhalekhukhwini asemancane, amacomputer, noma ama-athonsi. Lezi zicelo kumelwe zivumelane nemfuneko yeSimemezelo Sesine seSichibiyelo, kumelwe zichaze ukuthi iziphi izinto ezifunwayo nokuthi kungani zibalulekile. Imvume efuna “yo yonke imininingwane” cishe izothathwa ngocingo lwentsha futhi ingasasebenzi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulindela ukuba ucingo lwezethulelo lwemishini ye-electronic lungabonwa kakhulu. Riley v. California (2014, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile afuna imvume yokuhlola ucingo lwe-mouse, ngisho nesenzakalo sokubopha. Lesi sinqumo sisebenza ngokufanayo nakubantwana. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusetshenziswa komakhalekhukhwini abasha kumelwe kusungule izimbangela sokuthi lomshini uqukethe ubufakazi obuthile bobugebengu obukhona ngaphansi kokuphenya. Ikhono elifanayo lisebenza ekuhloleni izindaba zezokuxhumana, i-GPS, ukulandelela i-midiya, neminye imile yemigomo yobuchwepheshe.

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho enikeza izingane iziqondiso ezengeziwe zokwaziswa okuphathelene nemishini. Ngokwesibonelo, iColorado idinga imvume ekhethekile yokungena engosini yezokuxhumana yengane, kanti iCalifornia ilinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yezemishini yokulandelela izingane ngaphandle komyalo wenkantolo. Abavikeli bamaJuvenile bafaka inselele enzima kakhulu encike ekwazisweni kwesikole ezisetshenziswa yimishini yezemfundo, bethi imithetho yokuhlola isikole ayiwanciphi ngokuzenzekelayo amalungelo engane eSine seZigwebo-Refecrence. Izinkantolo ziye zahlukana kulendaba, abanye bethi abafundi banokulindela okuncithamela izinto zomuntu esikoleni uma izinhlelo zesikole zisho ngokucacile ukuthi akukho yimfihlo.

Ukuhlangana kwemithetho yobuchwepheshe nemvume yabantwana kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngemfundiso yokugcinwa kwemininingwane kanye nemfundiso yesithathu. Izinkampani zezezokuxhumana zezezembutho ngokuvamile zinemininingwane efinyelelwa yi-odoli yomthetho ngemithetho enyakeni noma ngemvume. Kubantwana, lokhu kusho ukuthi imvume ingadingeka uma igcinwa i-memondistry yaba nengxenye yesithathu ngaphansi kwemfundiso yesithathu yemfundiso yengxenye", kodwa ukuthi imfundiso iye yancitshiswa eminyakeni yamuva, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokwaziswa komuntu siqu. INkanto ephakeme e [[FLT: 0] ku-Cententer v. United States[FL:] (20) (20) ikholelwa ukuthi imvume idingeka ngenxa ye-cellinet prote engoko, iqaphela ukuthi abantu ngabanye balindele ukuba nethuba elilinganiselwe lokuzinyakazabo. Lokhu kuveza ukuhlulwa kweqembu labo abaculi, labo abaculi abaculi, ngenxa yokukhomba ngocingo babo.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokuphoqelelwa Nokwabasekeli Bomthetho

Uma kucatshangelwa ukuyinkimbinkimbi okungokomthetho nezigxobo eziphakeme zentsha, kokubili ukugcinwa komthetho kanye nabavikeli bomthetho kufanele balandele imikhuba engcono kakhulu ukuze baqinisekise ukuvumelana nezimfuneko ezigunyaziwe. Izikhulu zamaphoyisa, inkambo ephephile iwukuthola isiqinisekiso noma nini lapho kungenzeka, ngisho nasezimweni lapho ohlukile engasebenzisa khona. Lokhu kugwema ukubekwa phambili komthetho wokufuna noma ukuphazanyiswa. Abaphathi kufanele babhale konke ukusebenzelana kwabo nentsha nabazali babo, babhale isisekelo sanoma isiphi imvume, futhi bathintane nomshushisi noma ummeli ongokomthetho ngaphambi kokuba baqhubeke ngaphandle kwemvume. Ukuqeqeshwa ngezimiso zabantwana ezingokomthetho zezingane .

Abameli abavikelayo, ukuthatha izinyathelo zobuhlakani zobuhlalo ukuze bacindezele ubufakazi obutholakele ngaphandle kogunyazo olusemthethweni kuyithuluzi elibucayi. Ama-attorney kufanele ahlole ukuthi incazelo yezindawo eziphucukile noma ukushintshwa kwemithetho engalungile, ibekela inselele ukwethembeka kwabameli, futhi aphikise ukuthi imvume yomntwana ayinikezwanga ngokuzithandela ubudala bakhe nendawo ezungezile yokusebenza. Kufanele futhi ahlole ukuthi incazelo yencwadi yendawo noma umuntu ikhethekile nokuthi izikhulu ezibulalayo zisebenza ngokwesilinganiso somthetho. Ezimweni lapho ubuchwepheshe buhilelekile, ifuna ubufakazi obuthi imvume ihambisana nobuqinile kanye nokuthi ukwaziswa okufunwayo akufanele kutholakale ngokuhlola okuvamile.

Okokugcina, amajaji nezimantshi banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlola ngokucophelela izicelo zentsha. Kufanele babheke iminyaka yobudala bomntwana njengengxenye ekuhloleni imbangela okungenzeka nemvume engapheli. Futhi kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi isiqinisekiso silinganiselwe kulokho okudingekile futhi ezinye izindlela zokuhlola (njengezingxoxo zokuzithandela nabazali abakhona) zicatshangelwa. Ukwengamela komthetho kuyisici sesimiso somthetho, futhi ukuqina kwaso ezindabeni zabantwana kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuthemba nokulondoloza amalungelo entsha.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda izindinganiso ezingokomthetho eziyimfuneko ezimweni zentsha kudinga ukuqaphela ngokugcwele izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, ukuvumelana komthetho-mthetho, kanye nesimo esiyingqayizivele sabantwana esimisweni sobulungisa. Isidingo seSichibiyelo sesine sisebenza entsheni ngenkani, siphakanyiswa yizinhloso ezicacile ezicacile. Imbangela efanelekile ihlala ingumngcele odingekile, futhi noma yibuphi ubufakazi obusetshenziselwa ukusekela isiqinisekiso kumelwe buthembeke futhi buhlangane ngokufanelekile. Ukucabangela okukhethekile okunjengendima yabazali, isimiso sesikole, imfihlo, imfihlo ye-tecryry, kanye nesibopho sobushalayelo lwesimiso sokusebenza kabusha.

Njengoba indawo engokomthetho iqhubeka iguquka, ikakhulukazi ngentuthuko yobuchwepheshe kanye nokushintsha kwemibono ye-social mayelana nobulungisa bentsha, bonke abahlanganyela kulesi simiso kumelwe bahlale benolwazi futhi beqaphile. Kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba, ukuthola isiqinisekiso indinganiso yegolide evikela kokubili ukuphenywa kwabantwana namalungelo abo. Abameleli, izinselele ezinzima zokuhlola ngaphandle kokuvumela ukukhokha ngokusemthethweni ziqinisekisa ukulandisa. Abahluleli, ukubukeza ngokucophelela izicelo ezigunyaziwe kusekela ubuqotho benqubo. Ekugcineni, ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwezimfuneko ezimweni zabantwana kulinganisela isithakazelo somthetho sokugcinwa kwenkululeko engokomthetho kanye nezithakazelelwa yinkululeko eyisisekelo yentsha nezindaba zayo zomuntu siqu eziyisisekelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ekugcineni inhliziyo yesimiso sobulungisa obuncane.