Iyini Ibhola?

I-collet ithuluzi elisemthethweni elisetshenziswayo ekuqopheni ukukhetha kwabo kukhetho. Kuwukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwentando yesakhamuzi nomphumela wokugcina. Nakuba umqondo oyinhloko ulula---"wamanje"amakhetho, athatha okukhethwa(izinhlobo zamabhola kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo kunemiphumela emikhulu ekungeneni kovoti, ukuthembeka kokhetho, nejubane lemiphumela. Ukuqonda izinhlobo zamabhola asetshenziswayo kudingekile kunoma ubani ohlanganyela noma ofunda izinqubo zedemokrati.

Amabhola angaba iphepha, i-electronic, noma ngisho akhulunywe ezimweni ezilinganiselwe, kodwa injongo yawo ihlala ifana: ukuhumusha ngokunembile nangokuyimfihlo inhloso yomvoti ekuvoteleni okungabalwayo. Umklamo, ukuxhumana, nemithetho ezungeze uhlobo ngalunye lwebhola lomshini luthonya yonke into kusukela ekuphumeni komphumela wephutha. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuwohloka okuningi kwezinhlobo zanamuhla zomdlali, umlando, izinzuzo, iziphazamiso, imingcele, nendima yazo ethinta inqubo yokhetho lobuchwepheshe.

Uhlobo Lwezikhora: Ukubukeza Okunemininingwane

Nakuba izikhulu zokhetho zingase zikhethe amafomethi ahlukene kancane, cishe wonke ama - bollat awela ohlwini olulodwa kweziyisithupha. Ngezansi sihlola uhlobo ngalunye, ngomongo okhulisiwe ophathelene nendlela esebenza ngayo nokuthi asetshenziswa kuphi.

1. Izibhola Zephepha: Indinganiso Engenasikhathi

Ama-collet ayindlela endala kakhulu nejwayelekile. Abaholi bathola iphepha elinohlu olubhalwe kusengaphambili, uphawu lokukhetha kwabo (ngokuvamile ngokugcwalisa i-oval noma ukuhlola ibhokisi), bese befaka ibhola lokubhala ebhokisini elivaliweyo noma balifake emshinini wokuhlola. I-opera yephepha linikeza indlela ehlukile yokubala engalandiswa uma kudingeka.

Izici eziyinhloko:

  • Ubunkimbinkimbi bezobuchwepheshe obuphansi — abuncikile kuma - electronic phakathi nesenzo sokuvota.
  • Kulula nje ngabavoti babo bonke ubudala nezinga lokufunda.
  • Ngokuvamile kuhlanganiswa nokubala izandla noma izipopolo zokubona ukuze kufakwe isivalo.
  • Kungaba lula ukuphatha kabi ngokomzimba, ukulahlekelwa, noma ukulimala (isib., amanzi, umlilo).

Izibonelo: Okhetho abaningi bendawo ezifundeni ezincane, izigodi eziningi e-United States, nokhetho emazweni asemhlabeni wonke anjengeJapane neFrance kusathembele ngokuyinhloko kumavoloti amaphepha. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ecomment Implution Commission yase-U.S. ibika ukuthi kusukela ngo-2022, abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-70 abavoti kukhetho lukahulumeni abafaka amabhuloti ephepha noma ahlolwe ngesandla.

Ama-adpoil: Auble ivumela ukulandisa ngezincwadi. Akukho ngozi yokucushwa ekude. Izindleko ziphansi ngevoti uma inyatheliswa ngobuningi. Ubuntu obujwayelekile nobuthenjwa yivoti.

Izinga eliphansi: ukubala okubambezelayo, ikakhulukazi kubantu abaningi. Kudinga izinto zokuhamba ezingokoqobo nokugcina okulondekile.

2. Ama - electronic Ballot (Imishini)

Imishini eqondisayo i-Electronic (DRE) ikhombisa ama-colot esihekini, ngokuvamile enezixhino noma imishini yokulawula ukusunduza. Amavoter enza ukukhetha ngokwezinombolo, futhi umshini ugcina amavoti ngaphakathi noma emithonjeni ephumayo. Eminye i-DRES iveza indlela yokuvota yephepha egunyaziwe (VPAT), kuyilapho imidwebo engenaphepha iye yaphakamisa ukukhathazeka kwezokuphepha.

Izici eziyinhloko:

  • Ukuwasha okusheshayo — ama - sperfilt angakhiqizwa emizuzwini embalwa yokuhlola evalekile.
  • Izici zokutholakala: ama-colot omsindo, ukuswana-kanye no-puff, kanye nobungako bombhalo obulungiswene.
  • Ungabonisa izilimi eziningi kalula.
  • Kudingeka ukuba izinhlelo ze - computer ezivamile zihlolwe futhi zihlolwe ngokushintshashintsha.

Izibonelo: I - Electronic Voting Machines yaseNdiya isetshenziswa ezweni lonke, okwenza ukuba abavoti abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu - 900 baphonse i - bollet ngokuphumelelayo.

Ama-adworder: Ukubala okusheshayo. Nciphisa impango yebhola (isib., amavote angaxwayiswa ngesikhathi sangempela). Ukudabukela abavoti abakhubazekile ukuvota ngokwabo.

Ama-display azimele: Akwazi ukulawulwa yizibungu zesoftware, i-ware, noma ukushwabana uma kungaqiniswa kahle. I-DREE engenaphepha ayishiyi mzila ozimele wokuhlola. Izindleko eziphezulu zemishini nokulungisa imishini.

Amathulusi-Ku Ballot (I- Absee kanye ne-Universal Vote-by-Mail)

Amaposi athunyelwa kubavoti ngeposi, baqediwe ekhaya, futhi babuyiselwe ngeposi noma bawiselwe ezindaweni ezilondekile. Ama-bolee bolot agcinelwe labo abangakwazi ukuvota ngokoqobo, kodwa izifunda-kazi eziningana (umz., i-Washington, i-Oregon, i-Colorado) manje ziphethe zonke izinqumo ngeposi. Amavoter athola amavoloti emasontweni ngaphambi koSuku lokhetho, inikeza isikhathi sokucwaninga nokuqeda ngokucophelela.

Izici eziyinhloko:

  • Ukutholakala kwemvume yasebekhulile, abakhubazekile, amasosha aphesheya kwezwe, nabavoti abakude.
  • Ukunciphisa umfutho ezisebenzini zokuhlola nemishini.
  • Kudingeka ukuba isignesha eqinile, i - barcode, nezinyathelo zokuphepha ezisemvilophini.
  • Ukubuya kumelwe kuphawulwe noma kwamukelwe ngenkathi emisiwe; ukubala ngokuvamile kuqala ngaphambi koSuku Lokhetho.

Izibonelo: Okhethweni oluvamile lwaseU.S. olungu - 2020, amaMelika angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu - 65 avota ngeposi − irekhodi eliqhutshwa ukukhathazeka okuwumqedazwe. IUtah, iHawaii, neMaryland nazo ziye zasebenzisa izimiso zeposi emhlabeni wonke.

Ama-adpoid: I-convence iholela ekuthatheni iqhaza eliphakeme (uqulo lubonisa ukwanda ko 4-8% ezifundeni zonke zeposi). Ukunciphisa ukudluliselwa kwezifo nge-person. Izindleko ziphansi uma ziqhathaniswa nezindawo zokuvota lapho ziqhathaniswa nezindawo zokuvota.

Izindawo zokuhlola: Ingenzeka ngenxa yokubambezelelwa kweposi, ukulahleka kwamabhola, noma isignesha esingekho mthethweni esilahla abavoti abafanelekayo. Ifuna izinyanga eziningi zokuhlela ngokusemthethweni. Ingozi enkulu yokuphoqelelwa uma abavoti becindezelwa amalungu omkhaya (zikhona izivikelo).

4. Ama - ballet Alungiselela Imali: Inethi Lokuphepha Lokuqashwa

Amavoti alungiselelwe asetshenziswa lapho imvume yovoti ingenakuqinisekiswa ngokushesha ezindaweni zokuvota. Izizathu ezivamile zihlanganisa igama lomvoti elingaveli ohlwini lokubhalisa, ukuntuleka kwe-ID edingekayo, noma ukuthi kakade sele icele umvoti ongekho. Lamaqembu avalwa emvilophini ekhethekile futhi abekwe eceleni kuze kube yilapho izikhulu zokhetho zingaqinisekisa isikhundla somvoti ngemva kokuqeda kwenhlawulo.

Izici eziyinhloko:

  • Akuqinisekisi ukuthi umvoti ofanelekayo ukhishwa ngenxa yamaphutha okuphatha.
  • Ibhekwa kuphela uma umvoti eqinisekiswa ukuba abhaliswe futhi afanelekele lolohlanga.
  • Ngokuvamile kudingeka ukuba umvoti asayine ifomu noma anikeze imvume eyengeziwe phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa.
  • Ungazinqikaza izimpawu zokugcina zemiphumela yezinhlanga ezisondelene.

Izibonelo: Okhethweni oluyinhloko lwango - 2020 e - U.S., ama - ballal ballt ayengaphezu kuka - 400 000 ezifundazweni ezinjengeCalifornia neNew York. ayenendima ezinhlangeni eziningana zezinhlangano ezinqunywe yizinhlangothi ezingaphansi kwe - 1%.

Izinga eliphezulu: livikela ilungelo lokuvota ngaphandle kokuhlehla ukulondeka. Inikeza inqubo elondekile ehlulekileyo yokubhalisa amaphutha.

Izinga eliphezulu: Kumelwe kuqashelwe ukuthi ibhola labo lingase lingabalwa. Inqubo yoqiniso ingaba umthwalo kumahhovisi okhetho. Amazinga aphakeme okulahla okuhlela angalulaza ukwethembana ." Ngokwe-Evolution Confectal Commission, cishe 20% yama-operation bolot ngo-201818 alahlwa.

5. Imidlalo Ekhethekile Ethandwayo

Amavota akhethayo avumela abavoti ukuba babe izinombolo ngokulandelana kokhetho (1, 2, 3, njalonjalo). Uma kungekho ozovota abafuna ukuvota ngokokuqala, ohlongozwayo onezinqumo ezimbalwa kakhulu zokuqala uqediwe, futhi amabhola abo adluliselwa ngokulandela ukukhetha kwesibili. Lenqubo iphinda kuze kube yilapho ovota efinyelela ku-50% + 1.

Izici eziyinhloko:

  • Kususa isidingo sokhetho oluhlukile, konga imali nokuthola imali.
  • Ikhuthaza ukuba kwenziwe umkhankaso omuhle ngoba abazobhapathizwa badinga amavoti wesibili avela kubasekeli babaphikisi.
  • Ungasetshenziswa ephepheni (elibhalwe ngeshiyo futhi libelwe ngesoftware) noma emishinini yamahekethi.
  • Imfundo yevoter ibalulekile — — — i - bollet eklanywe ngokuklanywa iklanywe kahle yandisa amavoti angagunyaziwe.

Izibonelo: IMaine ne-Alaska basebenzisa ukuvota okukhethekile kwabo bonke okhethweni lukahulumeni. Amadolobha anjengeSan Francisco, iMinneapolis, neNew York ayisebenzisa njengezindawo zokuvota zikamasipala. i-Australia ibilokhu isebenzisa ukuvota okungcono kakhulu amashumi eminyaka ngokwezinga lesizwe.

Ama-adworder: abazuzileyo basekelwa kakhulu. Ukunciphisa “imiphumela” evela kubantu abathatha isigaba sesithathu. Ukukhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwenani elikhulu, njengoba abavoti bangasekela intando yabo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukudlala ngevoti.

Izinga eliqinile: Ubunkimbinkimbi bungadida abanye abavoti. Ukubala kuthatha isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi ngokubhekisa phezulu. i-software nokulinganiswa kwe-table kumele kuhlolwe kakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe (njengoba kuboniswa kuyi 201 ye-meyal ye-dountary yeDolobha laseNew York, lapho iphutha le-software libambezeleka khona).

6. Izinhlobo Ze - ballot Ezisahluthukile Nezivundisiwe

Ezinye izifundazwe zihlanganisa izici zalezi zinhlobo ezingenhla. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • Umshini wokuphawula izisetshenziswa (BMDs): Izimboni zisebenzisa isibuko sokuthinta ukuze zenze ukukhetha, bese umshini unyathelisa iphepha lomshini ngokukhetha kwazo (kuhlanganise nebharicode). Iphepha ibhola liyahlolwa futhi libalwe. Ama-BMD ahlanganisa ukutholakala kwama-electronic nokuhlolwa kwephepha.
  • I-Internet Voting: Isetshenziswa ngokwemikhawulo elinganiselwe, njengesimiso se-Estonia i-Yunithi, lapho izakhamuzi zingavota khona kunoma isiphi isisetshenziswa esixhunywe kuyi-Internet. Izinkinga zokuphepha (ukuhlasela, i-asiorware, ukuphika ukutholwa) zivimbele ukutholwa okusakazekile.
  • [[[NT:0] Ivote By foni (i-Telefoni Balloting): Eminye imiphakathi ekude kanye nabavoti bezempi basebenzisa izimiso ezisekelwe kucingo, nakuba lokhu kuyivela kancane ngenxa yezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Umklamo Webhola: Umklamo Ongaqondakali Wemisebe Yangempela

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlobo luni, umklamo webhola ngokwalo uthinta kakhulu ukunemba kovoti. Isimo esididayo singaholela kumavoti angaphansi, amavoti, noma amavoti ashiye i. Ukucwaninga okuvela kwi-IAGA (American Institute of Graphic Arts) kanye ne-Evolution Confect Commission engcono kakhulu:

  • Iziqondiso ezicacile: zibeke phezulu, ohlwini lwezinhlamvu olungaguquguquki.
  • Ukuhlanganisa amaqoqo: amakhasi ehhovisi ngalinye kufanele abe ndawonye, namahhovisi ayalelwe ngokubaluleka (umz., uhulumeni, umbuso, indawo).
  • [[QULT:0] Sebenzisa isikhala esiqinile nesimhlophe: Gwema ukungcola. Sebenzisa [ ubugode kumagama okuhlotshaniswa, kodwa hhayi zonke izigaba.
  • Ukuhlelwa kwe-consistent:[[[FL:1] onke amagwebu noma ama-PROUT (i-consis) kufanele abe nobukhulu obufanayo futhi ahlanganiswe ngakwesobunxele.
  • Ulimi olufingqiwe ulwimi oluvulekile:

Ukuhlolwa kwango 2012 kweBrennan Center for Justice kwathola ukuthi umklamo ophansi webhola eliphansi ungabangela ukuba amaphesenti amabili abavoti avotele umuntu ongafanele noma banqamule umjaho ngokuphelele (*nangokwenza ukhetho oluseduze.) Ngokwesibonelo, “i-compterflot" ePalm Beach County, Florida phakathi nokhetho lukamongameli wase-2002, ibangele ukuba izinkulungwane zamavoti zicushwe kabi. Lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlola nokwenza i-odoli ekuthuthukiseni i-bolock.

Inkemba yobuchwepheshe ebekwe kabili: Ijubane lokuphepha

Ukushintshwa kwephepha kuya kumaphepha awemishini ye - electronic kusungule inani futhi kuthuthukiswe ukutholakala, kodwa futhi kuye kwasungula ukuhlasela okusha kwezakhiwo zokuvota kuyinto eyandayo.

Okuyinhloko okucatshangelwayo ngezimiso zanamuhla zokuvota:

  • Ukukhululeka: ngokufanele, isimiso sokuvota kufanele sincike ephepheni njengerekhodi elingokomthetho, ngakho uma i-software ikekeki, iqoqo lencwadi lingabuyisela umphumela wangempela.
  • Imitapo yokhetho lweposi: Ukuhlanganisa isilinganiso sengozi yokuhlola (RL) ne-electal. Izwe elinjenge-Colorado ne-California liye lasebenzisa i-RLS ukuqinisekisa imiphumela.
  • Ukutshelwa noketanga lokuwinwa kwezingane: Ukudluliswa kwemiphumela kusuka esifundeni kuya esigabeni sokuhlanganisa i-tabtial kumele kubhalwe ngasese. Ama-paper bolot kumele agcinwe ngokuqiniseki ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphazanyiswa.
  • Unikezelo ngaphandle komhlatshelo: BMDs ne VVPAT ibhekwa njengesephuzo esihle, nakuba abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi ibhacode ku-MD-ishicilelwe amabhola angachazwa kabi ngabavoti.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngezindinganiso zokhuseleko lokhetho, bheka i-U.S. i-Universation Convice Commission eqondisa abavoti kanye ne i-Vertified Voting Foundation[, elandela ukuvikelwa komshini wokuvota.

Uhlobo Lwebhola Nomsindo: Lokho Imininingwane Ekushoyo

Ingabe uhlobo lwevoti luthinta ukuthi abantu bayavota yini? Ucwaningo lusikisela ukuthi yebo. ucwaningo lwe - Pew Research Center ne - National Bureau of Economic Research lutholé lokhu:

  • Iposi-i-bollet: Ukwanda kulokhu okuvela ngo 2-5% kukhetho oluvamile, kanye nemiphumela ephakeme phakathi kwabavoti abasha nabathatha kancane.
  • Imishini efundekayo: Akukho miphumela ephawulekayo ekuchosheni, kodwa kuthuthukisa ukwaneliseka phakathi kwabavoti abakhubazekile.
  • Ibhola elikhethiwe elixutshiwe: imiphumela exutshiwe [1] Ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukwanda okuncane kokhetho lukamasipala, kuyilapho ezinye zingatholi miphumela yezinhlanga zikahulumeni.
  • [ Izibalo zezenani:[ Ivame ukusetshenziswa njengendawo yokugcina yokukhosela; ayikhuthazi ukujika kodwa inganciphisa ukunqanda uma izinhlu zokubhalisa zinganembile.

Nokho, ukuvota ngeposi okulula kudinga ukulinganiswa nesikhathi esidingekayo sokubala nokuqinisekisa. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia, ithatha amasonto ukuqeda imiphumela ngenxa yomthamo weposi nezincwadi. Lokhu kungathinta ukwethemba uma imiphumela ishintsha ngokushesha.

Ikusasa Lama - ballot: Ukuthambekela Kokugada

Njengoba okhetho beguquka, kunezinto eziningana ezintsha ezisemkhathini:

  • Ukuvota okusekelwe ekujuleni: Eminye imisebenzi yomshayeli (umzk., ukuhlola kwamazwe aphesheya) ku-2018 kusebenzisa i-blockchain ukuze kubhalwe amavoti. Nakuba kuthembisa ukuma, ukuvota nokuvota kuhlala kungaphenduliwe.
  • Izimpawu ze-Smartphone shot: Izilinganiso eziveza ibhola elishintshwayo noma i-hele elifingqiwe elifingqiwe linganciphisa amaphutha. Ukuvikela kulinganisela ukutholwa kwabantwana, kodwa izinhlelo zokushayela zihamba ezingxenyeni zesifundazwe saseWashington.
  • ivoti engavumelaniyo 76byשmail ngokulandelelana okukhuliswe: ukuhlola ibhacode enwetshiwe ukuze abavoti balandelele isiteshi sabo kusukela ekunyatheliseni ukuya ekubaleni (esetshenziswa kakade ezizweni eziningi).
  • Ilinganise izindinganiso zokufinyelela: Ballot izoklanywa ngokuqhubekayo ngezimiso zokuklama zendawo yonke, iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mvoti okhishwe ngaphandle ngenxa yokukhubazeka noma isithiyo solimi.

Kulokhu kuvela kobuchwepheshe bokuvota, i-EC ikhasi lokucwaninga kanye ne-National Conference of State Legistratures (NCS)[[FL:3] inikeza izici ezicacile zemikhuba yokutholwa yombuso ngesifundazwe.

Isiphetho: Abalimi Abanolwazi Bakha Ukwethemba Imiphumela

Uhlobo lwe-cobster esetshenziswa ekukhetheni akuyona nje imininingwane esemthethweni, kodwa ithonya ukulondeka, ukufinyela, ukunemba, nokuthemba umphakathi. Ukusukela ekusebenzeni kwephepha kuya ekusebenzeni kahle kwemishini ye-electronic nezimiso zokukhetha ezihlelwayo, indlela ngayinye ifeza izidingo ezihlukene futhi ithwale izintambo zokuhwebelana. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nama-vota kuveza isivinini, ukulondeka, nokulunga.

Kuvoti, ukuqonda izinhlobo ze-bollat ezikhona ezindaweni zabo eziphethe, kubanika amandla okulawula inqubo ngokuqiniseka nokusekela intuthuko lapho kudingeka khona. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uvota umuntu noma ngeposi, ephepheni noma esibukweni, ubuqotho babo bonke abavoti buxhomeke ekuklanyweni okucatshangelwe kahle, ukuqiniseka okukhulu, nokhetho olunolwazi oluhle. Hlala uthembise, wazi ukukhetha kwakho, futhi wenze izwi lakho libe nokubaluleka.