Imithetho elawula amaprotheni ihluka kakhulu kusuka kuhulumeni ukuya kuhulumeni wonke e-United States nakwezinye imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi. Banquma ukuthi yibaphi abazothatha inxaxheba eqenjini ngalinye lezombangazwe abazovela ku-collat ngoNovember, bebenza babe sesinye sezinyathelo ezinethonya kakhulu kodwa ezinganakwayo enqubeni yokukhetha. Imithetho elawula amaprotheni iyahlukahluka kakhulu kusukela esimweni ngasinye kuya kwesinye, futhi lokhu kunezimiphumela ezinkulu ekungeneni kovoti, umkhankanti, i-cohexiontion, kanye nembonakalo yemibono yabancintiswayo ekugcineni abancintisanayo ngesikhundla. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindawo ezithatha indawo ephezulu, zivalekile, futhi zivale kancinci--kancane, futhi zibaluleke kangakanani kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqondisa isimiso sokhetho ngokuphumelelayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umkhankaso, umkhankani, noma umfundi wezombangazwe. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa kwemikhankani ngayinye, futhi siveza inzuzo yezindawo eziphambili zezombangazwe.

Yini Ebalulekile Ngamacala Ecala Futhi Kungani Ebalulekile?

Ukhetho oluyinhloko luyimincintiswano yokuqala esetshenziswa amaqembu ezombangazwe ukukhetha abamele ukuvota. Nakuba lomqondo ucacile, ukubulala kuyahluka kakhulu ezigabeni ezimbili. Izenzo zomthetho azigunyaziwe nguMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.; kunalokho, imithetho kahulumeni neqembu kunquma ukuthi iqhutshwa kanjani. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zichazwa ukuthi ubani ovunyelwe ukuvota: amalungu eqembu kuphela, noma ingxube yeqembu elibhalisweyo. Isigaba esiyinhloko singanquma ukuthi iqembu lingawina yini i-ogcona entweni engcono noma ekwazi ukuwina ukhetho oluvamile noma i-odola i-acess alwayo ngokudlulisa ukunxusa okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho eyinhloko ithinta ukuvota okuvulekileyo: noma yiyiphi i-pripm ephakathi, lapho ivame ukuvala i-primps.

Ukuvula Imisebenzi

Ngokuyinhloko, noma imuphi umvoti obhaliwe ongekho kwicala lokuhlangana [1] Angavota kunoma yiliphi iqembu eliyinhloko. Abavoter akudingeki babe yilungu leqembu ukuba bahlanganyele kulo; bakhetha nje ukuthi iliphi iqembu elicela isicelo ngosuku lokhetho. Lesimiso sisetshenziswa ezifundazweni ezingaba ngu-15 zase-U., kuhlanganise noMichigan, uVisconsin, no-Indiana (ngezikhundla ezikhethiwe). Inhloso eyisisekelo ekhona ekhona ngaphandle kweqembu ukuhlanganisa i-vota yomvoti futhi ivumela izakhamuzi ezizimele ukuba zibe nezwi elikhethekile lokukhetha abavoti.

Indlela Abavuleki Abasebenza Ngayo

Ngosuku lokuqala, abavoti bathola ivoti yeqembu elilodwa kuphela. Lesi simiso asikwazi ukuvota emaqenjini amaningi azimele. Kwezinye izizwe, njenge-New Hampshire, abavoti bangamemezela obala ukuthi iqembu labo likhethelwe indawo yokuvota; kwezinye, njengo-Alabama, ukukhetha kwenziwa ngasese eqenjini. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi uma umvoti obhaliswa njengelungu leqembu elithile angasiza ekukhetheni umnyunyana weqembu elihlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, umvoti obhaliswe njengeRepublican angakhetha ukuvota e-mocratic uma ethanda ukuba insimu yesigaba sabavoti.

Izinzuzo Zezigebengu Ezivulekile

  • I-Inclussibility ne Voter Imentation: Izazulu ezivulekile zinciphisa izithiyo ekuhlanganyeleni.I-ependents “‘ ozenza ingxenye enkulu nekhulayo yevotate----accomplication ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela ngokusemthethweni neqembu elithile. Lokhu kungandisa ukuphenyuliswa nokuthuthukisa umuzwa wokuhileleka kwe-soshane.
  • Ukugunyaza amaCandidenti aphakathi: ngoba abazofuna ukubhapathizwa akumelwe badlulise nje kuphela kuma-partist kodwa futhi nokuya eqenjini elithembekile futhi abavoti abazimele, ngokuvamile bafakwa ekutholeni izikhundla ezengeziwe ze-centriet. Lokhu kungaholela kwabancindi abahlonyiswe kangcono ukuze bawine ukhetho oluvamile.
  • I-Partisan Polaturation encishisiwe: ngokumema ububanzi besiphambano sohlangothi lwabavoti ukuba bangene enqubweni yokuqala, amaprime avulekile anganciphisa ithonya labashisekeli beqembu lemibono ephakeme, abangase bakhiqize abafuna ukubonakalisa inqubo yokukhetha okukhulu.

Izingozi Zokuvula Izimali

  • Strategic noma “Cossure” Ukuvota: Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvula iprimes kuvumela abavoti abavela kwenye ingxenye ukuba “bavumele” ukuba omunye umkhandlu angenele umbhanqwazi obuthakathaka. Ngokwesibonelo, umvoti waseRepublican angavota kuhlobo oluyinhloko lokukhetha umuntu abakholelwa ukuthi kulula ukunqoba kukhetho oluvamile. Nakuba ubufakazi obuyindida bokuhlasela kweqembu lonke buxubene, umbono wokuvota kwemithetho yokuvota kungalulaza ukwethemba inqubo.
  • Ukuncishiswa kwe-Ademony yeQumrhu: amalungu eQembu angaba nomuzwa wokuthi inqubo yokukhetha inhlangano yawo ithunjwe abantu bangaphandle abangavumelani nezindinganiso zeqembu. Lokhu kungaholela ekucindezelekeni kwangaphakathi nomuzwa obuthakathaka wenjongo efanayo.
  • I-Maclemity ephethe: Izisebenzi zemposiso kumele zilawule izinhlobo eziningi zebhola futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi abavoti baqonde ukuthi bangavota kuphela esicini esisodwa. Lokhu kungaholela ekukhungathekeni noma emaphuthani.

Izinhlamvu Zemali Ezivalekile

Izigebengu ezivalelwe zivimbela ukuvota amalungu eqembu elibhalisiwe kuphela. Amavote kumelwe ahlanganiswe ngokomthetho neqembu lezombangazwe, ngokuvamile isikhathi esithile ngaphambi kwesigaba esiyinhloko, ukuze aphonse ibhola lomncintiswano waleloqembu. Cishe izifundazwe ezingu - 15 zivale amaprimeriva, kuhlanganise neNew York, iFlorida, nePennsylvania. I-scateence ukuthi abakhomaniste kumelwe bakhethwe yilabo abazinikele esitejini futhi babe nesihlahla sempumelelo yalo ende.

Indlela Ababhishobhi Abasebenza Ngayo

Uma ibhalisa ivoti, izakhamuzi kumelwe zibonise ukuthi isigaba sithanda isigaba esithile. Ezizweni eziyinhloko ezivaliwe, kuphela abavoti ababhaliswa neqembu(umz., Democrat, Republican, noma iqembu elincane("kungavota kuleloqembu eliyinhloko. Ukungavota noma ukuvota okuzimele ngokuvamile kukhishwe ngaphandle kwezindawo ezithathelwa imvume, nakuba amanye amazwe abavumela ukuvota ezinhlangeni ezingabhaliswanga noma ezindisweni. Imfuneko yeqembu iphoqelelwa endaweni yokuvota, ngokuvamile nge-ontamsccolot enikezwa amalungu eqenjini kuphela.

Izinzuzo Zezigebengu Ezivalekile

  • Party Control and Cohesion: izinhlangano ezivalekile zivumela ukuba zilawule kakhulu inqubo yokukhetha. Lokhu kungasiza ekulondolozeni ukuvumelana kwemibono futhi kuvimbele ukuba abazobhapathizwa babekwe amandla angaphandle.
  • I-Facebook and Incenment: amalungu eQembu adingeka ukuba ahlangane ngokuvamile afakwa kakhulu ekuphumeleleni kweqembu. Lokhu kungaholela ekusebenzeni kokuzithandela okungalinganiyo, iminikelo, kanye nezimpande zotshani.
  • Umsakazi we-Candidate Platforms: ngoba abazobhapathizwa bakhethwa iqembu elifana kakhulu labavoti (abaqotho abahlukene), bavame ukugijima kumapulatifomu ahambisana nezimiso zeqembu. Lokhu kungenza ukukhetha okuvamile kube nokuhluzeka okukhulu nokunenjongo.

Izingozi Zezigebengu Ezivalekile

  • Ukukhuliswa kwe-Independent Voters: Iqembu elikhula ngokushesha labavoti e-United States(abazimeleyo nabangafififi) livalwe enqubeni yokuqala. Lokhu kungaholela ekulahleni ukusekela nokuthatha ingxenye ephansi kwezwe lonke. Ezizweni ezinjenge New York, abavoti abazimele abanawo amazwi ekukhetheni abavoti abakhulu abazovela kamuva eqenjini labo lokuvota.
  • Lower Voter Turnout: Ngenxa yokuthi amalungu eqembu kuphela angahlanganyela, ukuphuma komsuka ovalekile ngokuvamile kuphansi kunezimiso ezivulekile noma ezivalekile. Lokhu kungasho ukuthi i-conotion encane, eshukunyiswa kakhulu (umz., isisekelo seqembu) ikhetha ngokuphumelelayo i-nominee, okungenzeka iholele kubafuni abangaphezulu kakhulu kune-electotate.
  • Ukuhlanganisa okukhulisweyo: Uma abavoti abayinhloko begcwele ukuhlasela, abavoti banezisusa ezinamandla zokwamukela izikhundla eziqinile ukuze badlulise isisekelo. Lokhu “kuhlanganisa izifunda zomhlaba” ngokuvamile kucashunwa njengomshayeli we-grid nowe-spressins kwezombangazwe zaseMelika.

Ama - semi - Primicrial Avalekile

Ama-semi-creen abizwa futhi ngokuthi ama-primiry angenazinsika ezivamile − vumela amalungu abhalisiwe ukuba avote eqenjini lawo siqu, kuyilapho futhi evumela ukuba athathe iqhaza noma amavoti azimele ukuba ahlanganyele kunoma yiliphi iqembu eliyinhloko. Ngamanye amazwi, abavoti abangabhaliswanga nanoma iliphi iqembu bangakhetha ukuthi obani abaqalayo abavoti, kodwa ababhaliswe ngokubhaliwe ababoshelwa eqenjini labo. Lesimiso senhlanganisela sizama ukulinganisela ukuvalwa kwezindlu ezivulekile nezindawo ezivalekile zeqembu. Sisetshenziswa ezizweni ezingaba yi-10, kuhlanganise neNyakatho, i-MassachuseMassachuse, ne-Arien (ngenzekile).

Indlela Ababhishobhi Abavalwa Ngayo

Abalobi ababhalisa nomcimbi bangavota kuphela eqenjini eliyinhloko lalowo mcimbi. Nokho, ama Independent angacela ivoti kunoma yiliphi iqembu alikhethayo. Kwezinye izizwe, lokhu kukhethwa kwenziwa obala; kwezinye, kuhlala kuyimfihlo. Umehluko oyinhloko osobala okhona ukuthi abaxhasi ababhaliwe abangeqiniswe badlulele esigabeni esiyinhloko somunye. Lokhu kunciphisa amathuba okuhlasela okungokomthetho kuyilapho kusanikeza izwi elizimele.

Izinzuzo Zemizwilili Evalekile

  • Isivikelo sobuqotho beQembu: ngoba abashokobezi baboshelwe kwezabo izisekelo eziyinhloko, amaqembu alawula ukukhetha kwabo okunemine. Amalungu awakwazi ukunqanyulwa ngezimbano zelinye iqembu.
  • Ukukhetha okukhulu kwe-Independent:[[FL:1] abavoti abangakhohliswanga cishe abayingxenye yesithathu yabavoti besizwe, bamukelekile enqubweni. Lokhu kungathuthukisa ukuguqulwa nokuthembisana phakathi kwenani labantu elivame ukuzizwa linganakwa.
  • Ukukholisa amaCandidenti aphakathi: amakhambi kumelwe akhange kokubili esisekelweni somphini kanye nakuvoti abazimele abangahlela ukulinganisela. Lokhu kungaveza ama-mine ngokukhanga okukhulu nokukhetha okukhulu.

Izingozi Zezigebengu Ezivalekile

  • Ukudideka: Imithetho mayelana nokuthi ubani ongavota ukuthi angaphi okungadida, ikakhulukazi kubavoti besikhathi sokuqala noma kulabo abasanda kuthutha. Ezinye izizwe zidinga ozimeleyo ukumemezela ukukhetha kweqembu uma zifuna ukuhlanganyela, okungavimbela ukuthatha uhlangothi.
  • 'IPithelial for Strategint Votion by Independents: Nakuba ukuhlasela kuvinjelwa abashokobezi ababhalisile, abavoti abangabhaliswanga bangavota ngokuhleleka (ngokwesibonelo, ozimele oncika eRepublic angavota emoyeni onamandla kakhulu ukuze asize umphikisi onamandla kakhulu.
  • Party Styns:[ Amanye amalungu eqembu ayalizonda ithonya labangamalungu, ngisho noma lawo angewona amalungu ezimele. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukukhetha okujoliswe kumele kube indawo ekhethekile yamasekela.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo ezifakiwe: Ingubo yokuvala ibhantshi kanye neTop-2

Ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko, kukhona ezinye izimiso eziyinhloko eziwushintsha kakhulu umehluko wendawo ekhethiwe. Lezi zihlanganisa ama-primries anezimbobo ezingaphezulu kanye nama-primte amabili, ayimifantu exubile efiphele imigqa yemikhosi engokwesiko.

Izinhlamvu Zemali Ezingenalutho

Ingubo eyinhloko ivumela bonke abavoti ukuba bahlanganyele kumacala angaphandle ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kulesi simiso, umvoti oyedwa uthola ivoti eyodwa ebala abamelelwa kuwo wonke amaqembu, futhi bangavotela noma imuphi umjovo ojoyinayo eqenjini ngalinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isigaba samuphi umkhandlu. Lokhu kwasetshenziswa eCalifornia kwaze kwaba yilapho iNkantolo Ephakeme iwushaya phansi ngo 2000 (iCalifornia Democratic Party v. Jones) ezisekelweni ukuthi iphula amalungelo esigaba sokuqala seSimemezelo senkululeko. Namuhla, izigungubo zezingubo azisetshenziswanga okhethweni oluvamile, kodwa inguquko ebizwa ngokuthi "phezulu-2" impela" i-" ithathe indawo yazo kwezinye izifundazwe.

Izinhlamvu zezimali eziphezulu-mbili (Nonpartin)

Ngaphansi kwesimiso esiphezulu-esibili esiyinhloko, bonke abameleli − abavele eqenjini eliyinhloko. Abaxhasi bangavotela noma ubani. Abavoti ababili abaphezulu baqhubekela phambili kukhetho oluvamile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlangene nababophi. Lesi simiso sisetshenziswa eCalifornia, eWashington, nase Nebraska (kuba i-partarian Office). Abaxhasi bayo baphikisa ukuthi ikhuthaza ukulinganisela ngokufaka abafuni ukudlulisa esiphambanweni esibanzi sabavoti, futhi ingenza ukhetho oluvamile lwabathathi abathatha isigaba esifanayo, abanye abalubona njengendlela yokukhipha i-gription. Abagxeki bephikisa bathi lungasusa amaqembu esithathu futhi lunciphise ukukhetha. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe, [FLDBBB] [5]

Umphumela Wohlobo Oluyinhloko Lwe - Voter Turnout Nokwenza I - polaturation

Ukucwaninga ngemiphumela yemithetho eyinhloko kwembula izindlela ezibalulekile. I-Prew Research Center ibonisa ukuthi izibalo eziveza izinhlelo ezivulekile noma ezisondeleneyo zivame ukuveza i-vota kakhulu kunalezo ezinezingeniso ezivalekile, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabavoti abasha nabazimeleyo. Nokho, ukuguquka okukhulu akuhambisani nemiphumela ephakathi kwemiphumela; ezinye iziphengululo zisikisela ukuthi amasuntswana avulekayo angaveza abangenisi-Rhovale kakhulu. Ngokuphikisanayo, ama-Propotoption avame ukuveza u-ommeters ongaphezulu kakhulu ngoba ovotatente obenyukelayo abancane kakhulu futhi abakhulu kakhulu. Imiphumela engcono kakhulu ikhona phakathi kwe-popublicine. Imiphumela ekhona phakathi kwe-A [FVT][Fote] Inqubo ephakeme ye-Foctivestions] iphawula kakhulu izikhulu zezelelwa futhi izikhulu zezombangazwe, nakuba ikhona kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Uhlobo oluyinhloko lwezinkonzo zikahulumeni lukude nolwazi oluncane olusetshenziswayo; kuyisinqumo esiyisisekelo esihlela izinga lokumelelwa kwentando yeningi. Ukuvula amaprimindi kwandisa ukuhlanganyela nokufakwa kodwa kufake izingozi zokusetshenziswa kweqembu ngokusemthethweni nokuxutshwa. Amaprimmend avikela i-common kodwa angabuyiseli abavoti abazimeleyo kodwa angaqondi ukubekwa phambili kweqembu. Ukuhlukanisa okungahlangani. Njengoba i-sestermacrime ekhona inikeza indlela ephakathi elingana nale zindawo zokuhweba-ngaphandle. Ezinye izithombe, njengezindawo eziphezulu-Primeticers, zizama ukudlula isakhiwo sobumba esizimele ngokuphelele. Kunoma yimuphi obe uhulumeni abafuna ukumiswa kwezelule isilinganiso sezimiso ezihambisana nezindinganiso zabo. Njengoba indawo engoko kunezingahlanga ezizinziwa kakhulu, ezinye izilinganiso eziyinhloko zemithetho eziyinhloko kuphela eziyo kuphela ezizosetshenziswayo ekukhetheni izivumelwano zempilo.

ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola NCL ukucaciswa kwezinhlobo eziyinhloko[ kanye nokuhlola kwe-American Propect yenguquko yokuqala[.