Isingeniso: Amandla Entando Yeningi Eqondile

Ama-referendendum amise njengenye yamathuluzi aqondile okubusa kwentando yeningi, anikeza izakhamuzi indlela engokomthetho yokuvota ezihlongozweni ezithile zezimiso kunokuba zikhethe abameleli. Nakuba umqondo wokuvumela abantu ukuba banqume ezindabeni eziyinhloko uqala emuva e-Athene yasendulo, ama-parendum aqala ukuba ithuluzi eliyinkimbinkimbi elihlela isimiso somphakathi emhlabeni wonke. Anikeza indlela yokuphula i-drockckbock, inqume emithethweni engokomthetho, futhi ibonise umzwelo womphakathi ezihlokweni eziphikisanayo. Ukuqonda indlela izimpawu zemisebenzi yabo, izinqubo, amandla, nobuthakathaka banamuhla okubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda isayensi yezombangazwe, ohlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi, noma ukuhlolwa kwezindlela zokucabanga komthetho obala.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okunzulu kwama-apendium, kusukela emisuka yawo engokomlando kuya ekuhlolweni kwezehlakalo zanamuhla, futhi sihlola indima yayo enkambisweni yokulolonga. Sibuye sikhulume ngokugxeka nezinselele ezivelayo uma ivoti elula yeye-o-o - no kumele ithathe umbono wendaba eyinkimbinkimbi.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Ye - Referendendum

I-apendum yanamuhla isuka eSwiss cantons yeNkathi Ephakathi, lapho izakhamuzi zazihlangana khona ezigcawini zomphakathi ukuze zivote imithetho yendawo ngokubonisana ngezandla. Lomkhuba, owaziwa ngokuthi iWhondsgemeinde, wabeka isisekelo sesimiso esikhethekile sentando yeningi yaseSwitzerland. Ngekhulu le-19, iSwitzerland yayisimise i-arhentemu yemithetho edlula nge-palement futhi ifaka i-amperement. Namuhla, i-Swisssvvotain iya enqubeni izikhathi eziningana ngonyaka ezingeni eziningi, kusukela enkambisweni yokuthutha eshushuthiwe yeze.

E-United States, i-metapendum yathola i-transformation phakathi neNkathi yokuhamba phambili (1890s-1920) njengendlela yokunqanda amandla emishini yezombangazwe futhi inike izakhamuzi ezivamile amandla engeziwe emithetho. Izwe elinjenge-Oregon, California, ne Colorado lathatha inqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo ne-paresenduum, okwenza ukuba abavoti banqume imithetho futhi bayivumele ngokuqondile. Le nguquko yasakazekela kwezinye izifunda futhi ihlale iyingxenye ebalulekile yesimiso sombuso waseMelika sombuso wentando yeningi.

I-United Kingdom, ngokuphambene, ngokomlando iye yathembela ekubuseni kwephalamende, nama-apentem asetshenziswa kancane. I-UK metandendum yokuqala yaqala ngo-1975 ukuthi ingahlala yini emaZweni aseYurophu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ama-paremenetmend ayinhloko aphathelene noguquko, inguquko ye-volution, kanye ne-Brexit iye yaguqula isimo sezwe sezombangazwe. Lemiba ehlukahlukene ibonisa ukuthi indima nobukhulu be-endicendium iyahluka kakhulu kuye ngokwesiko lemithetho yezwe.

Indlela Yokubuyisela Inqubo Esebenza Ngayo: Inqubo Ehlelwe Ngemininingwane

Ukusungula I - referendedum

I-compatentum ingaqalwa ngezindlela eziningi. Ezizweni eziningi, uhulumeni noma iphalamende linganquma ukuba ne-astendium empikiswaneni ethile − lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-headerformum[. Ngokuhlukile, izakhamuzi zingaphoqa amavoti ngokuqoqa inani elanele lemibhalo esayinwe, inqubo eyaziwa njengenyathelo [ elithathwa njenge- noma i-zententeum-itrose. [[FLT] :] kwezinye izimo, ukubhekisela kuyi-projectum kuyimfuneko yezindlela ezithile, njengezivumelwano zezizwe ezithiwaziwayo.

Umkhankaso Nokwehlukanisa Isidakamizwa

Uma i-apendium ibizwa, inkathi yomkhankaso iqala. Amaqembu ezombangazwe, amaqembu, nezinhlangano zomphakathi zihlomela ukunxenxa abavoti. Imikhankaso ivame ukuhlanganisa ukukhangisa, izimpikiswano zomphakathi, nokuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa imithombo yezindaba. Ukuze kusizwe abavoti basungule imibono eqondiswe, amazwe amaningi anikeza abavoti abasemthethweni abanikeza iziyalezo ezifingqa izimpikiswano zalokhu kuhlongozwa, ngokuvamile kuhlanganise nokuhlaziya okungathathi hlangothi kwemiphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Switzerland iveza incwajana eningi ye-mendendidum ngayinye kahulumeni, ichaza lendaba ngolimi olulula.

Ukubuka Nezikhala

Ukuqamba e-parendendum kulandela izinqubo ezifanayo nokhetho oluvamile: izakhamuzi ziphonsa ivoti esiteshini sokuvota noma ngeposi. Umphumela ngokuvamile unqunywa yiningi lamavoti avamile akhankanyiwe, nakuba amanye ama-astendium edinga inani eliphindwe kabili − kokubili iningi lamavoti athandwayo kanye neningi lamazwe noma izifunda (njengoba e-Australian ngokomthetho-mgaqo-mgam kanye nomthetho- sisekelo wase Switzerland). I-Vrout ingahluka kakhulu, futhi ukuthatha iqhaza okuphansi kungaphakamisa imibuzo ngempumelelo yomphumela.

Izinhlobo Zezinhlayiya: Ukuhlolisisa

Ukuqonda izigaba ezihlukahlukene zama - metaderendam kusiza ekucaciseni injongo yazo nobukhulu bazo obungokomthetho.

Ukuxhumanisa ama-v. Advisory Referendedums

I-avenvensums ngokomthetho iphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba enze umphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, uma abavoti baseSwitzerland bevumela ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho, uhulumeni kumelwe awusebenzise. I-Advisory arendimendiums[[ibizwa futhi [ukuhlolelwa okuhlolayo]] [ukuhlolelwa kwe-ase-atexterrentemus] [indlela] esetshenziswa ekuviends/arensis ukuvivinya umbono womphakathi kodwa ingekho ngokomthetho. I-UK i-endreaddem e-jovestion Vote: sym yayise, nakuba uhulumeni wayebophezele ukuhlonipha umphumela. Umthetho omningi wokuxhumana kwezombangazwe kwezombangazwe usetshenziswa njengeboshelwa ngokwezombangazwe kwezombangazwe.

Imithetho yokubuyisela izivumelwano

I-constialional templations ibhekisa inkulumo ezishintshelweni zomthetho wezwe ophakeme. Bavame ukudinga imvume ephakeme (njengendawo enkulu) futhi ihloselwe ukuvikela izimiso eziyisisekelo kulezo ezidlulayo zezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, u-201818 seavensum ukuze i-Intelligences ifune i-Expressurement eningi, kodwa ukuvumelana ngokwako kwadinga i-intengiso enkulu kakhulu ukuze idlule ngo-1901. [[FLT:]] [FLT:] ibhekisela engxandezini ye-m ephethe imibuzo evamile noma inkambiso, njengokugunyaza umthetho omusha wentela noma umsebenzi omkhulu womphakathi.

Ama-Mandaria. Ama-Referendendom azikhethelayo

Eminye imithetho-mthetho ifuna i-apremendium yezinqumo ezithile, njengokuhlanganisa umthetho-sisekelo omusha noma ukuhlangana nenhlangano yezizwe. Lena yi- i-astadendiums[. Ngokungafani, [ ukuthatha izinketho ze-metations [[ kwenzeka kuphela lapho i-acectivem noma isinqumo somthetho womthetho. Eziningi ze-U.S., i-rendrum ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zivale umthetho odluliswe yindlu yomthetho kuze kube yilapho kuvotiwe khona ivoti yomphakathi.

Indima Yezinqubo Zokubuyisela Imali Eningi Ekunqandeni Umthetho Womphakathi

Ama-referendendum angaba nethonya elikhulu esimisweni ngezindlela eziningi. Avame ukuphula izivumelwano ezindabeni lapho abameleli abakhethiwe behlukene kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-arhente efanayo yomshado we-Irish-expressum ka-2015 yabangelwa ukuhluleka kukahulumeni ukuthola ukuvumelana, futhi ivoti ethandwayo enikezwa umthetho ocacile osemthethweni. Ngokufanayo, eCalifornia, inqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala iye yaveza izimiso ezingokomthetho njengo-Processing 13 (188) ukulinganisela intela yempahla, eyabuyisela isakhiwo sezwe esisemthethweni amashumi amaningi eminyaka.

Ama-Referendum asebenza futhi njenge-chesters ekuhlolweni kwamandla omthetho. Uma uhulumeni emisa umthetho ongathandeki, isakhamuzi esinendawo engakhonziwe singaphoqelela ukuba kuthathwe i-parenteum. Lendlela iye yasetshenziswa eSwitzerland ukugumbuqela imithetho yonke kusukela enkambisweni yehholo kuya ekuphukeni kwentela yenkampani. EColombia, 2016 i-sendendium ngokuthula okuphathelene neqembu labavukeli beFARC, nakuba ekuqaleni benqatshwe, ekugcineni yaholela esivumelwaneni esibukelweni esibukeziwe, ebonisa indlela izikhombo ezikhombisayo ezikhokhwayo ezikhokhwayo ezingaphoqelela ngayo ukubuyisana nokuhlehlela emuva.

Nokho, imiphumela yenqubo yama-astendum ayihambisani njalo nombono wochwepheshe noma ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside. I-Brexit istendendim 2016, lapho u-9.9% wabavoti be-UK ekhethe ukushiya i-European Union, ibangela iminyaka yokungalawuleki kwezombangazwe nokungaqiniseki kwezomnotho. Lesi sibonelo siqokomisa kokubili amandla nezingozi zentando yeningi: ukuvota okukodwa kwendaba eyinkimbinkimbi kungamisa isizwe enkambweni entsha enkulu enemiphumela enzima ukuyibikezela.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zeziphethu Eziphawulekayo

IBreitexit Referendem (2016)

I-paresendum ye-UK ekhuluma ngamalungu e-EU ilokhu ingenye yezindlela ezilandelana kakhulu zokubusa ngentando yeningi eziqondiswe ngokuqondile emlandweni wanamuhla. Lo mkhankaso wawuphawulwa izimpikiswano ezinamandla zokufuduka, ubukhosi, nemiphumela engokomnotho. Umphumela omncane wadalula ukuhlukana okujulile kwezenhlalo nezwe ezweni. Nakuba i-arhentendamu yaba yi-dvisory, uhulumeni oshukunyiselwe ukuthatha inqubo yokuyeka i-Brexit, eholela enqubweni ethatha isikhathi eside, ukukhethwa okuqhubekayo, nezingxoxo eziqhubekayo zezohwebo. Imiphumela yokukhomba i-endmendementum ivuse impikiswano mayelana nokuthi iyinkimbinkimbi, i-andimension kufanele inqunywe yivo evamile.

IReferendemu YaseScotland Ezimele (2014

Ngo-September 2014, iScotland yavota 55% kuya ku-45% ngokumelene nokuzimela kwayo eUnited Kingdom. I-astendendum yayiphawuleka ngenxa yokuzimela kwayo okukhulu (0.6%) nokugxila kwayo ezindabeni zokuzichaza, ukuphumelela kwezomnotho, namalungu e-EU. Lo mkhankaso wahlanganisa isibambiso sokugcina esivela e-UK sabaholi beqembu ukuba banikeze iScotland amagunya ahlukene uma ivota “No.” Lesi sithembiso, nakuba singabophekile ngokomthetho, sibonisa indlela inqubo yokuzishintsha ngisho nangaphandle kokuvota ngokuqondile. Umphumela awuzange ulungise umbuzo womthetho we-mthetho unomphetho unomphelo; isikhundla seScotland sihlala siyimpikiswano yezombangazwe ephilayo, ikakhulukazi ekukhanyeni kwe-Brtik.

Ukushada Kwezibopho Ezifanayo: I - Ireland Nezingalé Kwayo

Umshado olinganayo ka-2015 owenziwe ngo-2015 nowe-Ireland wabonwa u-62% wabavoti ababefuna ukuncitshiswa komthetho-sisekelo ukuze bavumele ukulingana komshado. Lo mkhankaso wawuphawuleka ngemisuka yawo yotshani, iphimbo eqondile, iveza izindaba zabantu siqu kunokukhipha udaka. Umphumela wafakwa futhi waholela emishadweni yokuqala eqanjwe ngokomthetho e-Irland. Ngokufanayo, ngo-2013, i-Croatia yaba ne-aream encazelweni engokomthetho yomshado ephumela ekuvinjeni komgano wobulili obungamele ukumiswa futhi ibeke imingcele yamalungelo amancane, kuye ngokwesimo sezenhlalo nezombangazwe.

IReferendendums yoMthetho - sisekelo yaseChile (201622)

IChile inikeza isibonelo samuva nje sendlela ama-athenderum angaqhuba ngayo ushintsho lwama-quare. Ngo-2020, abavoti baseChile bavunyelwa kakhulu (78%) inqubo yokwenza umthetho-sisekelo omusha wokuthatha indawo ye-Pinochet-eracharac. I-metapendum eyalandelayo ngo-2022 emibhalweni ehlongozwayo yalahlwa ngebala elikhulu, kwembula ukunganeliseki komphakathi ngokuqukethwe umshini. Umphakathi uhlala uthembisiwe, futhi umhlangano omusha womthetho wakhethwa ukuze ukhiqize izicelo ezihlukile. Le nqubo eqhubekayo ibonisa indlela i-endums engawuchaza ngayo umsebenzi othandwayo woshintsho lwezimiso ngesikhathi ibonisa ukucukuthwa kwezici ze-unicence.

Izinzuzo Nokugxekwa Kwamahlazo

Izinzuzo Zokuhlanganyela Ngokuqondile Ezakhamuzini

Abasekeli bama-astendendum baphikisa ngokuthi bathuthukisa ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi ngokuhilela izakhamuzi ngokuqondile ezinqumweni ezithinta ukuphila kwazo. Ama-Referendendum angandisa ukubophana komphakathi, afundise umphakathi ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi abeke ohulumeni ukuba baphendule phakathi kokhetho. Banikeza umyalo ocacile, ocacile, ongaqeda ukuqapha. Emiphakathini ethembele kakhulu ezinhlanganweni, i-reperum ingakha ukuvumelana nokuqinisa ukubambisana kwezenhlalo.

Ukugxekwa Okukhulu: Ubunkimbinkimbi, Ukusakaza Izindaba, Namalungelo Amancane

Abagxeki bakhomba ezinqikabeni ezimbalwa ezingathi sína. Okokuqala, esikhundleni senqubo ephindiwe ngokukhetha okubili (yes/no) kungabangela izimpikiswano. Abaqondisi bangacelwa ukuba bavume noma balahle umthetho onezici eziningi, ngaphandle kokulungisa imininingwane yawo. Okwesibili, ama-athempendium angasetshenziswa ngokunenzuzo emikhankasweni ekhohlisayo esebenzisa izikhangiso ezikhohlisayo, ukunxusa okungokomzwelo, ngisho nokukhipha ngisho nokukhipha ulwazi. Ukwanda kwezenhlalakahle kukhungezele lezingozi, njengoba kubonakala emkhankasweni we-Brexit lapho izikhangiso zokulawula nokuxhasa nokuxhasa i-National Servity zagxekwa kamuva.

Okwesithathu, ama-astendendum angasongela amalungelo amancane uma amavoti amakhulu evimbela isivikelo. I-California Proposition 8, eyavimbela umshado ongokobulili obufanayo, iyisibonelo esivelele. Nakuba kamuva yagumbuqelwa izinkantolo, yabonisa indlela idemokrasi eqondile engasetshenziswa ngayo ekuhlaseleni amaqembu angenazisulu. Okugcina, umvoti ophansi angalulaza ukumelelwa komphumela. Isinqumo esithinta wonke umuntu singasenziwe ngengxenye eyodwa kuphela yalabo abakhethiwe.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokwenza Izinkonzo

Ukuze banciphise lezingozi, ososayensi bezombangazwe nezinhlangano zentando yeningi baye basungula iziqondiso zokusebenzisa izinombolo ezilungile neziphumelelayo:

  • Sula, ungathathi-mphini umbuzo: [ Umbuzo kufanele ube lula futhi ugweme ukucwasana. Ikhomishane ye-endependent ivame ukuhlola imibuzo ngamaqembu aqondiswe kakhulu.
  • Imikhankaso yokwaziswa okugunyaziwe: Amavoter kufanele athole izinto ezilinganiselwe, ezilondolozwe iqiniso ezichaza isiphakamiso nemiphumela yaso. I-“Amaphuzu Ezinhlelo” yaseSwitzerland iyisibonelo.
  • [ Izimali zomkhankaso ezisobala: Imingcele yeminikelo nembulo yosizo lokusebenzisa kuvimbela izithakazelo ezicebile ekulawuleni izindiza.
  • Ukukhipha izikhathi kanye nezici ezilandulisayo: Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga inkathi enciphileyo phakathi kwe-spect direct nevoti, futhi zingahlanganisa imihlangano yezakhamuzi ukuze zivote.
  • Amakhulu angakabili oshintsho oluyisisekelo: Ukuthatha kokubili ingxenye enkulu ethandwayo neningi lezifunda noma izifunda zingavikela ebushiqelani beningi.

Eminye imisebenzi engcono kakhulu, bheka i-International Republican Institute’s Guide on Intanetitives and Referendems. i-Swiss infotal kumbuso wentando yeningi oqondile[[ inikeza ukuqonda ngendlela isimiso sezwe sase-Switzerland esizisingatha ngayo lezinselele. Futhi ngombono wezemfundo, [[FLT:]] Brankstion is Sucture informations ngokubhekisa ama-endum nedemocracy ilinganisa ngayo ukuhwebela-odayo.

Isiphetho: Ukuhlehliswa Okuhlala Njalo Kwezinhlayiya

Ama-Referendendum awalona ikhambi elicacile lentando yeningi noma ithuluzi eliyingozi okumelwe ligwenywe. Ayithuluzi elinamandla, uma lisetshenziswa ngokucabangela nangezinga elifanele, lingathuthukisa ukungenela kwezakhamuzi, lixazulule amagqubu ezombangazwe, futhi linikeze ukufaneleka okuqinile ezinqumweni ezibalulekile. Isihluthulelo sisemklamweni wazo: imibuzo ecacile, imikhankaso ecacile, kanye nesivikelo kumalungelo amancane. Njengoba imiphakathi ibhekene nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zezimiso zesimo sezulu zokuguqula inguquko yemithetho yezwe, ihlala iyindlela ebalulekile yokuvumela abantu ukuba balungise imithetho abaphila ngayo. Ukuqonda ukuhlelwa kwayo nokulinganiselwa kwayo kubalulekile kunoma ubani okholelwa ukuthi ubazi, obophekile izakhamuzi abadinga itshe lentando yentando yentando yeningi.