Isingeniso

Ukubusa kwedemokrasi kuyachuma uma izakhamuzi zinezindlela ezinamandla zokuhlela imithetho eziphila ngaphansi kwayo. Phakathi kwamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu okuhlanganyela ngokuqondile ezakhamuzini kukhona izinyathelo zomvoti nezikhotho. Lemisebenzi ivumela abavoti ukuba badlule(noma bahlole) abameleli babo abakhethiwe emibuzweni ethile yezomthetho. Nakuba behlanganyela isici esivamile sokuvota kwasobala, inyathelo lokuthatha i-athsuperterums, izinqubo, nezinjongo. Ukuqonda ukuthi umsebenzi ngamunye ubalulekile kanjani kunoma yimuphi umvoti wevoti wesandla. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukubheka okubanzi kokubili amathuluzi, kuhlanganise nemisuka yawo engokomlando, ithonya langempela, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ezikhona ekusetshenzisweni kwabo.

Ziyini Izinyathelo Zokuqala Zezibhamu?

Isinyathelo sokuvota inqubo enika izakhamuzi amandla okumisa imithetho emisha noma ukulungisa umthetho-mthetho ngokuqondile. Ngokungafani nomthetho osungulwe ummisi-mthetho, ukuthatha isinyathelo kuqala kubantu. Uma abahleli beqoqa izigno ezanele ezisemthethweni ezivela kubavoti ababhalisiwe abangaphakathi kwe-frame yesikhathi esimisiwe, isilinganiso esihlongozwayo siyakufanelekela ukufakwa kwe-colom. Ngo-Ecomment Day, wonke umkhethi unquma ukuthi angathatha yini isilinganiso emthethweni.

Izinhlobo Zokuqalisa Kwebhola

Akuzona zonke izinyathelo ezithatha isinyathelo ezisebenza ngendlela efanayo. Izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko yilezi:

  • I-Direct Initive: Uma isignesha esidingekayo sesiqinisekisiwe, isilinganiso sibhekisa ngqo kwi-colot ukuvota okuthandwayo. Lena inhlobo evame kakhulu ezifundazweni njenge California ne-Oregon.
  • Isinyathelo esingaqondile: Ngemva kokuqoqwa, isiphakamiso sibekwa kuqala kumthetho wesizwe. Uma isishaya-mthetho sidlulisa, isilinganiso siba umthetho ngaphandle kwevoti yomphakathi. Uma isishayamthetho sikwenqaba noma singathathi isinyathelo, khona - ke isinyathelo sibhekisa i-colot. Lesi simo sisetshenziswa ezizweni ezinjenge-Maine ne-Massachusetts.

Inqubo Ngokulandelana

Nakuba imithetho eqondile ihlukahluka ngokwemingcele, isibhayisekili esivamile sokuziphilisa silandela lezi zinyathelo:

  1. Ukuhlanganisa iProtosal: Iziphakamisi-zimo ze-'i-'divocation''''''''''avame'ukuhlanganisa amaqembu, imifelandawonye, noma izakhamuzi ezingasese("ihlela umbhalo womthetho ohlongozwayo noma ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo. Impinda yasemthethweni ivamile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lolulimi lucacile futhi luyasebenza.
  2. Ukuhlela nezikhulu:[ Uhlelo lufakwa ehhovisi lokhetho likahulumeni, elinganika isihloko esingokomthetho nokufingqiwe. Kwezinye izifundazwe, ibhodi yokuhlola ihlola ukugcinwa kanye nokugcwebezela okungokomthetho.
  3. Sinoding Gather: Abaphathi nabavoti ababhalisiweyo baqoqa izigqhibo zezisebenzi zokuzithandela ezisayinwe. Inani elidingekayo ngokuvamile lingamaphesenti amavoti akhashelwe kukhetho lwamuva kakhulu lukambusi noma umongameli.
  4. Ukuqinisekisa: Izikhulu zokhetho zihlola isignesha ngayinye ngokumelene namarekhodi okuvota. Izitifiketi ezingafanelani noma ezingalezo zabavoti abangabhaliswanga ziyalahlwa. Uma isilinganiso sifinyeza, isilinganiso asifaneleki.
  5. Indawo esemthethweni:[ Uma isilinganiso sesabelwe inani noma uhlamvu bese sivela kwibholathi. Amapheshana olwazi olunezincwadi avame ukusakazwa.
  6. Ikhampaign kanye nokuqamba: Abaxhasi nabaphikisi. Ngosuku lokhetho, abavoti baphawula ukukhetha kwabo. Izilinganiso eziningi zidinga iningi elivamile ukuba lidlule, nakuba izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ngezinye izikhathi zidinga ukuzimisela okukhulu.
  7. [ Ukuthatha:[ Uma isilinganiso sidluliswa, siba umthetho, ngokuvamile nosuku oluphumelelayo oluchazwe esilinganiso ngokwaso. Imithetho ngokuvamile ayinakuphinde ithathe izinyathelo ezigunyaziwe zovoti ngaphandle kokuvota okulandelayo.

Ziyini Izinhlayiya?

I-apentendum iyivoti eqondile evotiwe yi-votentium esekelwe esicelweni esiqondile esivela endikimbeni yemithetho noma kwenye igunya likahulumeni. Ngokungafani nezinyathelo ezithatha i-asteren, eziyizakhamuzi ezise-driven, ngokuvamile zibangelwa izenzo ezithathwa izikhulu ezikhethiwe. Injongo iwukunikeza abavoti isisho sokugcina emthethweni osewudlulisiwe (noma ohlongoziwe) ngabameleli bawo.

Izinhlobo Zezinhlayiya

Kuvela ama - referendendum ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ngalinye lifeza umsebenzi ohlukile:

  • I-Referendendum engokomthetho efunwayo: ngomthetho ngezindlela ezithile zezinqumo, njengokuguqula umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, ukubopha umphakathi, noma ukuvuma ukwanda kwentela yendawo. Uhulumeni akanakwenza ngaphandle kokuvota.
  • i-Referenceum (I-pagistical): Isishaya-mthetho sikhetha ukukhomba umthetho kubavoti ukuze bafakelwe i-rat. Lokhu kungakwenziwa ukuze kufunelwe imvume ecacile endabeni ephikisanayo noma ukwabelana icala ngesinqumo esinzima.
  • I-Referendemu: Izakhamuzi zinganxusa ukumisa umthetho odluliswa yisishaya-mthetho kuze kube yilapho kuthathwa ivoti yomphakathi. Lena inqubo yesakhamuzi, kodwa ngokungafani neyokuqala, ibhekene nomthetho okhona kunokuba idale omusha. Ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi "i-vetoatendim".
  • Advisory Referendem: Ivoti engabopheleli ehlola umbono womphakathi ngesihloko esithile. Uhulumeni akadingeki ngokomthetho ukulandela umphumela, kodwa ngokuvamile inesisindo sezombangazwe.

Inqubo Ye - referendem

Izinyathelo ze - arendendum ziyahlukahluka ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lwazo, kodwa uhlaka oluvamile luhlanganisa:

  1. Isenzo esisemthethweni: Icala lidluliswa isishaya-mthetho sombuso noma umkhandlu wendawo. Uma isilinganiso singaphansi kwe-apendium ebophekile, angeke isebenze kuze kube yilapho imvume yabavoti.
  2. I-Referral noma Isicelo: Ku-'i-parentendium yemithetho, uhulumeni ubeka umbuzo ku-collet. Ku-metaderum ethandwayo, amaqembu ezakhamuzi aqoqa izignome ngaphakathi kwefasitela elifushane ukuze anyanzelise ivoti.
  3. Impikiswano yePublic: zombili izinhlangothi ziveza izimpikiswano ngemithombo yezindaba, imibhoshongo yomphakathi, kanye nezinto zomkhankaso.
  4. Ukukhetha: kuvumela noma kwenqatshwa umthetho. Ukuvunyelwa kusho umthetho uthatha ukusebenza; ukwenqaba kusho ukuthi usuyasuswa noma uvinjelwe.
  5. Imvuthwandaba:[ Uma ivunyelwe, umthetho uyamiswa. Uma wenqatshwa, indaba ingahlehliswa noma iphinde ibekwe ngenye indlela.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kwezindlela Zokuqalisa Ze - ballot Nezimpondo

Nakuba womabili la mathuluzi enikeza abavoti izinqumo ngokuqondile, ahluka ngezici eziningana ezibalulekile:

  • 'Origini: izinyathelo zisuka ezakhamuzini; ama-pareterendam asuka kuhulumeni (noma njengesakhamuzi sesenzo sikahulumeni).
  • [[NT.0]Purpose:[ Izinyathelo zokwakha imithetho emisha noma imithetho elungisayo; ama-paremen ayavuma noma enqaba imithetho edluliswe isishaya-mthetho.
  • [ Izicelo ezithatha indawo zidinga ukuqoqwa kophawu; ama-astendendum abangelwa isenzo somthetho-mthetho noma izicelo zesakhamuzi sokumisa umthetho.
  • Usetshenziswa kwe-Strategic: Izinyathelo ezithatha indawo ziyayekisa izakhamuzi ukuba zigqithe isishaya-mthetho esingalaleli; ama-paremen avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukuphambana kwemithetho noma ukugunyaza izinqumo ezinkulu.
  • [ Ukwehluleka: Izinyathelo ezithathayo zibonakala kancinci ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme zokuqopha; ama-pareterendam avame kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezigunyaziwe njengezilinganiso zesibopho.

Ukubaluleka Kwezinyathelo Zokuqala Nezokubuyisela Izinhlamvu

Lezi zinqubo zingaphezu nje kokuthatha i-procedtural curedies, ziyizimpawu ezibalulekile zesimiso sentando yeningi esine-athomu eliyi-ammese. Ukubaluleka kwazo kungabonakala ezicini eziningana:

Ukuhlanganyela Ezakhamuzini

Izindlela zokuthatha ibhola nama-astendium kunikeza abantu abavamile indlela yokulungisa inqubo ngaphandle kwemijikelezo yokhetho. Lapho izishaya-mthetho zivalwa noma zingazimisele ukuxazulula izindaba eziphikisanayo, izinyathelo zinikeza enye indlela. Izihloko ezinjengokuqanjwa kwensangu, ukwanda kweholo elilinganiselwe, futhi zonke izivikelo zendawo ezungezile ziye zathuthuka ngezindlela zezakhamuzi ezisezindaweni lapho abakhi bomthetho benqanda khona.

Ukulandisa

Ithuba nje le-apendendum lingabangela ukuba abamisi-mthetho baphendule ngokwengeziwe. Ukwazi ukuthi umthetho ungaphikiswa yivoti edumile kukhuthaza abenzi bomthetho ukuba benze izimiso ezivumelana nombono womphakathi. AmaReferendendu aphoqelela abashaya umthetho ukuba bavikele izenzo zabo obala.

Ukushintsha Kwesimiso Sokusebenzela

Izwe elinezinqubo eziqinile ngokuvamile lisebenza njengezindawo zokucwaninga zentando yeningi. Izinyathelo eziphumelelayo kwesinye isifundazwe zingabangela imizamo efanayo kwezinye izindawo, iholele ekudazululeni kwezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, Ballotedia[ ilandela amakhulu ezinyathelo zombuso unyaka ngamunye, eziningi zazo eziqala izindlela zokulawula.

Ukusebenzisa Izinqumo Ezinzima Ngokusemthethweni

Izindaba ezinjengokwanda kwentela, izimvume zesibopho, noma izinguquko esimisweni sobulungisa zingaba ubuthi kwezombangazwe kubamisi-mthetho. I-astempendim inikeza abavoti ithuba lokunquma, yengeza ukugunyazwa kwentando yeningi emphumeleni. Ngisho nezinyathelo eziphikiswayo zingamukelwa uma abavoti bevuma ngokuqondile.

Izinzuzo Zokuqala Kwezigebengu

  • I-Direct Democracy:[ Abavoli abanciki kuphela kubameleli abakhethiwe ukuze baxoxe ngezinkathazo zabo. Izinyathelo zinikeza izakhamuzi ithuluzi eliqondile lomthetho.
  • Ukuthatha isinyathelo sobuProthestiki: Ukuthatha isinyathelo kungaletha izinguquko abaphathi bendlu yomthetho abangeke bazicabangele ngenxa yokunqanda ukunqanda noma ukucindezela kokunxenxa.
  • Isivumelwano esikhulisweyo: Inyathelo elithatha iprofayili ephezulu livame ukuqhuba umvoti ophumayo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaqembu anomuzwa wokuthi amazwi awo awanakwa okhethweni oluvamile.
  • [ Ukuthatha isinyathelo: izinyathelo ezingahlotshaniswa nokusingatha izindaba zendawo noma eziqondene nombuso ezingenawo ukunakekela kwesizwe.

Izinzuzo Zokubuyiselwa

  • I-Legitagi:[ Uma isishayamthetho sidlulisa umthetho ophikisanayo, i-astendum ivumela abavoti ukuba bavume noma bawenqabe, banikeze umyalo wentando yeningi ocacile.
  • Ukuthembana okungalawuleki: I-Referendums isibonakaliso sokuthi uhulumeni uthemba abantu ukuba benze izinqumo ezibalulekile, uqinisa isibopho phakathi kwababuswa nabameleli babo.
  • Izimpawu zamandla: i-arhentemus ezithandwayo (i-vetrandendums) zisebenza njengevalvus yokuphepha, zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zigumbuqe imithetho eziyithola ingathandeki ngaphambi kokuba zisebenze.
  • I-atradity on Complet Issues:[ i-athetradum ibangela ingxoxo yomphakathi egxile, ngokuvamile eholela kubavoti abasusiwe abanolwazi olungcono kanye nemiphumela ecacile kunezingxoxo zegumbi lokulala.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Naphezu kokukhanga kwentando yeningi, ukuthatha ama - ballendum nama - apendium kunezingqinamba ezingathi sína.

Ulwazi Oluyinkimbinkimbi Nemicikilisho

Izinhlu eziningi ze-collet zikhuluma ngezihloko eziyinkimbinkimbi − njengokuhlelwa kabusha kwemithetho yentela, umthetho wezempilo, noma iziqondiso zokugweba izigebengu − okunzima ukucindezela emakhulwini ambalwa amagama ebhola. Amavoter angase antule isikhathi noma ubuchwepheshe bokuqonda ngokugcwele okuhlobana nalokhu. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi abavoti ngokuvamile bathembela ekufuneni intela njengokuvunyelwa noma umsindo wesiqu kunokuba bahlolwe. Lokhu kungaholela ekubeni bangatholi imiphumela ehleliwe, njengaleyomithetho ephikisana nemithetho ekhona noma iveze ukukhomba okubizayo.

Imali Nethonya Leqembu Lesithakazelo

Inqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo ingabanjwa abantu abacebile nezinkampani. Ukubuthana kwe-System kuyabiza; ukuthatha isinyathelo esisodwa embusweni wonke kungabiza izigidi zamaRandi nje ukuze kufanelekele i-collat. Izithakazelo ezijulile zingabe sezigcwala izikhangiso, zikhungathekisa amaphimbo abasekeli abanotshani botshani. Lokhu kululaza umdwebi wezokuthatha izinyathelo njengethuluzi lezakhamuzi ezivamile. Ngokwe- Conference of State Legastillatures (NCSL)[FL:1], izindleko zokuhlanganisa izintambo zomsayino zomthetho kuphela ziye zenza inyathelo lokuthatha isinyathelo sokudla i-"mali edlalweni lwemali" ezindaweni eziningi.

Ukunqanyulwa Kokubusa Kwezikhonzi Eziyedwa

Izifundazwe eziningi zinomthetho onesihloko esisodwa owenqabela ukuthatha izinyathelo zokusingatha izihloko eziningi ezingahlobene ngesilinganiso esisodwa. Nokho, ukudweba ngokuhlakanipha kungahlanganisa amalungiselelo athandwayo nangathandeki abe "location" iphakethe elilodwa, iphoqelele abavoti ukuba bamukele ingqikithi noma ubala. Ngokwesibonelo, isinyathelo sokuphakamisa umholo wabafundisi singahlanganisa futhi imingcele ehilela ukuthengiselana, eyenza kube nzima ukuba abavoti bahlukanise izintando zabo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwendlela Eyinkimbinkimbi

Ngisho noma kudlula isinyathelo sokuqala, ukusetshenziswa kungaphazamisa. Ama-Legislature angamelana nokuxhaswa kwemali noma ukugunyazwa kwesilinganiso esithile aphikisana ngaso. Izinselele zenkantolo zivame ukulandela, zibopha umthetho iminyaka eminingi. Kwezinye izimo, izinyathelo ziye zathathwa njengezingavumelani nemithetho. I-Intive & Referendendum Institute ibhale ngezindlela eziningi lapho ivoti-yamukelekayo yalahlwa khona kamuva ngokubukezwa kwezehlulelo.

I - voter Ephansi Ivela Ezindaweni Ezikhethekile

Uma kuvela izinyathelo noma ama-astendeum ezindaweni zokuvota eziyinhloko noma ezikhethekile, ukuvota ngokuvamile kuphansi kakhulu kunokhetho oluvamile. Abavoti abavezayo bangase bangabi abameleli be-votete ebanzi, okuholela emiphumeleni engabonisi intando yeningi. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokufaneleka kwezimiso zobudemokhrasi ezivunywa emincintiswaneni ephansi.

Ingozi Yokuhlasela Iningi

Idemokrasi eqondile ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlasela amaqembu amancane. Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa izinyathelo zokuvimbela amalungelo omshado, ukucwaswa kwezindlu, noma izimiso zokufuduka. Ngenxa yokuthi izinyathelo azikho ngaphansi kohlongozelo olufanayo nokuyekethisa njengezinqubo zomthetho, zingafaka isibopho sobandlululo. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zingenela ukuqeda izinyathelo ezinjalo, kodwa lenqubo ingabangela umonakalo ngaphambi kokuba kubukezwe ikomiti yokwahlulela.

Izibonelo zezwe langempela

Izindlela zomdlalo nezokushaya ibhola ziye zaguqula indlela yokusebenza e-United States nasezweni lonke. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa:

  • I-California's Procement 13 (1978): Isinyathelo sezakhamuzi esanciphisa amazinga entela yempahla futhi esidinga intela enkulu kakhulu ukuze kunyuke intela, ngokuyisisekelo sishintsha indawo ephezulu yase California.
  • Isichibiyeli seColorado 64 (202): insangu esemthethweni yokuzijabulisa, evula indlela yezinyathelo ezifanayo kwezinye amazwe.
  • Switzerland's Federal Referendentums: iSwitzerland inesinye sezimiso ezithuthuke kakhulu zentando yeningi eqondile, namapali abophekile ezilungisweni zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nama-apendium emithetho eminingi kahulumeni.
  • Ukwanda kwe-Medicaid (2017): Abavolontiya bagunyaza ukuthatha isinyathelo sokwandisa iMedicaid ngemva kokuba isiphakamiso sendlu yomthetho senqabile ngokuphindaphindiwe.
  • Breut Referendum (2016): Isibonelo se-apendum yesizwe ngendaba enkulu yokubusa, nakuba yayiyi-dvisory futhi ingabopheki ngokwemithetho.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Nezinguquko Zanamuhla

Eminyakeni yamuva, ubuchwepheshe buqale ukuveza indlela yokuthatha izinyathelo nokusebenzisa ama-athodentem. Amapulatifomu asayine iqoqo avele, nakuba izinselele zomthetho zisakhona. Ukuvota nokwenza ukuba inqubo yokusayina iqine futhi itholakale. Ezinye izifundazwe zihlola izinguquko ezinjenge:

  • Kudingeka ukuba kuthathwe isikhathi sokubukeza ngaphambi kokusayina ukuze kusheshe kufinyelelwe amaphutha angokomthetho.
  • Ukunikeza abaqondisi abangokomthetho ngezimpikiswano ezilinganiselwe ezihambisana nezinkulumo ezifanele nezingasindisi.
  • Ukwandisa izitebhisi zokusayina ukuze kuncishiswe izinyathelo eziwubala.
  • Ukuvumela izishaya-mthetho ukuba zidlulise amanyathelo agunyaziwe kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile (umz., ukuxazulula izingxabano noma ukunweba imikhawulo emisiwe).

Lezinguquko zihlose ukulondoloza izinzuzo zentando yeningi eqondile kuyilapho ziqeda ubuthakathaka bayo obungathi sína. NCSL inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo kwezinguquko zemithetho ezihlobene nokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala nemithetho ye-arendium.

Isiphetho

Izindlela zokuthatha imidlalo yebhola nama-athompers zingamathuluzi anamandla asiza abavoti ukuba bahlanganyele ngokuqondile ekwenzeni umthetho nokusebenzisa isimiso. Bahlanganisa isimiso sokuthi ubukhosi obuphelele buhlala kubantu. Nokho, lamathuluzi awanamaphutha. Ubunkimbinkimbi bezindaba, ithonya lemali, kanye nethuba lemiphumela engahleliwe idinga ukuba abavoti basondele kubo ngokunakekela nangokucabangela. Ngokuqonda izinqubo, balinganise izinzuzo ngokumelene nokuphambuka, futhi bahlale benolwazi, izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa izinyathelo zokulawula idemokhrasi kunokulinyaza. Enkathini yokulawula idemokhrasi nemithetho yezombangazwe, lezinqubo zihlala zibalulekile kubantu abavamile ukuze zibumbe imiphakathi yabo.