Ukuqonda Ukumangalelwa Kwesigebengu: Uhambo Olusuka Esondweni Lokuya Esongweni

Indlela kusukela ekufakeni izikhalo zobugebengu ukuya esinqumweni sokugcina ingenye yezinqubo ezilandelana kakhulu esimisweni somthetho waseMelika. Noma ungumfundi womthetho, uchwepheshe esimisweni sobulungisa, noma othile ozama ukuqonda ukuthi yini engase yenzeke uma wena noma othandekayo emangalelwa, ethatha isigaba ngasinye esibalulekile. Lesi sihloko sihamba kuwe kuzo zonke izigaba ezibucayi, kusukela ekumangalweni kokuqala, ekuqulweni, ekuqulweni kwecala, ekuqulweni kwecala, ekugwebeni, ekugwebeni isigwebo. Uzofunda futhi ngamalungelo ommangalelwayo, indima yokunxusa, nokunxusa okunokwenzeka. Ekupheleni, uyoba nokuqonda okuphelele, okuwusizo kokuthi icala lezelele enkantolo.

Okwenza Le Nkathi Ibaluleke

Isimiso sokwahlulela komthetho siklanyelwe ukulinganisela amandla kahulumeni ukuba aqulwe ngesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo somuntu. Isinqumo ngasinye sejaji elikhulu sokumangalela isinqumo sokugcina sejaji (hhayi abasizi bokuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho olahlwayo ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele. Amaphutha kunoma isiphi isigaba angawushintsha ngokuphawulekayo umphumela wecala. Ukuqonda lezi zinyathelo kusiza abamangalelwa, izisulu, nomphakathi ukubona ukuthi ubulungisa busetshenziswa kanjani ngempela.

Siyini Isimangalo?

Icala liyicala elingokomthetho, elibhaliwe elithi umuntu wenze ubugebengu. Akusona nje icala lephoyisa; kuyisinqumo esivela kubahluleli abakhulu ukuthi kungenzeka kubangele ukukholelwa ukuthi omangalelwe wenza icala. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo sifuna ukuba uma ubugebengu obungathi sína (icala), ukumangalelwa kukahulumeni kumelwe kuqhubeke ngokubekwa icala ngaphandle kokuba abamangalelwa baphikisi bekhohlisiwe. Imibuso eminingi ilandela imithetho efanayo, nakuba abanye bevumela abashushisi ukuba bafake amafayela ngokuqondile “intetheroba” ngenxa yecala elingathina.

Indima Yejuli Elikhulu

Iqembu elikhulu labahluleli liyiqembu lezakhamuzi eziyi 16 kuya kwezingu - 23 elibizwayo ukuba lizwe ubufakazi obunikezwa umshushisi. Ngokungafani nejaji eliqulwayo, amajaji amakhulu awanqumeli icala noma ukuba msulwa. Kunalokho, iphendula umbuzo owodwa: bukhona ubufakazi obanele bokuletha abamangalelwa emacaleni? Imicimbi iyimfihlo, futhi abamangalelwa ngokuvamile abanalungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi noma ngisho nokuba khona.

  • Indinganiso eqinisekile: Ijaji elikhulu kumele lithole ukuthi umuntu onengqondo angakholelwa ukuthi obekwe icala ungenza ubugebengu. Lena indinganiso ephansi kuno-“ukungangabazeki okunengqondo.”
  • Awukho amandla okuvuna: Uma abahluleli abakhulu bethola ubufakazi obunganele, abubuyiseli “icala,” futhi icala liyahoxiswa (nabashushisi) ngezinye izikhathi bangabuyisela ubufakazi obungaphucukile kumajaji amakhulu ahlukile.
  • Umphumela owehlayo: Uma ijaji elikhulu selikhipha “isimemo seqiniso,” icala liba yincwadi ekhokhisayo eqala umshushisi ngokomthetho.

Imithombo yendlela esebenza ngayo amajaji amakhulu, hlola [FLT][1] U.S. uchaza izinkantolo ezichaza amajaji amakhulu[FLT]] ne [[FLT][FLT]][5] ukungena kweSiko solwazi .

Inqubo Yokuzisola Ihamba Ngenkani

Inqubo yokumangalela iyisembozo esibucayi esivimbela uhulumeni ukuba uphoqelele izakhamuzi ukuba zimelane necala ngenxa yezinsolo eziyize noma ezicwathile.

Ukuhlola Nobufakazi

Izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho − amaphoyisa, iFBI, iDEA, noma ezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni noma uhulumeni ($_ukuhlola). Ziqoqa ubufakazi obungokoqobo, izingxoxo nofakazi, amabhukwana okuhlola, futhi zingasebenzisa amapeyasi ukuze ziphoqelele ubufakazi noma amarekhodi. Umgomo uwukwakha icala eliqinile ngokwaneleyo ukuba lidluliselwe kumajaji amakhulu.

Ukunikezwa I - Jury Enkulu

Umshushisi unikeza ubufakazi ejajini elikhulu enkantolo evaliweyo. OFakazi bangabizwa, futhi umshushisi uchaza indlela ubufakazi obusekela ngayo isici ngasinye sobugebengu okuthiwa buyicala. Ngenxa yokuthi abahluleli abakhulu bazwa uhlangothi lwalabo abathweswa icala kuphela, lenqubo ivame ukuchazwa njengelungu elilodwa elihlolwayo (hhayi ukuthi isici esinesizathu esiqinile sokuqinisekisa ukuthi amacala abuthakathaka anqandwa ngaphambi kokuba bafinyelele icala.

Ukuzimisela Nokuzilibazisa

Ngemva kwesiboniso, abasizi abakhulu bamajaji ngasese. Bavota ngasese ukuthi kufanele bakhiphe icala noma cha. Inani lamavoti adingekayo liyahluka-hluka ngokwegunya; umthetho kahulumeni udinga okungenani abagcini bejaji abaphezulu abangu-12 ukuba bavume. Uma iningi (noma igalelo elikhulu) livuma, “imvume yeqiniso” ikhishwe, futhi icala libekwa enkantolo.

Icala: Ukubonakala KweNkantolo Yokuqala

Uma isigwebo sesikhishiwe, isinyathelo esilandelayo icala. Lokhu ukuvela kokuqala kommangalelwa phambi komahluleli. Phakathi necala:

  • Kufundwa ngokuzwakalayo (noma ngokufingqwayo) ngakho ummangalelwa uyakuqonda lokho amangalelwa ngakho.
  • Ummangalelwa waziswa ngamalungelo awo omthetho - sisekelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuthula nelungelo lommeli.
  • Ummangalelwa ungena isicelo: ukumangalela, hhayi icala, noma i-nolo imateriere (awukho umncintiswano).

Ukuncenga kungenacala kusho icala lizoqhubekela phambili ecaleni. Ukunxusa okunecala kubangela isigaba sokugweba. Isikhalazo esihambisana nomthetho sifana nokunxusa okunecala kodwa asinakusetshenziswa ngokumelene nommangalelwa enkantolo yecala lomphakathi ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo. Kumthetho wokumangalelwa, umahluleli futhi unquma ngebheyili noma ngemibandela yokukhululwa.

Izinyathelo Zangaphambi Kwempi: Ukuqeda Inkundla Yecala

Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala nangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, zombili lezi zinhlangothi zithatha ama-hide ngaphambi kokwahlulela. Le ntshukumo ingathinta ngokuphawulekayo ubufakazi abahluleli bezwayo ngisho noma icala liyoqulwa. Izenzo ezivamile zangaphambi komthetho zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhipha: Isivikelo siphikisa ngokuthi amacala awasho ukuthi ubugebengu, ukuthi umthetho wokulinganiselwa uphelile, noma ukuthi icala linephutha.
  • Ukulwela ukuqeda Ubufakazi: Ijaji licela umahluleli ukuba akhiphe ubufakazi obutholakele ngokuphula iSichibiyelo Sesine (ukufuna nokuthatheka okungenangqondo), isichibiyelo sesihlanu (ukuzisusa), noma isichibiyeli sesithupha (ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko). Uma ubufakazi obuyinhloko bungacishiwe, ukuqulwa kwecala kungahluleka ukufakazela icala laso.
  • Ukuqunganisa ekushintsheni i-Venue: Uma ukusakazwa kwangaphambi kwezindaba kuye kwenza ukuba kungabi nakwenzeka ukuthola ijaji elingakhethi, isivikelo singacela ukuyisa icala kwesinye isifunda.
  • Motion eLimine:[ Ukuthatha isinyathelo sangaphambili sokukhipha ubufakazi obuthile noma ubufakazi ngaphambi kokuba bunikezwe abahluleli, njengokukhomba komlando wobugebengu bangaphambili wommangalelwa.

Le mithetho iphikiswana ngezindaba, futhi izinqumo zomahluleli zivame ukunquma izinga lokuqulwa kwecala. Ukuze ujule kakhulu, bheka umqondisi kaNolo wokwenza amacala angaphambili ezigebengwini[.

Ukuzibamba Nge - Plea Barganing: Imiphumela Evamile

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amacala amaningi obugebengu (angaphezu kuka-90% emikhakheni eminingi) axazululwa ngokucela izikhalo, hhayi ngokulingwa. Isicelo siwukuvumelana phakathi komshushisi nesivikelo lapho ummangalelwa enxusa khona icala elinecala eliphansi noma kwelinye lamacala amaningi ngenxa yesigwebo esilula noma ukuxoshwa kwezinye iziqu.

  • Ukuxoxisana: Umshushisi unciphisa icala (umz., kusukela ehlazweni kuya ephutheni) ngokubuyisela ekuceleni icala.
  • Ukuthengiselana: Umshushisi utusa isigwebo esithile (umz., ukuvalelwa isigwebo esikhundleni sejele) ukuze adlulisele isicelo.
  • [ Isivumelwano sokuthengiselana: Amaqembu avumelana namaqiniso athile azonikezwa enkantolo.

I-Plea ixoxisana phakathi nenkathi yangaphambi kwenkantolo, ngokuvamile ngemva kokuthatha isinyathelo. umahluleli kumelwe avume isivumelwano futhi aqinisekise ukuthi singesokuzithandela futhi ummangalelwa uyayiqonda imiphumela. Nakuba kuphikisana, ukunxusa kuyisidingo esiwusizo sokuphatha izikhungo zenkantolo. Nokho, abamangalelwa abadingeki ukuba bamukele isicelo; bangaphikelela njalo elungelweni labo ekuqulweni icala.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Kwecala: Lapho Icala Livivinywa Khona

Uma icala lingaxazululi ngokunxusa, liqhubekela ecaleni. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokusobala yijaji elingakhethi ezicaleni zobugebengu. Icala liyisigaba lapho umshushisi kumelwe afakazele zonke izici zobugebengu ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo[. Isivikelo asidingi ukufakazela ubumsulwa; kudingeka kuphela ukuba siphakamise ukungabaza okunengqondo.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Ngaphambi kokuba kuvulwe izinkulumo, ijaji likhethwa eqenjini lezakhamuzi. Kokubili abamangaleli nabaphathi babuza imibuzo yokuveza ubandlululo. Ama-athorney angabekela inselele abajaji ngembangela (umz., isihlobo sisebenza ekuqikelweni komthetho) noma asebenzise izinselele zokususa abajaji ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu (ngemingcele). Umgomo uyijaji elingakhethi.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Icala ngalinye linikeza kuqala inkolelo yalo yecala futhi libhekise phambili ubufakazi. Ukuvikela kunganikeza isitatimende sokuqala ngokushesha ngemva noma kugcine kuze kube ngemva kwecala lomshushisi. Lamazwi awabona ubufakazi; ayizikhombandlela zejaji.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Umshushisi ubiza ofakazi futhi azise izincwadi, izinto ezingokoqobo, nobufakazi obungochwepheshe. Ubufakazi obuyingxubevange bunganikeza ubufakazi bawo siqu nofakazi, kuhlanganise nommangalelwa (onelungelo lokungafakazeli). Ubufakazi bulawulwa ngemithetho eqinile, njengokubusa kwenzwa nezimfuneko ezibalulekile.

  • Ukuhlolwa okuthathekile: Umuntu obiza ufakazi ubuza imibuzo ephendulwe nge-open.
  • Ukuhlolwa:[ Umbangi ubuza imibuzo eholela ekuhloleni ukwethenjelwa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqondisa nokubuyisela: Imizungezo eyengeziwe ukucacisa noma ukubekela izinkulumo inselele.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba sekunikezwe bonke ubufakazi, uhlangothi ngalunye lufingqa icala ngokuthi ubufakazi bufakazela icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.

Iziqondiso Zokuxoxa

The judge instructs the jury on the law they must apply, including the definition of the crime, the burden of proof, and the elements that must be proven. The jury must follow these instructions when deliberating.

Icala: Icala, Hhayi Umuzwa Wecala, Noma IHung Jury

Kumelwe bafinyelele isinqumo esivumelanayo emacaleni obugebengu (ezinkantolo eziningi nasezinkantolo zikahulumeni). Izinqumo ezikhethiwe zicacile:

  • I-Guilty:[ Ijaji lithola ukuthi abashushisi bafaka zonke izici ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.
  • Awunacala: Ijaji likhipha icala lommangalelwa ngoba umshushisi wehluleka ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo wakhe. Ukulahlwa kungukugcina, uhulumeni ngeke adlulise ukukhulula.
  • Ijaji eliqulileyo (icala eliqulile): Ijaji alikwazi ukufinyelela isinqumo esivumelanayo. Umahluleli angakhipha icala elingafanele, futhi abashushisi bangakhetha ukulilungisa icala nejaji elisha.

Uma isinqumo sinecala, ijaji lingase limise ngokushesha usuku lokugweba noma ngezinye izikhathi liqhubeke ligweba usuku olufanayo.

Ukugwetshwa: Ukunquma Isijeziso

Isigwebo siyisiteji lapho inkantolo ibeka khona isijeziso. Umahluleli unengqondo ohlwini olumiswe ngomthetho, kepha uyakuqaphela ukuthi:

  • Ubungako bobugebengu (umz. izinga lokulimala, ukusebenzisa ubudlova).
  • Umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa (izinkolelo ze-prive zingaholela ekuthuthukiseni imisho).
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Izici eziguqulayo[ (isimo, ukubambisana, izimo zengqondo, ubusha).
  • Izici ezikhuphukayo (ikakhulu ukuziphatha konya, indima yokuhola, izisulu ezisengozini).

Imisho evamile ihlanganisa:

  • ukuboshwa [ (ngethuba noma ngaphandle kwethuba lokukhishwa kwesigwebo).
  • Isivumelwano [ (ukukhululwa okukhushuliwe okunezimo ezinjengokuhlola izidakamizwa, ukweluleka, noma ukufika ngesikhathi).
  • [[IMIFU] Imali kanye nokuhlenga [ (inkokhelo ezisulwini).
  • Inkonzo yekhomuyunithi, ukubopha indlu, noma ukugada kwe-electronic.

Kumacala kahulumeni, ijaji lihlola i-Valentinfing Guides yase-U.S., enikeza uhlu olutuswayo olusekelwe ekwahluleleni nasemlandweni wobugebengu. Nokho, iziqondiso ziwukunikeza iziqondiso, hhayi ngesibopho, ukulandela isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme United States v. Booker [2005]. Izimiso zoMbuso zingaba nezintambo zazo siqu zokugweba.

Ukukhanga Nezindlela Zokwelapha I - Postoviduction

Isinqumo esinecala asisona ngaso sonke isikhathi isiphetho somgwaqo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokudlulisela icala enkantolo ephakeme, ephikisa ngokuthi amaphutha angokomthetho enziwa phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala. Izizathu ezivamile zokudlulisa icala zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuvuma noma ukulahla ubufakazi okungafanele.
  • Iziyalezo ezingaqondile.
  • Ukuziphatha okubi kwamacala.
  • Usizo olungenanzuzo lweseluleko.
  • Ubufakazi obunganele obungasekela lokho okukholelwayo.

Inkantolo yamacala ihlola irekhodi lokuqulwa kwecala futhi inqume ukuthi likhona iphutha eliwuthinte kakhulu umphumela. Uma kunjalo, lingase liguqule isiqinisekiso, ligunyaze ukuqulwa kwecala elisha, noma lilungise umusho. Umshushisi akakwazi ukudlulisa isigwebo sokulahlwa kwecala, kodwa angadlulisa izinqumo ezithile zangaphambi kwenkantolo noma isigwebo esingekho emthethweni.

Ngemva kokuba ukudlulisa amacala kuphelile, abamangalelwa bangase bafune usizo lwangemva kokuphothula (i - corpus) enkantolo yombuso noma kahulumeni, bephikisa ukwephulwa komthetho - sisekelo okungakaze kukhuliswe ngaphambili.

Amalungelo Ayinhloko Omthetho - sisekelo Kuyo Yonke Lenqubo

Isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu sakhiwe ezivikelweni ezibekwe kuyi - Bill of Rights. Nawa amalungelo abaluleke kakhulu esigabeni ngasinye:

  • Isichibiyeli sesine:[ Isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka; ubufakazi obuthola ngokungemthetho bungavinjelwa.
  • Isichibiyeli se-pith: Ilungelo lokuthula, ukuvikela engozini ephindwe kabili, imfuneko yokumangalela amajaji amahle enkantolo kahulumeni, nenqubo efanele.
  • Isichibiyeli se-xxte:[ kwesokudla ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi okusheshayo, ukukhethwa kwabahluleli abangakhethi, ukuqashelwa kwamacala, ukuphikisana kofakazi, inqubo ephoqelelwe yofakazi, nosizo lweseluleko.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isichibiyeli sobubanzi: Isivikelo ekusebenziseni ibheyili enzima nesijeziso esingavamile.

Ukuqonda lamalungelo kubalulekile kunoma ubani obhekene namacala noma ukusebenza esimisweni. Ukuze uthole umniningwane, bheka [[FLT][1] iziqondiso zeMelika Bar Association kumthetho wobugebengu [.

Isiphetho: Isilinganiso Esigcwele Sobulungisa

Kusukela ekuhlolweni okuyimfihlo kweqembu elikhulu labasizi bejaji ukuya edrameni yomphakathi yecala nasophelweni lokuqulwa kwecala, uhambo lwecala lobugebengu luklanyelwe ukuvikela kokubili umphakathi nomphakathi ngamunye. Isigaba ngasinye (ukulahla) inqubo, ukudlulisa, ukunxusa, ukuqunga ukwahlulela, ukugweba, nokudlulisa icala (ukudlulisa) nokudlulisa icala elisobala ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinkolelo zisekelwe ebufakazini obuthembekile nasezimisweni ezilungile. Uma ulandela icala eliphezulu lomthetho noma ufuna nje ukuqonda amalungelo akho, ukwazi lenqubo ukukunika amandla okuhlanganyela nesimiso esingokomthetho sokuqiniseka. Ukuqhubeka ufunda, vakashela [[FLT: 0].[FLT]] [12] [FF]