Ezimisweni zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke, ukukhetha phakathi kokhetho oluqondile nolungaqondile kuhlela indlela izakhamuzi ezisebenzisa ngayo amandla ezombangazwe nendlela ohulumeni abakhiwa ngayo. Nakuba zombili izindlela zihloselwe ukuguqula intando ethandwayo ukuba ilawule, zihlukene kakhulu enqubweni, ekulandiseni, nasekuhlopheni. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohlola izimiso zezombangazwe, ohlanganyela okhethweni, noma ukuhlolwa kwempilo yentando yeningi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okucacile kokhetho oluqondile nolungaqondile, kuhlanganise nendlela abasebenza ngayo, izimpande zabo ezingokomlando, amandla nobuthakathaka babo, nezimpikiswano zamanje ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa kwabo.

Kuyini Ukukhetha Okuqondile?

Ukhetho oluqondile luyindlela yokuvota lapho izakhamuzi ziphonsa khona amavoti azo ngokuqondile kulowo ozocela ukuvota noma eqenjini ezifisa ukuthatha isikhundla. Imiphumela inqunywa amavoti ezakhamuzi ngazinye, kungekho ndikimba engumxhumanisi ekhetha okokugcina. Lesimiso siyindlela yokuzithathela i-demokrati engcono kakhulu: umvoti ngamunye ofanelekayo unendawo eqondile futhi asho ukuthi ubani ozimelelayo.

Izibonelo ezaziwayo zokhetho zihlanganisa imincintiswano yezihlalo zomthetho eziqondile emazweni amaningi, njengokhetho oluya e-United States House of Deaders, i-United Kingdom’s House of Commons, ne-German Bundestag. Amahhovisi endawo anjengemeya, amalungu omkhandlu wedolobha, nezikhulu zebhodi yesikole nazo zikhethwa njalo ngokhetho oluqondile. Kwamanye amazwe, izinyathelo ezitheneyo kanye ne-oavlathisss [ ziyivota eziqondile ngezindaba zezemithetho, zinika izakhamuzi ngisho nendima esheshayo ekukhiqini umthetho.

  • Ingxenye: Wonke umvoti ofanelekayo angahlanganyela, okwenza lenqubo ihlanganiseke kakhulu.
  • Imiphumela ebanzi: Imiphumela ibala futhi imenyezelwe ngokushesha ngemva kokuvala ukuhlola, inikeza ukukhipha ijubane elisheshayo.
  • Izikhulu eziqashelwe zingakwazi ukulandisa ngokuqondile kubantu abasebenza kuzo.
  • I-live: Ukuhlobana phakathi kwevoti nemiphumela yokukhetha kucacile futhi kuqondakala kalula.

Yini Engaqondile?

Okhetho abangaqondile luhlanganisa inqubo yokukhetha iziteji eziningi lapho abavoti bekhetha khona iqembu labameleli, abakhetha khona abaphethe isikhulu sokugcina noma banqume umphumela wesimiso. Lomklamo wenza umehluko phakathi kwesakhamuzi nesinqumo sokugcina. Okhetho olungaqondile luvame ukusetshenziswa ezikhundleni ezidinga ukuvumelana okukhulu, ukuzinza, noma ukucabangisisa okukhethekile.

Isibonelo esivelele kakhulu yi- United States Electoral College, lapho abavoti ezweni ngalinye bekhetha khona abavoti, futhi labo abavoti bafaka khona amavoti angokomthetho kumongameli nakumongameli oyisekela. Izimiso eziningi zepalamende zisebenzisa ukhetho olungaqondile ukukhetha ukukhetha inhloko kahulumeni: izakhamuzi zivotela amalungu ephalamende, futhi lawomalungu akhetha undunankulu. Ngokufanayo, emazweni anjengeNdiya neJalimane, umongameli ukhethwa ngokungaqondile yikholi elibunjwa amalungu endlu yomthetho nezinye izindikimba.

  • Ukukhetha okumelelayo: Abavoli bakhetha izihambeli noma abavoti, abathi basebenzise ukwahlulela kwabo ekuvoteni okulandelayo.
  • Imiphumela ebambezelekile:[ Umphumela wokugcina ungathatha izinsuku noma amasonto ukunquma, kuye ngophawu lwesikhathi lwevoti engumxhumanisi.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Imvumela: Ababonisi noma abameleli kucatshangwa ukuthi banesikhathi nokwaziswa okwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi olungcono kunomphakathi jikelele.
  • Ukuphumelela:[ Okhetho olungaqondile lungavimbela ukushintsha ngokushesha kombono womphakathi futhi lunciphise i-DEC kumholi ophethe.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kokukhetha Okuqondile Nokungaqondile

Nakuba zombili lezi zimiso zisetshenziswa embusweni wentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke, zishintshashintsha ngezindlela eziningana ezibucayi.

Inqubo yokusakaza

Okhethweni oluqondile, umvoti unquma ngokuqondile ukuthi ubani owina umncintiswano. Okhethweni olungaqondile, umvoti ukhetha umlamli okhetha ozokhetha okokugcina. Lomehluko uthinta indlela abavoti abaqaphela ngayo ithonya labo nendlela imikhankaso ehlelwa ngayo.

Ukulandisa nomelelo

Izikhulu ezikhethwe ngokuqondile zibhekene nokulandisa okusheshayo kwabamelelwa bazo; zingavotelwa okhethweni olulandelayo uma zihluleka ukwanelisa isisekelo sazo. Izikhulu ezikhethiwe noma izinhlangano ezingaqondile zingase zizizwe zingaphansi kokucindezela komphakathi wonke ngoba zikhethwa iqembu elincane labameleli. Nokho, labo bameleli ngokwabo kumelwe bazilandise kubavoti babo, benze uchungechunge lokulandisa.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokubona Ingaphandle

Kulula ukuqonda nokubona kangcono: ovota abawina kakhulu. Ngokuvamile okhetho abangaqondile bahlanganisa imithetho ephathelene nendlela abavoti abanikezwa ngayo (umzk., abawinayo bathathe zonke izi-v. ngokwesilinganiso), engadida ukuvota nokufihla ubuhlobo phakathi kwamavoti athandwayo nemiphumela yokugcina. Ngokwesibonelo, othatha i-stacler angawina i-U.S. ngaphandle kokunqoba ivoti ethandwayo yesizwe, isici esibangela impikiswano evamile.

Ithonya Lezidili Zezombangazwe

Okhetho abangaqondile ngokuvamile baqinisa indima yamaqembu ezombangazwe. Abaholi beqembu bangase balawule kakhulu ukuthi ubani osebenza njengomkhethi noma ummeleli, futhi isiyalo seqembu singahlela ukuvota kokugcina. Okhethweni oluqondile, amaqembu asebalulekile, kodwa abazobhapathizwa banganxusa ngokuqondile ukuba bavote izimo zangaphandle.

Umlando Wezinto Eziqondile Nezingaqondile

Imisuka yokhetho lwentando yeningi isukela emuva e-Athene yasendulo, lapho izakhamuzi zavotela khona ngokuqondile imithetho nabaholi (indlela yokubusa ngentando yeningi). Nokho, njengoba amazwe aqala ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuqondile, kwaba nzima ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqondile, okwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezimiso zabameleli.

Ukhetho olungaqondile lunomlando omude emklamweni womthetho-sisekelo. Abahleli bomthetho-mthetho we-Electoral College badala i-Electoral College njengesivumelwano phakathi kwalabo ababefuna umongameli nalabo ababefuna ukuvota okuthandwa ngokuqondile. Baye bangalethembi idemokrasi eqondile futhi bakholelwa ukuthi iqembu labakhethi abanolwazi liyokwenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile. Ngokufanayo, izimiso eziningi zephalamende zavela ngokungaqondile: amakhosi abekwa ekuqaleni, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezo zikhonzi zaba nempendulo ekukhetheni izindlu zomthetho ezikhethiwe, zidala ukhetho oluqondile lwezikhulu zenkonzo.

Okhetho oluyimfihlo bavelela phakathi nekhulu le-19 nelama-20 njengoba izinhlangano zentando yeningi ziqhubelwa ukungenela kwesakhamuzi esikhulu. Ukwanda kwe-suffige, ukusungulwa kwe-imfihlo, nezinguquko ezifana neziprime eziqondile e-United States konke kwabonisa ushintsho ekunikezeni ukulawulwa okuqondile ngokwengeziwe. Namuhla, izindikimba eziningi zemithetho elawula idemocracy ziyakhethwa ngokuqondile, kuyilapho izindlela ezingaqondile zigcinelwa inhloko zikahulumeni ezimisweni zephalamende noma izikhundla ezikhethekile njengamajaji kwamanye amazwe.

Izinzuzo Zezici Eziqondile

Abasekeli bokhetho oluqondile baqokomisa izinzuzo eziningana zentando yeningi.

Amandla Nokuhlanganyela

Ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi okhethwe ngokuqondile bangandisa abavoti kanye nesithembiso somphakathi ngoba abantu bakubona ngokucacile ukuhlobana phakathi kokuhlanganyela kwabo nomphumela.

Ukubona ngale

Inqubo isobala: umuntu othola amavoti amaningi uyaphumelela. Lokhu kulula kunciphisa amathuba okuxhashazwa abantu abavelele futhi kwenza kube lula ngemithombo yezindaba nomphakathi ukuba ubheke imiphumela.

Ukuvuselela

Izikhulu ezikhethwe ngokuqondile zisabela kakhulu embonweni womphakathi. Kumelwe njalo zinakekele izidingo nemibono yamalungu azo ukuze zivikele ukukhethwa kabusha, okungaholela ekulaleleni nasekubuseni okuvumelanayo.

Izingozi Zokukhetha Okuqondile

Naphezu kokuthandwa kwabo, okhetho oluqondile lunamaphutha.

Ukusakaza I - populism Neqembu Lobushiqela

Okhetho oluqondile kodwa olungafanelekile lungenza abazozuza isikhundla bazuze isikhundla ngokukhanga imizwelo neziqubulo ezilula. Ingozi yokuthola amandla abaholi abaholi abaholi abathatha izikhundla iphakeme uma kwenziwa izinqumo ngokuvota okukhulu kunokuba kuthathwe izindikimba ezilula.

Impi Enkulu

Emiphakathini ehlukahlukene, ukhetho oluqondile lunganciphisa izigaba ezimbalwa. Iqembu elikhulu lingase likhethe ngokuqhubekayo abazokhetha abangazinaki noma bangazilimazi izithakazelo ezincane. Lokhu kuwukukhathazeka okuvelele emfundisweni yentando yeningi, futhi abanye baphikisa ngokuthi izimiso ezingaqondile noma ezihlelekile zivikela amazwi amancane kangcono.

Ukukhathala Kwemisebe Negebe Lokwaziswa

Ukhetho oluqondile emahhovisi amaningi ludinga abavoti ukuba bacwaninge abazovota abaningi. Lokhu kungaholela ekukhatheleni kovoti nasezinqumweni ezisekelwe ekwazisweni okulinganiselwe, njengokuqashelwa kwegama noma ukuhlanganiswa kweqembu kunokuba kuhlolwe izikhundla zesimiso.

Izinzuzo Zezici Ezingaqondile

Okhetho oluqondile lunikeza izinzuzo zokwakha abanye abaphikisayo abaveza ukubusa okungcono.

Ukuqina Nokuhlakanipha

Ngokukhipha umbono womphakathi ngendikimba yabameleli abakhethiwe, ukhetho olungaqondile lungavikela uhulumeni ekushintsheni okusheshayo komzwelo othandwayo. Abameleli bacatshangelwa njengabanesikhathi esiningi nobuchwepheshe bokuhlola abazohlolwa, okungase kuholele ekukhetheni ngokuhlakanipha. Ngokwesibonelo, iElectoral College yase-U.S. iklanyelwe ukuvimbela amandla angaphandle noma i-demogation ekusebenziseni ukhetho oluqondile.

Ukumelela Okuncane

Kwezinye izimiso ezingaqondile, ukumelela kuklanyelwe ngamabomu ukunikeza izifunda ezincane noma izifunda.ISigele saseU.S. (ekuqaleni esakhethwa izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni) ne - Electoral College kokubili kunikeza isisindo esingenakulinganiswa emazweni angenabantu abaningi, kuqinisekisa ukuthi kuzwakala izinto eziwakhathazayo.

Ukwanelisa Izimiso Ezinkulu

Emazweni amaningi, ukuqondisa ngokuqondile ukukhethwa kwehhovisi elilodwa eliphethe lomphakathi kungase kube inselele.

Izingozi Zezici Ezingaqondile

Abagxeki bakhomba ezinqindini eziningana ezingathi sína.

Ukunqamula Ukuxhumana Nokungavumelani Nezindaba Ezinhle

Lapho isinqumo sokugcina senziwa umkhethi noma ummisi-mthetho, izakhamuzi zingase ziqaphele ukuthi ukukhetha kwazo ngokuqondile akunakwa. Lokhu kuhlukana kungacindezela futhi kululaze ukholo lwentando yeningi.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokudideka

Kunzima ukuchaza nokuqonda okhetho oluqondile. AmaMelika amaningi awaqondi ngokugcwele ukuthi iElectoral College isebenza kanjani, okuholela ekudidekeni ngokuthi kungani umuntu ozongenela i-presidente engawina umongameli ngaphandle kokunqoba ivoti ethandwayo. Lokhu kungabi sobala kungabangela ukungathembani.

Ingozi Yokubanjwa Yi - Elite

Imishini ingathonywa abaqondisi beqembu, abathathi-mdlandla, noma izithakazelo ezikhethekile. Lenqubo engaqondile iveza amathuba okusebenza nokusetshenziswa kwendlu yangasemva okungaphazamisa intando ethandwayo. Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa “abavoti abangakholwa” eU.S. abavotela ngokumelene nojoyina iqembu labo, nakuba bengavamile futhi bejeziswa.

Izimpikiswano Nezinguquko Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukukhetha phakathi kokhetho oluqondile nolungaqondile kusalokhu kuwumbuzo ophilayo wezombangazwe emazweni amaningi.

IElectoral College Reformation eUnited States

Ngemva kokhetho olubili lukamongameli ekhulwini lama-21 lapho umnqobi elahlekelwe khona yivoti ethandwayo yesizwe (2000 no 2016), kuye kwaba nezimemo ezinamandla zokuqeda noma ukulungisa i-Electoral College. Iziphakamiso zisuka ku- National Popular Votestation Compation, okungaqinisekisa umongameli owina amavoti amaningi kakhulu ezweni lonke, ukuguqula izivumelwano ze-computerstions. Abagxeki be-volution baphikisa ngokuthi ithonya lezindawo ezincane namaphandle, nakuba abaxhasi bethi ingenza ukuvota okulingana. Funda okungaphezulu [[FLT:] izinqolobane zesizwe: Ellkmediance [FFoct:]

Izimiso Zasephalamende Nenhloko Kahulumeni

Kuyidemokrasi yephalamende eningi, undunankulu ukhethwa ngokungaqondile. Nokho, amanye amazwe aye aqala ukukhetha abaholi ngokuqondisisa. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Israel wasungula ukhetho oluqondile lukandunankulu kuma 1990 (kamuva akasasetshenziswa), futhi i-Italy iye yaphikisana ngezinguquko ezifanayo. Ukuhweba phakathi kwezinzika nokuzinzisa nokulandisa kuyaqhubeka kuphikiswana. Ukuze kucatshangelwe izimiso zephalamende, bheka [[FLT: 0] International IDEA: Palameral Syss .

Ukuthambekela Kwembulunga Yonke: Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi Okuqondile

Ngaphandle kokhetho oluqondile, ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zentando yeningi eziqondile (izinyathelo eziqondiswe ngokuqondile, izinyathelo, kanye nezikhunjulwayo) kuye kwanda emhlabeni wonke. Amazwe anjengeSwitzerland nezifunda eziningi zase-U.S. avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zivote ngokuqondile emithethweni nasezinhlobeni ezilandelwa umthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kubonisa isidingo esikhulayo sokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi ngaphaya kokukhetha abameleli. Nokho, izingozi zenqubo yokuthatha izintambo zombuso wentando yeningi kanye nokubusa okuningi zikhuliswe kule mibandela. Ukudlala phakathi kwezici eziqondile nezingaqondile kuyisici esiyinhloko somklamo wentando yeningi yanamuhla. Okunye ukufunda ngedemocralitha eqondile kungatholakala ku [[FLT: 0]] [ict: Umthetho-democracracture [FLD] International: Devity[FLct:[FL:1]]]

Isiphetho

Ukhetho oluqondile nolungaqondile lumelela amafilosofi amabili ahlukene okumelelwa kwentando yeningi. Ukhetho oluqondile lumisa ukuthatha iqhaza, ukuba lula, nokulandisa okusheshayo. Okhetho olungaqondile lugcizelela ukuzinza, ukucubungula, kanye nesivikelo sezithakazelo zedlanzana noma zesifunda. Asikho isimiso esiphakeme ngokwemvelo; ngasinye sinamandla afanelana nemongo ethile yezombangazwe nobuthakathaka obungalulaza izinhloso zentando yeningi.

Kubafundisi nabafundi besayensi yezombangazwe, ukuqonda lezizimiso akubalulekile nje kuphela ekuhlaziyeni indlela ohulumeni abasebenza ngayo kodwa futhi nasekuhloleni iziphakamiso zokuguqula izinqubo zokukhetha. Njengoba idemokrasi iguqula, ukungezwani phakathi kwezindlela eziqondile nezingaqondile kuyoba yinhloko ezimpikiswaneni zokuthi kungcono kanjani ukuhumushela intando yabantu ekubusweni okuphumelelayo nokungokomthetho.

Ekugcineni, ukukhetha phakathi kokhetho oluqondile nolungaqondile kubonisa izindinganiso ezijulile ngendima yesakhamuzi sentando yeningi. Kufanele yini izakhamuzi zonke zibe nezwi elilinganayo neliqondile, noma ingabe kuhlakaniphile ukuhlunga intando ethandwayo ngendikimba yabameleli? Impendulo iyahlukahluka ngokwezwe, amasiko, nomlando, kodwa umbuzo udala njengedemokrasi ngokwayo futhi ukhona ngesikhathi sokukhetha okulandelayo.