Izimiso zokukhetha abameleli ezilawulayo zichaza imingcele yokukhetha kwezombangazwe embusweni wentando yeningi. Phakathi kwemithetho elandelayo elawula ukhetho lwaseMelika yisinqumo sokuthi ubani ongahlanganyela eqenjini eliyinhloko. Umehluko phakathi kovula novalekile awuyona nje imininingwane engokwemininingwane; umfutho oyisisekelo wamandla ezombangazwe, uthonya yonke into kusukela ekuhlanzekeni kwemibono kanye nasekuphumeleleni kwemithetho ukuba ivote futhi iphile kahle yamaqembu ezombangazwe. Lokhu kuhlola umehluko phakathi kwezimiso ezivulekile neziyimiphumela enengqondo yalezi zimiso eziphikisanayo, kunikeza ukucatshazwa okucacile okusekelwe ekucwaningweni kwesayensi yezombangazwe kanye nemiphumele yangempela.

Ukuchaza Izimiso: Iqoqo Elimangalisayo Lokuthola I - Voter

Amagama "ovula isici esiyinhloko" no "ovalelwe" amelela amaphethelo ochungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lokufinyelela kovoti. Imithetho elawula lokhu kuvota inquma izinga umvoti okumelwe ahlangane ngalo obala neqembu lezombangazwe ukuba asho ukuthi ukhetha umthwali walo ovamile. Ukuqonda izakhiwo ezinembile zalezi zimiso kubalulekile, njengoba ngamunye edala uhlelo oluhlukile lwezisusa eziqondiswe kwabavoti nabavoti.

Izindawo Ezivalekile: INqaba YeQembu Lezizwe

Ngasese, lesimiso kuphela esingavota kulokhu kuncintisana kweqembu. I-gnute iqondile: umncintiswano, njengenhlangano yangasese, unelungelo lokukhetha abaholi bawo ngenqubo elinganiselwe emalungwini aso azimele. Lesimiso sivuza ukubophela okujulile phakathi kwesivumelwano esithile futhi siqinise izimpawu zeqembu. UVoters kumelwe amemezele ukuthi iqembu lihlangene kahle ngaphambi kosuku lokhetho, ivimbela izigaba zokugcina zemithetho ehleliwe. Izwe elifana neNew York, iPennsylvania, neFlorida ngokwesiko lisebenzisa ama-propatite. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi lokhu kulondoloza ubuqotho beqembu elithile futhi kuvimbela "drai," lapho amalungu eqembu eliphikisayo lingena ithonya lokhetho elinamandla.

Izindawo Ezivulekile: ISigcawu Somphakathi

Izindawo zokuvota ezivulekile zivumela noma imuphi umvoti obhaliwe ukuba akhethe ivoti yeqembu ngosuku lokhetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lihlanganyela kuphi. Umavoti obhaliswe njenge- Independent anganquma ukuvota eRiphabliki, i-Democratic eyinhloko, noma ngezinye izikhathi umfanyana oyinhloko, kodwa angavota kuphela. Impikiswano eyisisekelo yokuvula ama-primenti iwukuthi bafaka imvume yokuvota nokuhlanganyela. Ngokunciphisa isithiyo sokungena, bavumela umhleli omkhulu nomkhulu kakhulu ukuba amise itheku. Lesimiso sicatshangwa ukuba sikhuthaze abangenisi ukuba badlulise ngaphandle kweqembu, ngokucatshangelwa ukuba bafake isikhalo esilinganisweni somlilo weqembu. Emibhoshongo, Michigan, no-Plansburghvation.

Semi- Ivalekile Futhi Ihlukene Kabili Phezulu

Phakathi kwezigxobo ezimbili kunezinqubo ezixubile. Iziqu ezithile zeqembu ezivalekile. zivumela ukuba [[FLT:] zingathathi-mdlalweni ozimele ukuba zihlanganyele kunoma yiliphi icala eliyinhloko, kuyilapho amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe ehlala ebophekile eqenjini lawo. Lokhu kugcina izici ezithile zokulawula kuyilapho kubekwa isigaba esikhulu nesikhulayo somvoti. [[FLT:] [2] mbili "Jungle" Prity" [, esetshenziswa eCalifornia naseWashington, ithatha indlela ehlukile kakhulu. Bonke abahlolileyo, babonakala kunoma iqembu elilodwa eliyinhloko, elikhuphukayo, futhi elingaphezulu linciphisa ukukhethwa kweqembu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuvela kunani elikhulu.[Fonton]

Umlando Nezenzakalo Ezingokomthetho

Isimiso sanamuhla esiyinhloko siwumkhiqizo wezinguquko eziqhubekayo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, ezazihlose ukususa amandla eqenjini futhi ziwabeke ezandleni zabavoti. Nokho, impikiswano ngezimiso ezivulekile nezivaliwe yafika ekhanda elingokomthetho ecaleni leNkantolo ePhakeme ePhakeme kakhulu [FLT] California Democratic Party v. Jones [2] [2]

Esinqumweni esingu-7-2, iNkantolo yawisa isimiso esiyinhloko sase California . esasivumele noma yisiphi umvoti ukuba avote noma ubani, ahlangane futhi ahambisane namaqembu − isho ukuthi yaphula iSichibiyelo sokuqala sezombangazwe. INkantolo yathi ingenakuphoqeleka ukuba ivumele abangewona amalungu aso ukuba bakhethe abaholi bayo. Lesi sinqumo savumela ukusungulwa kwesimiso esiyinhloko esiyinhloko ukuba sifakelwe ndawonye, esigwema impikiswano yomthetho ngokususa ilebula likambathisi esiyinhloko ngokuphelele. Lo hlakalo lubeka isigaba kuzo zonke izimpikiswano ezilandelayo eziphathelene ngokomthetho. Ukuqonda lelicala kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba kuqonde ukuthi kungani amazwe enezigaba ezihlukahlukene zemithetho yanamuhla.

Ithonya Lokuhlanganyela Nokuhlanganyela Emishinini

Imiphumela yezimiso eziyinhloko kuvoti iyinto ephikiswana kakhulu. Nakuba izinombolo ezishayekile zivame ukuxhomekeka kumongo, izisusa zokwakha zicacile.

Ukutholakala Nokutholakala

Imingcele evalekile ilinganisela ukuvota, ngokungagwegwesi abakhetha ukungahlangani neqembu elikhulu. Enkathini lapho cishe isithathu sesithathu samaMelika sibizwa ngokuthi ama- Independent, lomthetho ungacindezela kakhulu ekuhlanganyeleni enqubweni yokuzinza. Ama-odoli avalweyo ngokuvamile abona amazinga amaphansi uma eqhathaniswa nokuvuleka kwezindawo eziyinhloko, ikakhulukazi ezinhlangeni zendawo noma ezisemgangathweni. Uma kuqhathaniswa, amema i-primrinth, inqulu enkulu neyahlukene kakhulu enqubweni yokukhetha, engandisa ukuhlangana nesimiso sezombangazwe.

Ukuhanjiswa Kweziphambano Okuhlelekile

Omunye wemiphumela yokuziphatha ebaluleke kakhulu yezindawo ezivulekile ubufakazi bokuvota okuhlangene, noma "ukuguqula". Abaphikisi beqembu eliphikisayo baphikisa ngokuthi bavumela amalungu eqembu eliphikisayo ukuba avote umbhanqwana obuthakathaka noma oweqisayo, ngaleyondlela andisa amathuba eqembu labo ekukhetheni okuvamile. Nakuba ubufakazi besilinganiso esikhulu, ukuhlasela okuhlangeneyo kuxubene, umbono walengozi ungaqeda ukuthembela ebuqothweni benqubo yokungalawuleki. Amasu aseduze aqeda lokhu nokwenzeka, aqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu aweqembu kuphela anquma ukuthi amalungu aphethe i-mine.

Imfundiso Yesayensi Yesayensi Yezitho Zokusebenza Kwegazi Neyokuhlaziywa Kwezombangazwe

Ngokunokwenzeka isimiso esiyinhloko sinethonya elikhulu kakhulu ekubekeni imibono yabazohlolwa.

Isisekelo Esimelene Nesijikijolo Se - media

Ngamafuphi, i-elevotorte yakhiwa amalungu eqembu athembekile kakhulu futhi akhuthele. Laba bavoti bathambekele kakhulu ngokwedlulele kune-avareji evamile ye-votorte. Umfundi obhekene no-ovalekile kumelwe azuze kule sisekelo esiphambili esiphambili, abafake i-centive ukuba baphumele kude kakhulu esikhundleni. Lento iwumshayeli oqashelwayo wesigaba sezombangazwe: "Médian Voter Theorem" uyaphuka uma umkhethi omkhulu eyingxube encane, ingu elincane.

Kusezikhundleni ezivulekile, abazobhapathizwa abanakuthembela kuphela eqenjini. Kumelwe banxuse ukuhlanganisa isiphambano somphakathi, kuhlanganise nezingalinganiyo nezizimele. Lokhu kucindezela kokwakha kubangela ukuba abantu bathathe i-patled, kukhuthaza izikhundla ezilula kakhulu futhi zingahlukanisi kakhulu. Isimiso se-Top-Fers eCalifornia saklanywa ngokucacile sicabanga ngalo mgomo.

Umphumela “Wokuqapha"

Amaprime avalelwe andisa usongo lwenselele eyinhloko yemibono, noma ukungenwa idolo. Abameleli ezifundeni ezilondekile bavame ukwesaba inselele enkulu ephahlweni labo kunempi yokukhetha. Lokhu kunamandla kungaphoqelela abakhishela ukuba bathathe izimo eziqinile, ezingayekeleli ezingenakulinganiswa nesifunda esibanzi kodwa ezidingekile ukuze baphile phakathi kweqembu labo. Ukuvula amaprimente anciphisa lobu mbuso, kukwenze kube nzima kakhulu ukuba isigaba esincane singahluzeli esilinganiselwe.

Ukuhlukahluka Nokumelela Okuhlukahlukene

Ubufakazi busekela izimpikiswano nhlangothi zombili zale mpikiswano.

Abasekeli bezindawo zokufundela ezivalekile baphikisa ngokuthi banikeza indlela ehlelwe kahle engokomlando yamaqembu ahlukene phakathi kweqembu ukuba ahlele futhi akhethe abameleli bezithakazelo zabo ezikhethekile. Ngokulinganisela ukuhlanganyela eqenjini, amaqembu angaqashana nomfundi ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa abavoti abangaphandle abangase bangaboni ngendlela yabo. Lokhu bekuyisu eliyindlela ngabesifazane nabambalwa abafuna ukuphula imingcele phakathi kweqembu.

Ngokuphambene, abasekeli bezinto ezivulekile baphikisa ngokuthi izimiso ezivaliweyo zingafaka amandla esigaba esiphezulu esikhona kanye nesisekelo se-homogenous. Izindawo zokuvula zikhuthaza abazothatha isikole ukuba bakhe abazohlanganisa, banqamule futhi banqamule i-octal imifelandawo eyodwa kusukela emjikelezweni wokuqala wokuvota. Isimiso esiphezulu-mbili, ngokuvumela abazofuna ukubheca ukuba banqamule imigqa ephakathi kwabalawuli abalinganiselayo nabahleliyo, kwezinye izimo siye sakhuthaza ukukhethwa kwabaholi abanokuqondana, nakuba ubufakazi bokuthi kusekhona yini ukuveza incazelo.

Ku-Depth Case studies: Izimiso zokusebenza

Ukuhlola indlela izimiso ezihlukile ezisebenza ngayo ezweni langempela kunikeza ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda bemiphumela yazo.

New York: Inqaba Eyinhloko

I-New York iyisibonelo esivelele sesimiso esiyinhloko esivaliweyo esizweni esisodwa esinengxenye enkulu. Umphumela uvalelwa ezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu eNew York, ngezinye izikhathi ufakwa ezigabeni zezinhlanga eziphansi zesizwe. Le ndawo ephansi ezungezile inika amandla amaqembu ahlelekile nanemibono, kanye nemishini yeqembu. Umphumela yisishayamthetho esivame ukulwisana nokungasebenzi kahle kwezimiso zomthetho kanye ne-gridrock lock, njengabo abakhishwe isisekelo esincane, esisebenzayo kunesohlwini esivamile sokhetho. I-constvolute, ekwazi ukulinganisela inqubo, ikhishwe ngokuphelele.

ECalifornia: Umzamo Ophezulu- Omubili

Idalwe ngokulandela Jones isinqumo, iProcence 14 yaseCalifornia (2010) yamisa uhlelo oluphezulu-kabili oluyinhloko. Umgomo kwakuwukunciphisa i-procession lodweliso ngokuphoqa abamele ukudlulisa isikhalo esikhulu. Ubufakazi bemiphumela iyaxubana. Ukucwaninga kwezezombangazwe kwezazi zesayensi eUC San Diego nase Stanford kusikisela ukuthi isimiso asikanciphisi kakhulu izinga lokuvota kwemithetho yokuvota; abaholi beqembu lisasebenzisa amandla anamandla okulawula. Nokho, kuye kwandisa inani lababefuna ukuvota abalinganiselayo abakwenza kukhethwe, futhi kuphoqe ukuba baqaphele kakhulu ububanzi beqembu lokuvota. Isimiso siholele futhi ukuba "ingxenye enkulu yeqembu elivamile" ekuvoteni kwezindawo ezivamile zokuvota, ngokuphumelela.

IAlaska neWashington: Izivuselelo EMphethu

IWashington State isebenzisa isimiso esingu-Top-Frieve esifana nesaseCalifornia, ngokuvamile sinokwaziswa okuqondile kwethonya layo ekusebenzeni kwemithetho. I-Alaska iye yaqala ukusungula uhlobo olusha: i-Top-Fourstanan ehlangene nokhetho oluvamile lokuvota. Lesimiso siklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuvota okusemthethweni "ukulungisa" ngokuvumela abavoti ukuba bahlele izintando zabo, beqinisekisa ukuthi umnqobi ogcinayo uveza ukuvumelana okubanzi. Ubufakazi bakuqala obuvela e-Alaska busikisela ukuthi iye yakhuthaza ababhikishela imikhankankano encinayo futhi ifune amavoti wesibili kubasekeli babaphi bempikiswanosheli, ikhuthaza impucuko yezombangazwe ebambisana kakhulu.

Izinguquko Nekusasa Labahlali

Izithiyo zezimiso ezingokwesiko ezivulekile nezivaliwe ziye zashukumisa iziphakamiso zenguquko kulo lonke izwe. Ukuqhubekela phambili kwezindawo ezingekho necala kanye nokuvota okunezinga eliphezulu kubonisa isifiso sokunciphisa ukuhlanekezelwa okubangelwa yimincintiswano ephansi, egcwele ukuthatha izithuba.

Izinhlangano ezifana ne-Jovennian America and FairVote zisekela izimiso ezandisa ukufinyelela kovoti ngesikhathi kugcinwa ukhetho. I-Alaska .I-combinan evulekile ehamba phambili ngokhetho olunophawu oluphezulu olunophawu oluphambili(is) ngokuvamile zibekwa njengesilinganisi esikhona kwezinye izifunda. Lezinguquko zihlose ukuthatha indawo yezimo ezimbili "zivulayo zibambene" impikiswano eyinkimbinkimbi ngokufaka ukuncintisana, ukulinganisela, nokuhlanganyela okukhulu. Umbuzo oyinhloko oziqhuba lezinguquko uwukuthi isimiso esiyinhloko singaba singenziwa yini kabusha ukuze kwenziwe izisusa ezinempilo zabahloli nohulumeni abasabelayo.

Isiphetho

Ukukhetha phakathi kokuvula nokuvala kungukhetho phakathi kwemibono encintisanayo yokumelelwa kwentando yeningi. Amapriji ahlanganisa amaqembu ezombangazwe aqinisa amaqembu azimele futhi avuselele ukubopha okujulile phakathi komfelandawo eyodwa, kodwa afaka engozini yokuhlanganisa indawo ehlukene futhi akhiphe ingxenye enkulu ye-votatetetenti. Isinqumo esihlanganisayo sihlela i-projecter ngayinye futhi akhuthaze abamele ukusungula i-"inyoni eyodwa" yesimiso sokudlulisa, kodwa ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi ikusasa lokuguqula izinto alikho ekwakhenini okuvamile, kodwa lingasehlisa isikhombiso sokusebenzisa icebo. [i] Isinqumo] siveza isimo somthetho, kodwa alikunqumani ukuthi isilinganiso somthetho owodwa kuphela. Ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi ikusasa lokukhetha inguquko alikho esisenziwa ngokukhetha okuko, kodwa kuhlela kungcono kakhulu, kodwa kunamasu ezindaweni esiphezulu, futhi kungcono kakhulu, ukuhlanganisa nakuhlela nakuthuthukisa izinzuzo zenkululeko, noma inzuzo yanomane.