Isingeniso: Isisekelo Segunya Lezombangazwe

Igunya lezombangazwe liyisisekelo sesayensi yezombangazwe, yezenhlalo, neyomthetho. Libhekisela emandleni angokomthetho nafanelekile umuntu, iqembu, noma inhlangano ebambelele ekwenzeni izinqumo ezibophayo, ukwakha nokuphoqelela imithetho, futhi ilawule umphakathi. Ngokungafani nokuphoqelela noma ukuphoqelela, igunya lisho ilungelo lokuziphatha noma elingokomthetho lokubusa. Igunya elibuswayo libonisa ukuthi labo abanegunya lokulalela. Ukuqonda onegunya lezombangazwe noqaphela ukuthi libalulekile ekuhloleni ukuthi amandla asebenza kanjani ezimisweni zezombangazwe ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekubusweni kwemibuso ye-democraticism kuya kuhulumeni.

Ngezinga layo eliyisisekelo, igunya lezombangazwe liphendula imibuzo emibili: ngubani onelungelo lokubusa? futhi Kungani izakhamuzi kufanele zilalele? Lemibuzo iye yathatha izifilosofi, izigebengu, nabaholi bezombangazwe inquma ukuthi uhulumeni ufanele ukubuswa njengono noma unonya, ozinzile noma usengozini yokuvukela. Lesihloko sinikeza ukuqashelwa kwegunya lezombangazwe, imithombo, izincazelo ezinkulu, izikhangiso, izinselele, izinselele, nezinhlangano ezisekelayo.

Ukuchaza Igunya Lezombangazwe

Igunya lezombangazwe alifani namandla. Amandla ikhono lokuthonya ukuziphatha kwabanye, ngisho nokumelene nentando yabo. Nokho, igunya elibhekwa njengagunya yilabo abangaphansi kwalo. Iphoyisa linegunya lokuqondisa izimoto ngoba umphakathi unikeza lelolungelo; umdubuli ofuna isikhwama sakho semali unamandla kodwa akanalo igunya. Lomehluko obalulekile usekela zonke izingxoxo zokubusa.

Imithombo yegunya lezombangazwe ihlukene. Zisebenzisa umsebenzi wesisekelo wesazi sezenhlalo Max Weber, izazi zivame ukuveza izinhlobo ezintathu ezimsulwa zegunya elingokomthetho:

  • Igunya lombuso we-Legal: Amandla asuka emithethweni emisiwe, imithetho, nezinqubo. Lena indlela evelele ezizweni zanamuhla, lapho igunya lihlala khona emahhovisi kunabantu ngabanye. I-Bureaustracracy, ohulumeni bomthetho-sisekelo, nezimiso zokwahlulela zisebenza kulesimiso.
  • Igunya lezenqubo: Amandla asekelwe emasikweni, emikhubeni, nasemiphakathini. Izimiso zobuProfethi, ubuholi besizwe, kanye nezindlu eziphezulu zixhomeke emagunyeni angokwesiko. Umbusi uyayala ukuba kulalele ngoba “kulokhu kunje.”
  • [[FLT: 0] Adminitial Authority: Amandla asuka ezimfanelweni zomuntu ezikhethekile, `ihero, iso, noma ubungcwele. Abaholi bokuziphendukela kwemvelo abanjengoMahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., noma uNelson Mandela uthola igunya kumandla abo okukhanga okungokwemvelo nesibonelo sokuziphatha. Igunya lobuqhawe livame ukuguqula inguquko kodwa lingaguquguquki, njengoba kumelwe lishintshwe ukuze lisinde umsunguli walo.

Izimiso eziningi zezombangazwe zihlanganisa izici zalezi zinhlobo. Ngokwesibonelo, idemokrasi yanamuhla ngokuyinhloko iyindawo engokomthetho (izivumelwano nokhetho) kodwa ingagcina futhi izici ezingokwesiko (inkosi yenkosi eUK) kanye nomholi wesisho (umongameli ophoqelelayo oshukumisa abalandeli abaningi).

Izinkulumo Zegunya Lezombangazwe

Izazi zefilosofi nezazi zezombangazwe ziye zaveza izincazelo eziningi zokuthi kungani igunya likhona nokuthi linesizathu esizwakalayo.

Inkolelo - mbono Yezenhlalo

Inkolelo-mbono yesivumelwano somphakathi ingenye yezindlela ezinethonya kakhulu. Ithi igunya lezombangazwe lisuka esivumelwaneni esicacile noma esicacile phakathi kwabantu ukuba bakhe umphakathi futhi bazithobe kuhulumeni ovamile.

  • Thomas Hobbes (158-1679): Ku [[FLT:]Leviathan, Hobbes waphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kwegunya, ukuphila ‘ kuyimpi yakho konke okumelene nakho konke” (]"Impi yakho konke""$168-169], ewubulele, engcolile, futhi emfishane. Ukubalekela lesimo semvelo, abantu bavuma ukunikezela ngenkululeko yabo kumbusi (uLeviyalu) oqinisekisa ukuthula nokulondeka. Ngoba uHobbes, igunya lithethelelwa ngesidingo sokuhleleka.
  • uJohn Locke (1632-1704): Locke wanikeza isivumelwano esikhululekile. [u-Second Isivumelwano sikaHulumeni] [, waphikisana ngokuthi abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, inkululeko, nempahla. Bavuma ukubusa ukuze bavikele lamalungelo kuphela. Igunya linemibandela: uma uhulumeni ephula isivumelwano, izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokuvukela. Lomqondo wathonya kakhulu iSimemezelo seNkangala-Inte seNkangalasembuluko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Joan-Jacques Rousseau (1712-171778):[[FLT] uRousseau] iNhlohlo-yomphakathi [ yagcizelela “intando""isithakazelo sabantu. Igunya leqiniso, waphikisa ukuthi, livela kubantu bebonke, hhayi kunoma isiphi isigaba. Imibono yakhe ephefumlelwe yentando yeningi ne-riphabliki.

Inkolelo - mbono yesivumelwano somphakathi isalokhu ibalulekile ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene ngokomthetho wamandla ombuso nemingcele yegunya likahulumeni.

Igunya Elingokomthetho

Umthetho uwukwamukelwa kwegunya emphakathini. Ngisho noma uhulumeni unamandla angokomthetho, uswele igunya uma izakhamuzi zingaliqapheli ilungelo lazo lokubusa. Izici ezithuthukisa ukufaneleka zihlanganisa:

  • Imvume yegunya elibuswayo: ibhekwa njengegunya elingokomthetho uma ibonisa intando yabantu, eboniswa ngokhetho olukhululekile noma ngokuhlanganyela okuthandwayo.
  • I-RULET yoMthetho:[ Lapho labo abasemandleni besebenza phakathi kwesimiso esicacile somthetho futhi beboshwe ngomthetho, ukugunyazwa kwanda. Ukubusa kwe-Arbitriary kuqeda ukuthembana.
  • Izakhamuzi ezingakwaziyo ukufeza umthetho: zinika ohulumeni igunya lokunikeza impahla yomphakathi(ukuzimela, ukuchuma kwezomnotho, isisekelo, nobulungisa. Uhulumeni ohlulekayo ukwenza ungalahlekelwa ngokomthetho ngisho noma yayikhethwe ekuqaleni.
  • Ubulungisa obungokwesiko:[ Izinqubo zeFair(ukwenza izinqumo okusobala, izinkantolo ezingakhethi, namathuba okudlulisa izicelo /-bobo iqhube ukulunga okucatshangelwayo kwegunya.

Izinhlobo zegunya likaWeber zihlobene ngokuqondile nemithombo yokufaneleka: igunya lokumisa ngokomthetho lixhomeke ekulinganiseni okungokwesiko, igunya elingokwesiko, negunya elinamandla ashukumisayo lomuntu siqu eliphathelene nozibuthe.

Ezinye Izinkolelo - mbono: UbuMarx Nemfundiso Yenkolo

Akubona bonke abashisekeli bezombangazwe ababheka igunya lezombangazwe njengesivumelwano sezenhlalo esilungile. UKarl Marx nabalandeli bakhe baphikisa ngokuthi igunya lezombangazwe liyithuluzi lokubusa isigaba − uhulumeni ukhona ukuze uvikele izithakazelo zesigaba esibusayo. Kulombono, igunya lisebenza ngokwemvelo futhi alikho ngokombono walabo abacindezelwe. Ngokungafani, amaPligals, abheka igunya njengelihlakazekile phakathi kwamaqembu amaningi aphikisanayo (amaqembu amaqembu aphikisanayo, amaqembu ezombangazwe, imithombo yezindaba) futhi aphikisa ngokuthi akukho muntu ophakeme ophethe ubukhomame.

Izinhlobo Zegunya Lezombangazwe

Igunya lezombangazwe libonakala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene kuye ngesimo sesimiso sezombangazwe.

Igunya Lentando Yeningi

Intando yeningi ithola igunya ebukhosini obuthandwayo, kodwa abantu bawumthombo oyinhloko wamandla ezombangazwe. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • [ Okhetho olukhululekile, olukhululekile, nolungakho oluvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe abameleli futhi zibabeke icala.
  • [ Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu siqu, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, nokunyathelisa.
  • ukulandisa kwabaholi [ kubavoti nakumaqembu azimele (izinkantolo, izishaya-mthetho, izindikimba zokwengamela).
  • [ Ukuhlukanisa amandla [ ukuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwegunya egatsheni elilodwa.

Igunya ledemokrasi libhekwa njengendlela esemthethweni kakhulu ezweni lamanje ngoba lisekelwe ekuvumeni okucacile futhi linikeza izinqubo zokushintsha ngokuthula. Nokho, idemokrasi ingabhekana nezinselele ezinjengokunganaki kwabavoti, ukudukiswa, kanye nabaholi ababusa ngempoqo abalulaza izindinganiso zentando yeningi kuyilapho bethi bamelela “abantu.”

Igunya Labasunguli

Imibuso ebusayo igxilisa igunya lezombangazwe kumholi oyedwa, eqenjini elincane, noma eqenjini elilodwa.

  • Ubutha obudityanisiwe bezombangazwe:[ amaqembu okuphikiswa abekelwe imingcele noma avinjelwe; ukhetho lusetshenziswa noma lusebenze njengemicikilisho.
  • Ukucindezelwa kokuphikisa: Izindaba ziyalawulwa, umphakathi uqashelwa, futhi abagxeki babhekene nokuhlukunyezwa, ukuboshwa, noma okubi kakhulu.
  • Ukwenza isinqumo esisemthethweni okunezinhlolo ezimbalwa kumandla aphethe.
  • Ubulungisa ngemibono, ubuzwe, noma umsebenzi (umz., ukukhula kwezomnotho, ukuzinza).

Abanye ohulumeni ababusa ngempoqo ngokuvamile bancike engxubevangeni yokuphoqelelwa, ukusekela, nemvume elinganiselwe.

Igunya Lomashiqela

Ubushiqela buyindlela eyeqisa kakhulu, bufuna ukulawula zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi nokwangasese.

  • Ayimfundiso edlulayo elawula imigomo yomphakathi nendima yomuntu.
  • Ukulawula okuzimele kwezomnotho[ nazo zonke izinhlangano zezenhlalo (imfundo, impucuko, inkolo).
  • [ Ukusetshenziswa okungaguquguquki kwenkulumo- ze nokuqapha unjiniyela wenkolelo nokucindezela ukungavumelani.
  • Ukwesaba kohlelo [[FLT:] (amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi, amakamu okuphoqelelwa, izikhungo zokuhlanza) ukuze kuqedwe ukuphikiswa.

Izibonelo zihlanganisa iJalimane yamaNazi ngaphansi kukaHitler, iSoviet Union ngaphansi kukaStalin, neNyakatho Korea ngaphansi kombuso kaKim. igunya lobushiqela lilula ngokwemvelo ngoba lixhomeke ekumisweni okuqhubekayo nokwesaba; lapho umbuso wehluleka, ungase uwise ngokungazelele njengoba kuboniswa eMpumalanga Yurophu ngo - 1989.

Ezinye Izinhlobo: Igunya Elingokwasezulwini Nelakwezempi

Ngalé kwe-teptic kaWeber, igunya lezombangazwe lingase lisekelwe emfundisweni engokwenkolo ( i-theocracy, umzekelo, i-Iran, inhloko-mdolopho yaseVatican) noma ukulawula kwezempi ([]junta[ noma ubushiqela bezempi). Igunya elingokwasezulwini lizisho igunya laphezulu; igunya lezempi ngokuvamile lizivuna njengelibuyisela uhlelo noma ukusindisa isizwe ekonakaleni.

Izinselele Egunyeni Lezombangazwe

Lapho igunya lilahlekelwa ngokomthetho, lingase libhekane nokumelana, ukuvukela, noma ukuwa.

Imizabalazo Yomphakathi

Izisusa zingaliqeda igunya ngokungabaza isisekelo salo sokuziphatha noma somthetho.

  • Ukungalungi okususelwe (ukungalingani kwezomnotho, ubandlululo lobuhlanga, ukuxhashazwa kwamalungelo abantu).
  • [[UMTL:0] Izisekelo zoshintsho lwezenhlalo (isivikelo esiyisisekelo, ukulingana kwabobulili obubodwa, ushintsho lwentando yeningi).
  • [ Ukuthatha indinganiso enkulu [ phakathi kwamaqembu agwedlwe.

Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Civil Rights Movement in the US, i-Arabian Spring, nokuvukela kombuso wamuva nje eHong Kong nase Myanmar zonke ziye zabekela inselele igunya elikhona lezombangazwe. Impumelelo yazo ixhomeke ekuhleleni, ekusekeleni umphakathi, nokuzimisela kombuso ukusebenzisa amandla.

Ukuphikiswa Kwezombangazwe

Ukuphikiswa okusungulwe (amaqembu ezombangazwe, amaqembu ephalamende, iNGO) kubekela inselele igunya ngokhetho, umthetho, nengxoxo yomphakathi. Ukuphumelela kokuphikiswa kuxhomeke ku:

  • I-'trangth' nenhlangano'[ yeqembu eliphikisayo nekhono lalo lokuveza ezinye izindlela ezivumelanayo.
  • [ Ukusekela kwe-Public [ kweminye imikhakha kanye nabaholi.
  • ithumela emithonjeni yezindaba nasemizileni yokuxhumana ukusakaza umlayezo wabo.
  • [[INDANGO:0] Isivikelo se-pager sokuncintisana kwezombangazwe nokungavumelani.

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, ukuphikiswa okunokuthula kuwuphawu lwesimiso sezombangazwe esinempilo. Ezizweni zempoqo, ukuphikiswa kuvame ukuqhutshekiselwa emgodini noma ngaphansi kwegunya.

Ukonakala Nokusebenzisa Kabi Amandla

Inkohlakalo − Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwesikhundla somphakathi ukuze kuzuze ngasese — kululaza ngokuqondile ukufaneleka kwegunya lezombangazwe. Imiphumela ihlanganisa:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Izikhala zokwethembana [[[QONDO:1] ezinhlanganweni nabaholi.
  • umehluko okhuphukayo womphakathi nokubola kwesivumelwano somphakathi.
  • Itshe elidala izinxushunxushu zomphakathi nokuvukela lapho ukonakala kuba yisimiso.
  • [ Ukungasebenzi kwezomnotho kanye nokungaqondi kwemithombo yemali.

Imikhankaso ephakeme yokumelana nokonakala (isinye isik. eBrazil, eNdiya, naseNingizimu Korea) ibonisa ukuthi ngisho nabaholi abadumile bangawa lapho igunya libhekwa njengolinyazwe ukujobelelwa.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule: UbuPopulist, Ubugunya Bamanani, Nokuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke

Kulelikhulu lama-21, kuye kwavela izinselele ezintsha. Abaholi bePopulist bavame ukuhlasela izinhlangano ezizimele (izinkantolo, imithombo yezindaba, izikhulu) bethi igunya eliqondile kubantu,” besusa izimiso zobudenariyu. I-Dithority yamanani ihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhlola, ukuphathwa kwezezesayensi yezenhlalakahle, nokulawula kwe-algorics ukuze baqaphele izakhamuzi futhi bacindezele ukuphikisa kwazo. Inhlangano yezezombangazwe iye yabangela ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinhlangano zezizwe zonke (i-UN, i-WTO, i-IMF) njengethonya elingasehlula ubukhosi besizwe, ngezinye izikhathi libangele ukumelana nomthetho wezenhlalakahle.

Indima Yezinhlangano Egunyeni Lezombangazwe

Izinqubo ziyizakhiwo nemithetho igunya elisetshenziswa futhi liphoqelelwe ngayo.

Izinkonzo Ezingokomthetho

Izinkantolo, izishaya-mthetho, nezinhlangano zokugcinwa komthetho zisekela umthetho.

  • [[I]'Umthetho usetshenziswa ngokulinganayo futhi ngokungaguquguquki [[[QL:1] kuzo zonke izakhamuzi.
  • [ Akwesokudla avikelwe [ ekuphazanyisweni abadlali bakhona noma abayimfihlo.
  • [ Izinqumo zixazululwa ngokuthula[[[QL:1] ngezinqubo zomthetho kunokuba ubudlova.
  • [ Isenzo sobuGosa singaphansi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla.

Izikhulu zomthetho ezizimele ziyisici esivelele segunya elingokomthetho. Uma izinkantolo zithatha imingcele, igunya liyaphela.

Izinkolo Zezombangazwe

Ohulumeni, izishaya - mthetho, amaqembu ezombangazwe, nezimiso zokuvota bahlela ukusebenzisa igunya lezombangazwe.

  • Izinqubo zokwenza iProthessic [1] onezwi nendlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo.
  • Ukudluliswa kwezithakazelo ezihlukahlukene, kuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphaphu awakhishwe unomphela.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukubusa nokuqhubekeka [ kokulawula, ikakhulukazi phakathi noshintsho lwamandla.
  • Izimiso zokulanda iakhawunti [ njenge khetho, amakomiti aqondisayo, nezinqubo zokungatholi mali.

Izinhlangano eziqinile zezombangazwe zingabangela ukuncintisana ngokuthula, kuyilapho izinhlangano ezibuthakathaka zivumela igunya ukuba libe nobugovu futhi linciphe.

Izinhlangano Zamazwe Ngamazwe Nezamazwe

Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuye kwabangela izindikimba ezinjengeZizwe Ezihlangene, i-European Union, iNkantolo ye-International Criminal, ne-World Trade Organization, ezinegunya elilinganiselwe kodwa langempela phezu kwezizwe. Lezizinhlangano zithola umthetho ezivumelwaneni nasemvumeni yezizwe ezingamalungu, kodwa ngokuvamile zibhekene nokugxekwa ngenxa yokuba ezingaqashelwa noma ezikude nezakhamuzi. Ukuqonda igunya lezombangazwe namuhla kudinga ukucabangela kokubili izilinganiso zasekhaya nezomhlaba wonke.

Isiphetho

Igunya lezombangazwe lingumbono onamandla nophikiswayo olawula indlela imiphakathi ebuswa ngayo. Akukona nje ukuthi ubani onegunya, kodwa ukufaneleka kwalelogunya emehlweni ababuswayo. Kusukela ezimfundisweni zakudala ze Hobbes, iLocke, ne Rousseau ukuya ekwakheni uHweber, kusukela ekukhetheni kwentando yeningi kuya ekulawuleni kwempoqo, imithombo kanye nezinkulumo zegunya kusehluka kakhulu. Kodwa imibuzo eyisisekelo ikhona: Kungani kufanele kulalele umuntu?

Kulenkathi yokunyuka kwenqubo yokulawula, ukuhlola ngemishini, nokuncintisana kwembulunga yonke, ukuhlola ngegunya lezombangazwe kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Izakhamuzi eziqonda isisekelo nemingcele yegunya zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukufuna ukulandisa, ukuvikela amalungelo azo nokuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekubuseni. Ekugcineni, igunya lezombangazwe alikhona ngokuqhubekayo, ngokuqhubekayo, ngokuphikiswa, nangokushintshwa ngezenzo zabantu nangezinhlangano.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka [[FLT: 0] Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Igunya lezombangazwe, Encclopedia Britannica: Igunya [[, kanye ne[FLT] Dectalogist of Sociology.]