Iyini I - Plea Bargain?

Isicelo sokukhokha isikhalazo siwukuvumelana okungokomthetho emacaleni obugebengu phakathi kommangalelwa (ngokuvamile ngommeli) nomshushisi. Kulelilungiselelo, ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela icala − ngokuvamile ophansi noma omunye wemiba eminingi(ukuthengiselana ngemvume ethile). Lemivumelo ingahlanganisa isigwebo esincishisiwe, ukukhishwa kwezinye izikhalo, noma ukutuswa kokungavumelani. Umthetho awulona ilungelo lomthetho elingokomthetho; uyithuluzi elisebenzayo eliklanyelwe ukuphatha inqwaba enkulu yamacala obugebengu. Ivumela izinkantolo ukuba zigweme ukuqulwa kwecala eliphelele, okubizayo, okungaqondakali. EUnited States, cishe [[FLD:] u-95] wemithensitha zonke izigeqelelo zobugebengu [[FLD:1], izicelo ezinkulu ezihlangene, eziwumphumela ezicinywe ngokulinganayo.

Nakuba ukunxusa kuvame ukubhekwa njengokuthengiselana okuqondile, kuhilela ukucabangela okuyinkimbinkimbi okungokomthetho nokungokomuntu siqu. Kubamangalelwa, isinqumo sokwamukela isikhalo sisho ukudela amalungelo amaningana omthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqulwa icala yijaji, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nelungelo lokumelana nokuzilahla. Izinkantolo kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi isicelo singenile sazi ngokuzithandela, futhi ngokuhlakanipha [. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ummangalelwa kumelwe aqonde izigwebo, izijeziso ezingase zikhishwe. Izhabhini ziqhuba isikhalo sokukhomba ukuze ziqinisekise lezi zicineze.

Izinhlobo Ze - Plea Bargain

Ama-Plea awekho ama-process alinganayo. Avame ukuwela ezigabani ezintathu eziyinhloko, nakuba umehluko uxhomeke ekulawuleni kwecala nakuzo izincazelo zalo. Ukuqonda lezi zinhlobo kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukukhetha ummangalelwa angabhekana nakho.

Ukuzigodla Ngezinsimbi

Lokhu kuyinto evame kakhulu. Ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalelwa ngecala elingelutho kunelokuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu obekwe icala lokugqekeza uphinde abekwe icala lokujezisa. Ukuquliswa kungalunga ngokugcina isiqinisekiso ngaphandle kwesikhathi nezindleko zokuqulwa kwecala; ummangalelwa uzuza ngokuba nomlando wobugebengu onzima kakhulu futhi abhekane nesigwebo esilula. Ukugweba kungahlanganisa nokunciphisa ukugqekeza isigwebo esiqinile kusenzeka kumuntu ongafaneleki, okunemiphumela ebalulekile yemisebenzi, indlu, namalungelo omphakathi njengokuvota noma ukuphatha izibhamu.

Ukugwetshwa

Lapha, ummangalelwa unxusa icala lokuqala kodwa eqonda ngokucacile ukuthi umshushisi uzotusa umusho ocacile, ngokuvame ukudlula lokho okungase kubekwe ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala. Umahluleli akaboshiwe ngokugunyazwa umshushisi, kodwa ngokuvamile abahluleli balandela amagama avunyelwe. Ukugwetshwa kunikeza ummangalelwa isiqinisekiso esithile ngomphumela, ukunciphisa ingozi yesigwebo esinzima esivela kubahluleli.

Ukwehla Kweqiniso

Iphuzu elivamile kodwa elisetshenziswayo, iqiniso liyenzeka uma ummangalelwa evuma ukusho amaqiniso athile ukuze ashintshele umshushisi angangenisi amanye amaqiniso alimaza kakhulu. Lokhu kungabumba iziqondiso zokugweba noma ubungako becala. Ngokwesibonelo, ecaleni lokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, isivikelo singavuma ukuthi ummangalelwa unezidakamizwa eziningi, kuyilapho ummangalelwa evuma ukungasho ezinye izilinganiso ezingabangela isigwebo esingaphansi kwesibopho. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi iqiniso lingawuphazamisa umsebenzi wokuthola iqiniso lenkantolo.

Ezinye izinhlobonhlobo zihlanganisa izivumelwano [ zokuthengiselana (ukuguqula amacala athile ngokufaka isikhalazo esinecala koyedwa) kanye nokudlulisa izikhalo [ (lapho izikhalazo ezingokomthetho zibekwa khona ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile). Ukuguquguquka kwalezi zimo kwenza abashushisi nabameli balungise amaqiniso ayingqayizivele endaba ngayinye.

Inqubo Yokugaya Isikhumba

Lesi sicelo asisona isenzakalo esisodwa kodwa siwuchungechunge lwezinyathelo ezivela lapho umuntu eboshwa ngokugwetshwa.

1. Ukukhokha Nokuzibeka Kwangaphambili

Ngemva kokuboshwa, umshushisi ufaka amafasimende angokomthetho. Enkantolo, ummangalelwa utshelwa ngamacala futhi ucelwa ukuba angene esicelweni (icala, hhayi icala, noma umncintiswano). Abamangalelwa abaningi ekuqaleni bamangalela ukuba bangabi necala lokulondoloza izindlela zabo. Lesisigaba singase futhi sibe lapho izimpawu zokuqala zokuvikela ziveza ukuqamba. Ezindabeni eziningi, izigaba zokuqala zivumela ukunxusa okuhle kakhulu ngoba umshushisi akakafaki imithombo ebalulekile.

Ukuthola Nokuhlola

Zombili izinhlangothi zishintshana ngobufakazi ngokuthola. Ummeli ovikelayo uhlola imibiko yamaphoyisa, izinkulumo zofakazi, ubufakazi obubonisa imvume, nanoma yimuphi umlando wobugebengu obungaphambili. Lokhu kuhlola kubalulekile ekuhloleni amandla ecala lomshushisi. Icala elibuthakathaka lingase linikeze ukuzivikela amandla okufuna ukubhekana nokungcono. Okwamanje, abashushisi bangasebenzisa ukuthonyela ummangalelwa ukuba ancenge ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi uma ubufakazi bunamandla. Ikhono lommeli lokuhlola ingozi nengxoxo likhulu lapha.

3. Ukushaya indlebe

Ukuxoxisana kungakwenzeka ngokwethukela ngezingcingo, ama-imeyili, noma ngemihlangano engokomthetho. Ummeli nomshushisi baxoxa ngamaqiniso, isizinda sommangalelwa, nemiphumela engenzeka. Izici ezithonya izingxoxo ezihlanganisa ubuqatha bobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, amandla obufakazi, ukufakwa kwezisulu, nesimo sezombangazwe (umshushisi ogijimela ukunikeza ukuvocavoca ngesisa). Abameli abanolwazi bayazi ukuthi ukuxoxisana kuyikhono, kuhambisana nesifiso sesinqumo esisheshayo sokuvikela izithakazelo zekhasiguli ezinde.

4. Isivumelwano Se - Plea Nokubambisana

Uma isivumelwano sifinyelelwa, kubhalwa phansi, (ngokuvamile) futhi kusayinwa ummangalelwa, ummeli, umshushisi. Isivumelwano sisho ukuthi ummangalelwa uzakumangalela, noma isiphi isici esituswayo, nanoma isiphi esinye isimo (umk., iReference, inkonzo yomphakathi). Ummangalelwa uvele avele phambi kwejaji, aqhube isikhalo esivamile, futhi afake isicelo: umahluleli ubuza imibuzo ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi isicelo sisemthethweni sisemthethweni, ummangalelwa uqonda amalungelo ancishwa, futhi ukhona isisekelo esiyiqiniso sokunxusa. Uma uma uma uma uma uma uma ijaji lithola ukuthi akukho ukungalungi, bangasenqaba.

5. Ukugwetshwa

Ngemva kokwamukela isicelo, ijaji libeka isigwebo. Umahluleli angalandela ukutusa kodwa akudingeki ukuba akwenze. Umahluleli angayala umbiko wokuphenya ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe icala, ikakhulukazi emacaleni anecala, ukuba aqoqe ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngesizinda sommangalelwa. Ukugwetshwa kunikeza izisulu ithuba lokukhuluma (izinkulumo ezinamandla) kanye nokuvikela ekunikezeni ubufakazi obungagunyaziwe. Umphumela ungasuka ekuhlolweni kwecala nasemsebenzini womphakathi uye ekuboshweni, kuye ngesivumelwano nesinqumo somahluleli.

Izinzuzo Zokudla Imfucumfucu

Abasekeli bezicelo bacaphuna izinzuzo eziningana ezishukumisayo ezenza lomkhuba ube obalulekile ekwahluleleni kwanamuhla kobugebengu.

Ukwaneliseka Nokuncishiswa Kwenkantolo

Izinkantolo zigcwele amacala. Icala eliqulwa ngokugcwele lingathatha amasonto, lifune abahluleli, izisebenzi zasenkantolo, abahluleli, abameli, nofakazi. I-Plea iphikisana ngokuxazulula amacala ngokushesha, ngokuvamile ngokubukeka kwenkantolo eyodwa. Lokhu kukhulula izimali emacaleni adinga ngempela ukuqulwa kwecala elinzima (_kakhulu). Ngaphandle kokunxusa, isimiso singama; abamangalelwa abaningi bangalinda izinyanga noma iminyaka ejele ukuze baquliswe icala, futhi abakhohliwe babengase bakhulunyelwe.

Isiqinisekiso Semiphumela

Ukuqulwa kwecala akuqinisekile. Umshushisi angalahlekelwa icala eliqinile ngenxa yamaphutha angaphakathi noma ijaji elinozwela. Ummangalelwa ubhekene nengozi yokukholeliswa emacaleni aphakeme. Isikhalazo sinikeza imiphumela eqinisekile kuzo zombili izinhlangothi. Kubamangalelwa, lokhu kungazuzisa ngokwengqondo; bayakwazi okumelwe bakulindele futhi bangaqala ukudonsa isigwebo sabo noma baqhubeke nokuphila kwabo.

Ukuncishiswa Kwezigwebo Nezindlela Ezihlukile Zokuthungatha

Izenzo zokudlana zivumela abamangalelwa − ikakhulukazi abamangalelwa abaqalayo noma abaphansi kakhulu − ukugwema imisho eqinile ephoqelelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, isigebengu sezidakamizwa esingenabudlova singathola ukulingwa nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa esikhundleni sesikhathi eside sejele. Lokhu kunganciphisa ukuncishiswa komthetho ngokusingatha izindaba eziyisisekelo ezinjengokulutheka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuncenga kungasiza abamangalelwa ukuba bagweme imiphumela eqinisekile yokukholisa, njengokulahlekelwa amalungelo okuvota, ubunzima bokuthola umsebenzi, noma ukudingiswa kwabantu abangewona ama-pilene.

Ukubambisana Nobufakazi

I-Plea processing ingabavumela abamangalelwa ukuba bavumelane nokuqiniswa komthetho ezigebengwini ezingathi sína kakhulu. Ummangalelwa obekwe icala lendima encane endongeni yezidakamizwa angase amangalele icala futhi afakazele ngokumelene nenkosi ethathela isigwebo esinciphile. Lokhu “kubulala” kwabamangalelwa kuyithuluzi elinamandla lokususa ubugebengu obuhleliwe, izigebengu zezidakamizwa, kanye nezinhlangano zokukhwabanisa ngemilabala emhlophe.

Izingozi Zokudla Imfucumfucu

Naphezu kokusetshenziswa kwayo, ukunxusa kuye kwathola ukugxekwa okucashile ezimfundini ezingokomthetho, abasekeli bamalungelo omphakathi, namaqembu ezisulu.

Iqhawe Labavikeli Abangenacala

Ukugxeka okukhathaza kakhulu kuwukuthi abantu abangenacala bamangalelwa ngecala ukuze bagweme isigwebo esinzima uma beya enkantolo futhi belahlekelwa. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi “umehluko phakathi kwesigwebo sezenkantolo”" umehluko phakathi kwesigwebo esinikezwa ngokunxusa namacala ngemva kokukhohliswa. Ngokwesibonelo, ummangalelwa obhekene nesibopho seminyaka eyishumi angase ancengwe ngecala elincane ngeminyaka emithathu. Ngisho noma bekholelwa ukuthi abanacala, ukucindezela kokuthatha isigwebo kungaba namandla amakhulu. Ukukhohliswa okungamangalelwa okunganembile (umz., ngobufakazi be-DNA) uye wambula abantu abangenacala abathatha izikhalo, ngezinye izikhathi ngenxa yobugebengu ababenzanga. Iprojective i-Innocece Procesment iye yabika izindaba eziningi ezinjalo.

Ukungalingani Nokungalingani

Ukuncintisana kungathuthukisa ukuhluka kwezinhlanga nezenhlalo. Abamangalelwa abancane bangase bangabi nakho ukusekela okungcono kakhulu noma bathole ukukhomba okungcono ngenxa yobandlululo olusobala noma izici ezilawulayo. Abamangalelwa abacebile bangakhokha abameli bomuntu siqu abaxoxa kangcono, kuyilapho abavikeli bomphakathi ngokuvamile besebenza ngokweqile futhi bencishiswa phansi kwezomnotho. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abamnyama cishe ngeke batholwe ukuncitshiswa kwemicikilisho, futhi ngezinye izikhathi abamangalelwa base-Spanishi bamukela izigwebo ezindezelelwe kaningi ezidluliselwe izicelo ezithelelwa abamhlophe ngenxa yezenzo ezifanayo.

Ukuntuleka Kokubona Kahle

Ama-Plea athenwa ngemva kweminyango evaliwe, ngaphandle kokuqashelwa umphakathi. Amaqiniso ecala angase angadluliswa ngokuphelele enkantolo esobala. Izisulu zingazizwa zisohlangothini, njengoba ukufakwa kwazo kungacatshangelwa ngokuqondile. Umphakathi unesithakazelo ekuqondeni ukuthi ukwenziwa kobulungisa kuyini, kodwa izikhankaso zokunxusa zingafihla ukucupha noma ukunganaki okungasizi umphakathi. Ukungakho komlando wokuqulwa kungasibekezeli imingcele futhi, kukwenze kube nzima ukubekela inselele izinkolelo ezingalungile inselele.

Ukusebenzisa Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Icala

Lapho amacala angaphezu kuka-90% ephela ngokucela icala, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala liba yisiqashelo samacala amaningi. Lesimiso sibajezisa labo abasebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuqulwa ngecala ‘ ngesigwebo sezenkantolo.'” Abanye ochwepheshe bamacala baphikisa lokhu ngokumelene nombono weSichibiyelo seSiyisithupha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isicelo sokufaka isicelo sinciphisa ukuchayeka komphakathi ebufakazini nasezimpikiswaneni ezimisa umthetho wobugebengu, zinciphise imisebenzi yokuvinjelwa nemfundo yokulingwa.

Ukuzisola Okuhlukahlukene

Umkhuba wokunxusa awufani embulungeni yonke; uhlukahluka kakhulu kumasiko angokomthetho, imithetho engokwesiko, nesimo sengqondo esingokwesiko ngobulungisa.

United States

I-United States ingumholi wezwe ekudluliseleni isicelo. Njengoba kuphawuliwe, cishe 95% yezinkolelo zikahulumeni nombuso zivela ekucelweni icala. Isimiso sikahulumeni sineziqondiso ezingokomthetho zokugweba ezidala “amazinga okuphambuka” nomlando wobugebengu, phakathi kwawo abahluleli abasebenza. Nokho abashushisi bayakwazi kakhulu ukunikeza izikhankatho ezingashintsha isigwebo ngendlela ephawulekayo. INkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu isekele ukuvumelana kwemithetho yesicelo, ikakhulukazi Brady v. United States[FLT:] (1970) kanye [FLT:] ne-[FLT] i-slobel. New York [FLT] v[FOLD:3], kodwa iqaphele futhi imithetho yayo evumayo. Imithetho yesizwe iyahlukahlukahluka, lapho inikeza ukugunyaza kwabanye abanye.

Ukuze uthole imininingwane eminingi yezindlela zokufaka isicelo zikahulumeni, bheka i- U.S. Department of Justice’s Principles of Federal Prosecurition.

United Kingdom

INgilandi neWales zisebenzisa isimiso esihlelwe kahle kakhulu esaziwa ngokuthi “i-plea kanye nokuphatha amashende” (PCMH). Ngemva kokumangalela kokuqala, ummangalelwa ucelwa ukuba abonise isicelo. Uma ebonisa isikhala esinecala kusenesikhathi, bangathola isigwebo esiphucukile (kuze kuncitshiswe okwesithathu). Inqubo ihloselwe ukulinganisela ukuphumelela nokulunga. I-Plea ivumelana njengokubonwa kuyi-US, inenhlahlolo enkulu emangalelweyo, --asenzile. I-UK futhi ine-Sevenfication Council enikeza iziqondiso zezentengo. UK umehluko oyinhloko ukuthi ukuvimbela ukunxusa lapho ummangalelwa egcina ingenacala; ukunxusa kumelwe kubonakale ngobuqotho.

Amanye Amazwe

Amazwe amaningi omthetho wesizwe, njengeJalimane, iFrance, ne-Italy, aye asungula izindlela zokufaka isicelo (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi “izinqubo ezidilivanisweyo” noma“iziqondiso”). Lezi zihilela izivumelwano zobude besigwebo kunokuba zincishiswe, futhi umahluleli unendima enzima kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ibhizinisi lilungile. EJapane, isicelo sokufaka isicelo sasungulwa ngokusemthethweni kuphela ngo-201818, silinganiselwe emacala athile ezomnotho nasekwenziwa ngenkohlakalo, futhi asivumeli ukukhokha izikhalazo. Amanye amazwe, njengeNdiya, anezicelo ezilinganiselwe zokuthingaphathiswa isigwebo sokufa noma ukuboshwa. Ngokungafani kakhulu, amazwe aseChina naseSaudi awabi ne-Arabia awananziwa ngokusemthethweni, nakuba kungenziwa izivumelwano zezekwe ngokwethukela.

Ukucabangela Okungokomthetho Nokungokomthetho

Ukuxoxisana kuphakamisa imibuzo ejulile yezimiso zokuziphatha. Abameli abavikelayo kumelwe bahambe kahle phakathi kokweluleka amakhasimende abo ukuba bamukele inzuzo kanye nokulondoloza ukuzibusa kwekhasimende ukuze likhethe icala. Imithetho yokuziphatha engochwepheshe idinga abameli ukuba baxoxe ngazo zonke izithembiso futhi bachaze incazelo yazo, kodwa hhayi abathengisi abacindezelayo. INhlangano ye-American Bar Bar Association inikeza izimemezelo ezihambela ukwahlulela kobugebengu [[ leyongxoxo yengxoxo yekheli.

Abashushisi banesibopho sokufuna ubulungisa, hhayi izinkolelo nje. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akumelwe basebenzise izinsongo zezikhalo eziqinile ukuze baphoqelele ukunxusa, futhi kumelwe badalule ubufakazi bokunxusa (izinto zobubhidilizo) ngisho nalapho bekhalaza. Lapho abashushisi behluleka ukuhlangabezana nalezi zibopho zezimiso, isifungo esivelayo singaphelelwa. Umbono ongokomthetho ‘ wokusiza ngeseluleko” udlulisela ukunxusa: [ Lafler v. Umbango-mgomo [20] no-Xokelelwano] (20) no-Misuri. Fry. [2], iNkakhulu leNkanto ephakeme isho ukuthi imelela ukukhomba okufanelekile phakathi nokuvumelana okulungile, uma kungcono ukunikeza imvume evumayo.

Izinguquko Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukugxekwa kwezicelo ezigunyaziwe kuye kwakhuthaza izicelo zenguquko. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zasebenzisa “ihele elivulekile” lezimiso zokuthola, lapho abashushisi behlanganyela khona bonke ubufakazi kwasekuqaleni, ukuze balinganisele inkundla yokudlala. Abanye baye banciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemisho elinganiselwe ebophelele, ukunciphisa ukucindezela kwabamangalelwa. Amazwe ambalwa aye azama“ ukusungula izikhomishane” noma ukuqondisa kokwahlulela ukuze athuthukise ukucaca nobulungisa. Kukhona ukusekela okukhulayo kokuvinjelwa kwemida imibandela ezindaweni ezithile (ezinje ezobudlova) ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvinjelwa.

Izinhlelo zobulungisa ezibuyiselwayo zinikeza enye indlela egcizelela ukuxoxisana kwezisulu nokulungisa umphakathi, ngezinye izikhathi eziphambukisa amacala ekuncengeni okungokwesiko okuvumelana ngokuphelele. Ubuchwepheshe bufeza indima: amanani okuhlola izingozi angasetshenziselwa ukunikeza izicelo, kodwa aletha ukukhathazeka kwawo siqu ngobandlululo nokungakhethi. I-American Civil Liberesties Union (ACLU) iye yabiza ukufakwa kwenani elikhulu [ ngokulinganisela izinga lokunxusa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala linengqondo.

Imfundo engokomthetho iyashintsha; izikole zomthetho manje zifundisa amakhono okuxoxisana namakhono okukhokha imali, zilungiselela abameli besikhathi esizayo ukuba bahambe kulendawo eyinkimbinkimbi ngokungemthetho. Njengoba ukuqapha komphakathi kukhula, isidingo sesimiso esilungile nesibonisayo siyoqhubeka sihlela indlela ukunxusa okusetshenziswa ngayo.

Isiphetho

Ukuncintisana kuyinkemba ebambene kabili. Kusiza isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu ukuba silungise izigidi zezimo ngempumelelo elinganiselwe unyaka ngamunye, kunikeze izinzuzo ezifana nemisho encishisiwe futhi kuvalwe izisulu. Nokho futhi kudala ukucindezela okukhulu kubamangalelwa, kungaholela ekukholweni, futhi ngokuvamile kuqinisekise ukungalingani komthetho. Ukuqonda ukunxusa akuyona nje indaba yolwazi olungokomthetho; kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlanganyela esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu futhi angakwazi ukuvala isigwebo. [FL:]