Imali yendawo ayiwona amashadi nempahla yemigqa kuphela. Ziyipulani yemali enquma izinga lokuphila emphakathini. Zonke izitaladi, ikilasi lesikole, ipaki lomphakathi, nenkonzo yesimo esiphuthumayo zixhomeke ezinqumweni ezenziwa phakathi nenqubo yokuhlelwa kwemali. Kodwa ezakhamuzini eziningi, izimali zendawo zihlala zimnyama. Ukuqonda indlela lezi zindleko zemali ezakhiwe ngayo, lapho zivela khona, nokuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani ukuze abafundisi bafundise izivumelwano zezezesizwe, abafundi bafunde indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo, nezakhamuzi zonke ezifuna izwi ngendlela ama - dollar azo asetshenziswa ngayo. Le ziqondiso ezinweba ziveza inzuzo yangempela yemali yendawo, zihlola inzuzo yayo yezemfundo nemisebenzi, futhi zinikeza izindlela ezisebenzayo zomphakathi zokufundisa amalungu asebenza kuyo.

Uhlelo Lohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Endaweni

Uhulumeni ngamunye wendawo (engaba yidolobha, isifundazwe, noma isifunda sesikole) usebenza ngesimiso sokusebenzisa imali esivame ukuhlanganisa unyaka owodwa wemali. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali kuyincwadi engokomthetho egunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwemali nokuhlelwa kwemali. Ukuqonda izici zayo eziyinhloko kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi izinto eziza kuqala ziguqulelwa kanjani emadollarni.

Imithombo Yemali

Ohulumeni bendawo baqongelela imali ngenhlanganisela yentela, intela, ukuthutha okuthunyelwa kuhulumeni, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuboleka. Imithombo yemali emikhulu kakhulu ihlanganisa:

  • Izintela ezifanelekile[: Kubhaliswe ngefa noma ifa ngokwenani elihlotshisiwe. Lokhu ngokuvamile kungumthombo omkhulu kakhulu wezimali ezikoleni nasezinkonzweni zikahulumeni.
  • Intela[: iqoqwe ekuthengeni kwezitolo. Izinga lemali liyahluka ngedolobha nangesifunda, futhi imali ivame ukugcinelwa izisekelo noma ukuphepha komphakathi.
  • Imali ehholile noma intela yokukhokha ebhalisayo: Ezinye izindawo zibeka intela eyisicaba emholweni otholakale ngokuvumelana negunya lazo, wenezela kwenye inzuzo.
  • Inkokhelo yemali kanye nokukhokha : Imali yemvume, izinto ezisemgangathweni, izinhlelo zokuzijabulisa, nezinye izinkonzo zibopha inkokhelo ngokuqondise ekusetshenzisweni.
  • Isimo nenkokhelo kahulumeni: ukudluliswa kwezimo okuxhasa izinhlelo ezithile ezinjengokuthutha, indlu, noma imfundo. Lokhu kuza nezintambo ezixhunyiwe.
  • Ukubopha nezibopho: Kumsebenzi omkhulu wokwakha isikole esisha noma ukulungisa ibhuloho, ohulumeni bakhipha izibopho ezikhokhelwayo eminyakeni eminingi ngemifudlana yentela enikezelwe.

Imithombo yemali ngayinye inemingcele yayo yezombangazwe nezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, izintela zempahla, azintengantengi kodwa zingathandwa kakhulu abanikazi bezindlu. Izintela zokuthengisa ziguquguquka kakhulu futhi zingaphinde zibuye zibuye zibuye zibuye zibuye zibuye zibuye zithathe imikhaya ethola imali ephansi. Imali ehambisana kahle isilinganiso semifudlana eminingi yemali ukuze inciphise izingozi futhi iqinisekise ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo okungaguquguquki.

Izindlela Zokuphelelwa Imali

Uma kusetshenziswa imali, izimali zendawo zihlukaniswa zibe izindleko zokusebenza (imisebenzi yansuku zonke) nezindleko zenhloko (impahla ende). Izigaba ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Imfundo[: Into eyodwa enkulu kakhulu kumali esetshenziswayo, amaholo, izinto zokufundisa, izakhiwo, nezinkonzo zokusekela.
  • Ukuphepha kwe-Public: amaphoyisa, iminyango yomlilo, izinkonzo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo, nokulungiselela inhlekelele.
  • Isakhiwo: Imigwaqo, amabhuloho, amanzi nezimiso zendle, ukuthutha komphakathi, ukukhanya komgwaqo, nezindlela zomgwaqo.
  • Iziphakamiso nokuzijabulisa: ukunakekelwa kwepaki, izikhungo zomphakathi, amasiteji ezemidlalo, izindlela, nezinhlelo zempucuko.
  • Inkonzo ephilisayo neyomuntu : imitholampilo yomphakathi, izinkonzo zempilo yengqondo, ukusekela asebekhulile nemikhaya ehliswayo.
  • Uhulumeni jikelele[: ukuphatha, ukukhethwa kwamahhovisi ezikhulu, izinkonzo zomthetho, imali, nengcebo yabantu.

Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kuvele isikhungo esisha emphakathini ngaphansi kwamapaki nokuzijabulisa kodwa futhi kube indawo yokuvota nendawo yokukhosela ephuthumayo.

Umjikelezo Wokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Inqubo yokwenza uhlelo lwemali yendawo ilandela ikhalenda elibikezelwe.

  1. Ukulungisa [: iminyango kahulumeni ithumela izicelo zayo zemali ezisekelwe emahlelweni ahlelelwe inzuzo futhi ilindele inzuzo. Umnyango wezezimali uhlanganisa lezi zinto zibe uhlelo lokuhlela izinhlelo.
  2. [ Izindlebe zePublic: Izakhamuzi zimenywa ukuba zibukeze udwebo, zibuze imibuzo, futhi zinikeze impendulo. Lemihlangano ivame ukuba khona kusihlwa ukuze kuhlaliswe imikhaya esebenzayo.
  3. Ukuhlelwa kanye nokuvunyelwa : Umkhandlu okhethiwe noma izimpikiswano zebhodi zilungisa futhi zivote kuhlelo lokugcina lokuhlela imali. Izigodlo eziningi zidinga uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali olulinganiselwe(-) ukukhokha kumelwe kuxhaswe imali elinganayo.
  4. [ Ukwenziwa isampuli: Phakathi nonyaka wenani eliphakathi, iminyango isebenzisa uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali njengoluvunyelwe. Izimo ezingalindelekile zingabangela ukulungisa phakathi nonyaka.
  5. 'uqulu futhi ubika: Ngemva kokuphela konyaka wemali, ukuphenya okuzimele kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimali zisetshenziswe ngokomthetho nangokunembile. Lemibiko iyizincwadi zomphakathi.

Ukuqonda lo mjikelezo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngesikhathi esifanele, mayelana nokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi, hhayi ngemva kokuba sekusetshenziswe imali.

Indlela Imali Esetshenziswa Kuleyondawo Eyithonya Ngayo Imfundo

Imfundo iyingxenye ebonakala kakhulu nenemiphumela engcono kakhulu yemali yendawo. E-United States, cishe ingxenye yazo zonke izindleko zikahulumeni wendawo ibhekisa ezikoleni zeK-8212, ezixhaswe kakhulu yintela yempahla. Izinga lemfundo yengane lihlobene kakhulu nezinqumo zemali ezenziwa yibhodi lesikole nohulumeni wendawo.

Ukuxhasa Izikole: Ukuqeda Izinombolo

Imali esetshenziswayo ewuhlweza iyahluka kakhulu kusukela esifundeni ngasinye, ngokuvamile ibonisa ingcebo yempahla. Izindawo ezicebile zinganyusa inzuzo eyengeziwe ngentela ephansi ngoba izakhiwo zazo ziphakeme. Izifunda ezimpofu kumelwe zikhokhe ngenani eliphakeme noma zithembele kusizo lukahulumeni ukuze kuvalwe igebe. Lokhu kushiyeka kwemali kunezela emiphumeleni yemfundo engafani.

Izindawo eziyinhloko ezithinteka ngemali yesikole zihlanganisa:

  • [ Iholo lokufundisa nezinzuzo: Inkokhelo yenkokhelo ikhanga futhi igcine abafundisi abanekhono. Izifunda ezinemali eqinile zingalahlekelwa othisha ezifundeni ezingomakhelwane noma kweminye imisebenzi.
  • Imithombo ye-octive ye-: Izincwadi, ubuchwepheshe, imishini yokucwaninga, kanye nobuciko konke kuxhomeke ekuxhaseni ngemali. Amakilasi angaphansi kwe-intshi angantula izinto ezizosetshenziswa.
  • Ukukwazi nokulungisa [[FLT: 1]: Izakhiwo zesikole zakudala zidinga ukutshalwa njalo. Ukulondolozwa kwemali kuholela ezinkingeni ezinjengophahla oluvuzayo, iHVAC empofu, nokungalondeki okunganele.
  • Izinkonzo zabafundi zisekela izinkonzo: Abaluleki, abahlengikazi, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, nezinhlelo ezikhethekile zemfundo ngokuvamile zingabantu bokuqala ukubhekana nokusikwa lapho uhlelo lwemali luqiniswa.
  • Imisebenzi yangemva kwesikole: imidlalo, ibhande, inkundla yemidlalo yemidlalo, nama-club kucebisa ukuphila komfundi kodwa kuxhaswe njalo ngemali noma ngezimali zomzali ezifundeni ezigcwele imali.

Ukuhlola ngokujulile indlela yokusebenzisa imali, uNgqungquthela yesizwe ye-Legislatures inikeza ukuwohloka kwezwe ngokwesifundazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inikeza amabalazwe ahambisanayo aqhathanisa izibalo ezithengwayo eziwongazwe.

Izindlela Zokusetshenziswa Kwemali Yesikole Nezinto Eziza Kuqala Emphakathini

Izikhulu zesikole zivota futhi zihlele imali eziyoyilawula ngokuqondile imfundo. Izakhamuzi eziya emihlanganweni yebhodi zingasekela izinhlelo ezithile", uma kulindelekile lokho okusho ukukhuliswa kwemali egciniwe e-STEM elabobs, ukulondoloza imfundo yobuciko, noma ukwandisa imfundo yabantwana abancane. Imali ngayinye eyabelwe indawo eyodwa ayichithwanga kwenye indawo, okwenza ukuzuza komphakathi kube okubalulekile.

Indima Yokukhipha Izakhi Zomphakathi Enqubweni Yohlelo Lohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Imali yendawo ayiwona nje amaphepha ezobuchwepheshe; izinqumo zezombangazwe ezibonisa izindinganiso ezincintisanayo. Ukuhileleka komphakathi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa imali kuvumelana nalokho izakhamuzi ezikudingayo nekufunayo. Ngeshwa, ukuhlanganyela komphakathi ekuhleleni imali ngokuvamile kuphansi. Izinhlelo ezimatasa, ulimi lobuchwepheshe, nokungaqapheli kugcina abantu abaningi bekude.

Izindlela Zokuhileleka

Ngenhlanhla, kunezindlela eziningi zokunezela izwi lakho:

  • Izimali zokuhlela imali ezifakiwe kanye nemihlangano yomphakathi : umkhandlu wedolobha nemihlangano yebhodi yesikole kuhlanganisa inkathi yokuphendula komphakathi. Hlola ikhalenda likahulumeni wendawo futhi ufike ukulungele ukunikeza noma ukunikeza ubufakazi obubhaliwe.
  • isakhamuzi esihlokomayo samakomiti okuhlela : Amazwe amaningi amisa amabhodi okuzithandela ukuze abukeze uhlelo lwemali oluhlongozwayo futhi enze ukutusa. Lamakomiti anikeza indlela ehleliwe yokumba imininingwane.
  • Paricipate ekuhleleni uhlelo lokuhlela ngokwengxenye: Amanye amadolobha aye athatha uhlelo lokuhlela uhlelo lokusebenzisa imali, lapho izakhamuzi zivota khona ngokuqondile ukuthi ziqoqa kanjani ingxenye yemali yomphakathi. Lesisibonelo siye sasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo ezindaweni ezinjengeChicago, New York, neVallejo, California.
  • Ukuxhumana nemithombo yezindaba nemithombo yezokuxhumana yendawo : Landela izikhangiso zezindaba zendawo kanye nama-akhawunti ezokuxhumana kahulumeni ezokuhlela imali. Amadolobha amaningi manje ahlala ezindaweni ezinemibuthano yemifula kanye nasemaphepheni e-inthanethi.
  • Khuluma nezikhulu zakho ezikhethiwe: I-imeyili emfushane noma ucingo oluya kulungu lomkhandlu noma ibhodi lesikole elithembayo lingathonya isimo salo ezintweni ezithile.

Kuyo nomqondisi oningiliziwe wempumelelo yokubhalisa, International City/Coverty Management Association (ICMA) inikeza amasu asebenzayo ayishumi ekuthembiseni abakhileyo.

Ukuqonda Intela: Lapho Imali Yakho Iya Khona

Intela iyingqikithi yemali yendawo. Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukuhweba futhi zigcine izikhulu zinesibopho sokulandisa. Izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zentela zendawo zikhokha izinkonzo eziningi:

Intela Yempahla

Intela yempahla ikhokhwa ngokwenani elinqunyiwe lezindawo nendawo. Intela (ngokuvamile evezwa njengenani lokugaya) ibekwa uhulumeni wendawo. Abanikazi bekhaya, abanikazi, namabhizinisi bonke bakhokhelwa. Ngenxa yokuthi amanani empahla avame ukunyuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi sikhungo sentela sikhula ngendlela engokwemvelo, kodwa futhi singadala imithwalo yezakhamuzi ngemali emisiwe. Izindawo eziningi zikhulula abantu abadala, abangomali, futhi zingenisa abaholi abaphansi.

Ukuthengisa Intela

Izintela zentela ziqoqwa lapho kuthengwa izimpahla nezinye izinkonzo. Izinga lentengo liyahlukahluka kakhulu; amanye amadolobha anenezela intela yawo siqu yokuthengisa ngesilinganiso sikahulumeni. Intela iyasheshiswa, kodwa imikhaya engenisa imali encane ichitha ingxenye enkulu yemali yayo ezinkokhelweni ezikhokhwayo. Nokho, ithandwa ngoba ikhokhwa ngenani elincane futhi ngokuvamile ibekelwe izinjongo ezithile ezinjengokuthutha noma ukuphepha komphakathi.

Iholo Nokukhokha Intela

Ngokungafani nentela yempahla, le nzuzo ingathatha iminikelo kubantu abasebenza emadolobheni kodwa abahlala kwenye indawo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi intela yeholo ingayehlisa imisebenzi yezentengiselwano noma iphoqelele amabhizinisi ukuba athathe indawo.

Ukuze kucaciswe kabanzi izakhiwo zentela zendawo, iS Foundation ikhipha imibiko yaminyaka yonke yemithwalo yentela yamadolobha angaphandle e-U.S.

Izakhiwo Nenhloko - dolobha Isebenzisa Imali: Ukwakha Ikusasa

Ukusetshenziswa kwemali esemthethweni kuyingxenye yemali esetshenziswayo eyakha futhi igcine umgogodla womphakathi. Lokhu kungukutshala imali isikhathi eside okungathatha amashumi eminyaka. Uma kukhanywa izimali zendawo, ngokuvamile izakhiwo eziyinhloko zincishiswa, okuyisinqumo esinciphisa izindleko zesikhashana kodwa siholela ezikweletini eziphakeme zokulungisa kamuva.

Izindawo Eziyisisekelo Zokufundisa

  • I-transport: Umgwaqo uphinde ubonakale, ukulungiswa kwebhuloho, izimpawu zomgwaqo, izinhlelo zomphakathi zokuthutha, imizila yamabhayisekili, nemizila yezinyawo. Izimiso zokuhamba eziminyene zisekela umsebenzi wezentengiselwano futhi zinciphisa izikhathi zokuhamba.
  • I-water kanye namanzi alahlwayo: izitshalo zokwelapha, amadamu, amapayipi, kanye nokuphathwa kwamanzi anesiphepho. Izakhiwo zamanzi zokuguga ziwukukhathazeka okukhulayo kulo lonke izwe, ngamapayipi omthofu namanzi akhucuzayo akhulisiwe endle ahlanganisa izingozi zempilo yomphakathi.
  • Izindawo zokudlala nokuzilibazisa: Izindawo zokudlala, amasimu ezemidlalo, izingadi zomphakathi, izitimela, nendawo evulekileyo. Lezinto ezimnandi zithuthukisa impilo yengqondo neyomzimba futhi zihehe imikhaya namabhizinisi.
  • Izakhiwo ze-[FLT: 0]: amahholo amadolobha, imitapo, iziteshi zomlilo, iziteshi zamaphoyisa, nezikhungo zomphakathi. Lezizakhiwo kumelwe zingeneke, zingasebenzi kahle, futhi ziphephile.
  • Izesisekelo sezemfundo zezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi: Izimiso zomphakathi, izikhungo zokwaziswa, nomphakathi iWi-Fi kuya ngokuya kubhekwa njengezingamandla adingekayo. Amanye amadolobha afaka imali ebhandeni elibanzi le-masipala ukuze avale ukuhlukanisa izinombolo.

Umbiko ovela ku- American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) amamaki esisekelo sezwe futhi uqokomisa inani elikhulu lemali edingekayo. Izimali zendawo kumelwe zifake imisebenzi enikeza inzuzo engcono kakhulu ngokuphathelene nokuphepha, ukukhula kwezomnotho, nezinga lokuphila.

Imiphumela Ehlala Isikhathi Eside Yezinqumo Zemali Zendawo

Ukusebenzisa imali ngendlela ehlelekile kungabangela ukuwohloka konyaka owodwa.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nendalo Yomsebenzi

Ukutshala imali emfundweni, ezisekelweni zemfundo, nasekulondekeni komphakathi kwenza indawo ekhanga amabhizinisi nezisebenzi ezinekhono. Izinkampani zifuna imiphakathi enezikole ezingcono, ezokuhamba ezithembekile, kanye nezinga lokuphila elingcono. Uhulumeni wendawo onezisusa eziphambili njengentela noma ukuthuthukisa inqubo yokuvumela ukuthuthuka. Ngokuphambene, ukuwohloka kwezakhiwo nezindawo eziphambili ezisezikoleni kwenza kube nzima ukuheha ukutshala imali.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwesibopho Nezindleko Zokuboleka

Isilinganiso sesibopho sikaMasipala esilinganiswa yizinhlangano ezinjenge-Moody’s and S&P(ref) ezibonisa impilo engcono kahulumeni wendawo. Isilinganiso esiphakeme sivumela umphakathi ukuba uboleke inzalo ephansi, ugcine izigidi zamaRandi emikhankasweni engokomnotho. Ukungalawuli kahle kwemali, izikweletu ezikhuphukayo, noma impesheni encishisiwe kungaholela ekuncipheni kwemali, izindleko ezikhuphukayo zabakhokhisi bentela.

Ukuvumelana Kwezizukulwane

Izinqumo zokuhlelwa kwemali ziphakamisa nemibuzo ngezimiso zokulunga ezizukulwaneni zonke. Ukukhokha izinkonzo zamanje ngokuboleka kushintsha izindleko kuzakhamuzi zesikhathi esizayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhluleka ukutshala imali yezikhathi ezinde njengezikole nemisebenzi eshintshwayo. Ukulinganisela kohlelo lwemali lwanamuhla nezibopho zakusasa.

Isiphetho: Indima Yakho Ekusebenziseni Imali Kangaka Ezindaweni Ezizungezile

Imali yendawo ayiwona amabhukwana obuchwepheshe angenangqondo . Ayiwona abonisa izindinganiso zomphakathi nezinto eziza kuqala. Wonke umuntu ohlala khona ufaka igxathu endleleni imali ekhushulwa ngayo futhi ayisebenzise ngayo. Ngokufunda inzuzo yemali, izindleko, kanye nomjikelezo wemali, ungasebenza ngokuphumelela kakhulu nezikhulu ezikhethiwe futhi usekele izinkonzo ezidingwa umphakathi wakho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unguthisha usebenzisa le sifundo ekilasini, umfundi ubhala iphepha lokucwaninga, noma umzali okhathalela ukuxhaswa kwemali yesikole, amathuluzi okwenza umehluko. Yiya emhlanganweni, funda isifushaniso semali, buza imibuzo, futhi uvote kukhetho lomphakathi. Ukuhlanganyela kwezentengiselwa kuyisisekelo sezentando yentando yeningi nempumelelo emphakathini.