Table of Contents

Ukuqonda iBhili lamaLungelo: Isisekelo senkululeko yaseMelika

IBill of Rights ingenye yezincwadi ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, esebenza njengesisekelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nohulumeni olinganiselwe. Ngo-1791, lezi zinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kumthetho-sisekelo wase-United States zimelela isithembiso esingcwele phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi zakhe − isithembiso sokuthi inkululeko ethile eyisisekelo iyohlala ingakholeki kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imimoya yezombangazwe noma imibuso emikhulu yesikhashana. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwemibili, iSivumelo samaLungelo siye savikela amaMelika kuhulumeni ngokuphambana kuyilapho simisa isimiso somphakathi okhululekile nolungile.

Ukuqonda iBhili of Rights akuyona nje indlela yemfundo; ulwazi olubalulekile kunoma yiliphi isakhamuzi esifisa ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele inkululeko yaso futhi sigcine uhulumeni waso unecala. Lezi zinguquko zithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela emagameni esiwakhulumayo emakhaya ethu, kusukela emikhubeni yethu engokwenkolo kuya ekuxhumaneni kwethu nomthetho. Ngokuhlola umlando, injongo, nokusetshenziswa kwalamalungelo, singayazisa kangcono inkululeko esivame ukuyithatha kalula futhi siyiqaphele lapho leyonkululeko ingase isongelwe khona.

Umlando: Okwenza IMelika Idinge Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Impikiswano Yomhlangano Womthetho - sisekelo

Lapho i-Constitution iphetha ngo-1787, uMthetho-sisekelo owawusanda kumiswa wabhekana nokuphikiswa okukhulu. AmaMelika amaningi, asanda kulwa nobushiqela baseBrithani, akhathazekile ngokuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni ohlongozwayo wayenamandla amakhulu futhi engenazo izivikelo ezicacile zamalungelo abantu ngabanye. Abamelene noMthetho-sisekelo, njengoba kwaqala ukuyaziwa, aphikisa kakhulu ukuthi ngaphandle komthetho wamalungelo, uhulumeni omusha ungaba ocindezelayo njengombuso ababesanda kugumbuqela.

Abacuphi abanjengo-Alexander Hamilton ekuqaleni baphikisa ngokuthi incwadi yamalungelo yayingadingekile, bethi uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo ulinganisela amandla kahulumeni ngesimiso sawo samandla adwetshwayo. Hamilton waze wasikisela ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile kungaba yingozi, njengoba kungase kusho ukuthi noma yimaphi amalungelo angahlelwanga awavikelwanga. Nokho, lempikiswano yehluleka ukuthonya izakhamuzi ezingabazanga nemihlangano kahulumeni ehlonisiwe.

Indima kaJames Madison

James Madison, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi "uBaba woMthetho-sisekelo," ekuqaleni wayenombono kaHamilton kodwa ekugcineni waqaphela isidingo sezombangazwe nokubaluleka kokuziphatha kokunezela izivikelo ezicacile zamalungelo abantu. Phakathi nomhlangano we-ratiation yaseVirginia, uMadison wathembisa ukusekela ukubuyiselwa okuzovikela inkululeko eyisisekelo. Ngokuvumelana nezwi lakhe, ngemva kokukhethwa eMkhandlwini Wokuqala, uMadison wahola ekufakeni lokho okwakuzoba yiSishaya - mthetho samalungelo abantu.

Madison wahlungwa wathathwa kwezinguquko ezingaphezu kuka-200 zemihlangano ehlukene yombuso ehlongozwayo, ezikhipha zibe yizikhuselo ezihlangene ezizosingatha ukukhathazeka okukhulu kakhulu ngegunya likahulumeni. Umsebenzi wakhe wokunakekela waphumela ekulungiseni okuhlongozwayo okuyishumi nambili, okwathi okuyishumi kwaqinisekiswa ngezingxenye ezintathu ezine ezidingekayo zezifunda ngoDecember 15, 1791. Lo mhla manje ugujwa minyaka yonke njengeSidlo Sesivumo Samalungelo Abantu.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Ukuvikela Inkululeko Yethu Eyisisekelo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala mhlawumbe siyilungiselelo elidunyiswa kakhulu futhi elivame ukucelwa kakhulu leBill of Rights. Ngamazwi angu-45 nje, sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo emihlanu eyakha idemokrasi yaseMelika: inkolo, inkulumo, ukunyathelisa, ingqungquthela, nesicelo. Lenkululeko iqala ngokubalwa hhayi ngengozi kodwa ngokuklanywa, ibonakalisa inkolelo yabasunguli yokuthi ibalulekile emphakathini okhululekile.

Inkululeko Yenkolo: Ukumiswa Nokuzivivinya Okukhululekile KukaClaus

ISichibiyelo sokuqala siqala ngenkolo, sithi "Ikhorati ngeke yenze umthetho mayelana nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma inqabe ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngokukhululekile." Lesivikelo esibili − saziwa ngokuthi u-Claus Claus no-Free Execree ,(create) lokho uThomas Jefferson abizwa ngokuthi "udonga lokuhlukanisa phakathi kweSonto noHulumeni" uhulumeni uvimbela uhulumeni ukuba udale inkolo engokomthetho noma uthande inkolo eyodwa phezu kwezinye, kuyilapho ihlwisana nomthetho uvikela amalungelo abantu ukuba basebenzise ukholo lwabo olukhethiwe ngaphandle kokungenela kukahulumeni.

Lezi zisivikelo zavela ekuqondeni kwabasunguli beSimemezelo soMsunguli ngokushushiswa kwenkolo eYurophu ngisho nakwamanye amakoloni aseMelika. Babona indlela inkolo eshintshwe umbuso eyaholela ngayo ekucindezeleni, ebudloveni, nasekukhohlakaleni kwezinhlangano zenkolo nohulumeni. Ngokuqinisekisa inkululeko engokwenkolo, iSichibiyelo sokuqala siqinisekisa ukuthi izindaba zokholo zihlala ziyizinqumo zomuntu siqu kunokuba zimiswe uhulumeni.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nezindaba: Intengo Yemibono

Inkululeko yokukhuluma nezindaba zivikela ikhono lamaMelika lokuveza imibono, ukugxeka uhulumeni, nokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yasobala ngaphandle kokwesaba ukucusumbulwa noma ukujeziswa. Lenkululeko iyaqaphela ukuthi iqiniso livela ngempikiswano esobala nokuthi izakhamuzi zidinga ukufinyelela imibono ehlukene ukuze zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi ngokubusa. Iphephandaba elikhululekile lisebenza njengeqembu eligadayo, lihlola izenzo zikahulumeni futhi liqaphelise umphakathi izindaba zomphakathi.

Nokho, inkululeko yokukhuluma ayiphelele. Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela izigaba ezithile ezilinganiselwe zenkulumo engavikelekile, kuhlanganise nezinsongo zeqiniso, ukugqugquzelwa kwesenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukuhlanjalazwa, nokukhwabanisa. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi isimiso sokuthi inkulumo ilahlekelwa isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo lapho ibangela ukulimala okuqondile, okusheshayo. Inselele isekukhipheni imingcele efanelekile evikela kokubili ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile nokuphepha komphakathi.

Inkululeko Yomhlangano Nesicelo: Ilungelo Lokuthatha Isinyathelo Sokuhlanganisa

Amalungelo okuhlangana ngokuthula nokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlela ndawonye futhi zizwa amazwi azo. Lenkululeko iyaqaphela ukuthi abantu ngokuvamile kudingeka bahlangane ukuze balwele ushintsho ngokuphumelelayo.

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, lamalungelo aye enza ukuba izinhlangano zezenhlalo eziguqulayo, kuhlanganise nomzabalazo wokuqeda, umzabalazo wabesifazane, umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu, neminye imizamo eminingi yokwandisa inkululeko nobulungisa. Ikhono lokuhlanganisa ngokuthula nokufuna ukulandisa kukahulumeni lisemqoka embusweni wentando yeningi osebenzayo.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sithi: “IMilitia ebekwe kahle, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha izikhali, ngeke liphazanyiswe. Lenguquko iye yadala impikiswano enkulu ngobukhulu nangencazelo yayo, ikakhulukazi ukuthi ivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nezibhamu noma ilungelo elihlangene kuphela elihlobene nenkonzo yamabutho.

INkantolo Ephakeme yaphendula lombuzo ngokuqondile eSifundeni saseColumbia v. Heller (2008), ikholelwa ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokuba nezibhamu ezingokwesiko ezingokomthetho, njengokuzifaka ngaphakathi ekhaya. Nokho, iNkantolo yagcizelela futhi ukuthi lelilungelo alilinganiselwe nokuthi ohulumeni bangabeka imithetho enengqondo ezibhamuni, njengokuvinjelwa ukuba umuntu abe nazo ngecala ngezilwane ezingekho emthethweni, nokugula ngengqondo, imingcele yokuphatha izikhali ezindaweni ezibucayi, kanye nemibandela yokuthengisa izikhali.

Umlando weSichibiyelo sesibili ubonisa ukuthi abasunguli baseBrithani baye bazama ukuqeda amabutho alwayo angaphansi kwekoloni kanye nenkolelo yabo yokuthi izakhamuzi ezihlomile zingase zihlole ubushiqela. Namuhla, izimpikiswano ngeSichibiyelo sesibili zigxile ekulinganiseni amalungelo abantu kanye nezinkathazo zokuphepha komphakathi, ikakhulukazi uma kwenzeka kuvela izenzakalo zobudlova bezibhamu.

Isichibiyelo Sesithathu: Isivikelo Ebuthweni Lamasosha

ISichibiyelo sesithathu seSiphendu seSithathu senqabela uhulumeni ukuba uphoqelele izakhamuzi ukuba zihlalise amasosha emakhaya azo ngesikhathi sokuthula ngaphandle kwemvume, futhi ngisho nangesikhathi sempi kuphela njengoba kumiswe umthetho. Nakuba lokhu kulungisa kungavamile ukuvela ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho zanamuhla, kubonisa isikhalo esibalulekile emlandweni. Amasosha aseBrithani afakwa emakhaya amakoloni ngaphambi kokuVukela, adala kokubili imithwalo yemali nokuhlasela kobumfihlo okwabangela ukucasukela ukubusa kwaseBrithani.

Nakuba kungavamile ukusetshenziswa namuhla, iSichibiyelo Sesithathu sihlanganisa izimiso ezibanzi ngobungcwele bekhaya nemingcele esemandleni ezempi ekuphileni kwabantu abangabufanele uhulumeni.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuzifihla Nokuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela "ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, ezindlini, emaphepheni nasemiphumeleni, ekufuneni ukuthungatha nokuquleka okungacabangeki." Lokhu kuvikela kudinga ukuba kusekelwe yizizathu okungenzeka ukuthi futhi kuchazwe ngokukhethekile indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi abantu noma izinto ezithatheke. ISichibiyelo sesine singenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuvikela imfihlo emthethweni waseMelika.

Imfuneko Eqaphile Nembangela Ephumelelayo

Ngokuvamile, izikhulu eziqapha umthetho kumelwe zithole imvume kumajaji ongathathi hlangothi noma imantshi ngaphambi kokuthola imvume yokufuna noma ukuthatheka. Ukuze zithole imvume, izikhulu kumelwe zibonise inkolelo enengqondo, esekelwe emaqinisweni nasezimweni, ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu buzotholakala endaweni ukuze buphenywe. Lemfuneko ihlanganisa ukuqondisa kokwahlulela phakathi kwamaphoyisa nezakhamuzi, ivimbela ukuhlaselwa okungadingekile kwezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Nokho, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela okuhlukile kakhulu emfunweni engokomthetho, kuhlanganise nokuhlola izenzakalo ukuze ziboshwe ngokomthetho, ukuphenya ngemvume, ukuphenya izimoto ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, nezimo eziveza ukuthi ukuthola imvume akunanzuzo.

Umthetho Oyinqaba

Ukuze kugunyazwe iSichibiyelo sesine, izinkantolo zasungula umthetho wokuhlukanisa, ngokuvamile owenqabela ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho ezinkantolo zobugebengu. Lomthetho uhlose ukuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa ngokususa isisusa sokwephula amalungelo omthetho. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho wokuhlukanisa ngezinye izikhathi uvumela abamangalelwa abanecala ukuba bagweme isijeziso ngenxa yamaphutha amaphoyisa, kuyilapho abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kwawo, iSiphendumiso Sesine singaba nenjongo.

Izinselele Zanamuhla: Ubuchwepheshe Nesikhathi Sokuba Wedwa

ISichibiyelo sesine sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha enkathini ye-athom. Imibuzo iphakama mayelana nokuthola ukwaziswa kocingo lukahulumeni, ukuxhumana nge-imeyili, ukugcina amafu, kanye nokwaziswa kobuchwepheshe be-octal. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo wekhulu le-18 zisebenza kanjani kubuchwepheshe obuphakathi kwelama-21. Izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme seziqalile ukusingatha lezi zindaba, ziqaphela ukuthi imishini yobuchwepheshe iqukethe ukwaziswa okuningi okufanelwe isivikelo somthetho-mthetho-siseko.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nesivikelo Ekuziphindiseleleni

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqukethe izivikelo eziningana ezibalulekile kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu. Kudinga ukumangalelwa okukhulu kwabahluleli ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína bukahulumeni, kuvimbela ingozi ephindwe kabili (ukuzanywa kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo), kuvikela ekuphoqelelweni ukuba uzenze impoqo, kuqinisekiswe inqubo efanelekile yomthetho, futhi kudinga imbuyiselo lapho uhulumeni ethatha impahla yakhe yangasese ukuze asetshenziswe umphakathi.

Ilungelo Lokumelana Nokuziphikisa

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesihlanu ekuzichaseni ngokuziphikisa − cishe sicelwa yinkulumo ethi "ukuthatha i-"5""(isiqiniseko sokuthi abantu abanakuphoqelelwa ukuba bafakazele ngokumelene nabo ekumangalelweni kobugebengu. Lelilungelo libonisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni uthwele umthwalo wokubonakalisa icala futhi akanakubaphoqelela abamangalelwa ukuba basize ekumangaleni kwabo siqu. Izixwayiso ezidumile iMiranda, okumelwe amaphoyisa ayinike ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume yokukhokhwa, ithole kulesivikelo seNguquko Yesihlanu.

Inqubo Efanele: Isivikelo Seprocedual Nesezicathulo

I-System Process Claus yenqabela uhulumeni ukuba anciphe noma ubani "ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Lesivikelo sihlanganisa kokubili inqubo efanelekile (ifuna izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni athathe isinyathelo sokuthinta amalungelo abantu ngabanye) nenqubo efanelekile (ukuvikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekungeneleni uhulumeni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusetshenziswa inqubo). Izinkantolo ziye zawachaza inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela amalungelo afanele njengemfihlo, i-Equalic, umkhaya, nobuqotho bomzimba.

Ukuthatha UClaus

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sokuthatha u-Claus' sidinga uhulumeni ukuba anikeze "isinxephezelo" uma idinga impahla yomuntu ukuze isetshenziswe emphakathini endaweni edumile. Lesivikelo siqaphela isidingo sohulumeni sokuthola impahla ngenjongo yomphakathi namalungelo abanikazi bempahla ukuze baphathwe ngokufanele. Ukuphikisa ngokuvamile kuvela kulokho okuhlanganisa "ukuthatha" nenani lenkokhelo eliyilo "elungile".

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungagwegwesi

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa abamangalelwa abahlukahlukene abamangalelwa ngamalungelo ahloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala okungenacala: ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokungenamthetho, ilungelo lokuba abahluleli abangakhethi, ilungelo lokumangalelwa, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ilungelo lokuphoqelelwa ukuze bathole ofakazi abahle, nelungelo lokusiza ngeseluleko.

Ilungelo Leseluleko

Ilungelo lokusiza ngeseluleko libalulekile ekuqulweni kwecala elilungile. KuGideon Wainwright (1963), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi izigungu kumelwe zinikeze abamangalelwa abamangalelwa bezephulamthetho abangakwazi ukuqasha abameli babo siqu. Lesi sinqumo esingokomlando saqaphela ukuthi ngaphandle kokumelelwa okungokomthetho, abamangalelwa abangekwazi ngokuphumelelayo ukudlulisa isimiso somthetho noma ukuvikela amanye amalungelo abo omthetho-mthethweni. Amahhovisi omphakathi nabameli abamisiwe basenkantolo bakhona ukuze kugcwaliselwe lomthetho.

Ilungelo Lokubhekana NoFakazi

I-Breade Claus inikeza abamangalelwa ilungelo lofakazi abamelene nabo. Leli lungelo lisebenza njengesehlo esibucayi kubufakazi obungathembekile noma obungamanga, livumela abamangalelwa ukuba baphikise ukuthembeka nokunemba kofakazi abamangalelayo. Ukuhlola isiphambano kuye kwabizwa ngokuthi "injini yezomthetho enkulu kunazo zonke ezake zasungulwa ukuze kutholakale iqiniso."

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Icala Elisheshayo Nelasobala

Amalungelo okuqulwa kwecala ngokushesha nomphakathi avikela abamangalelwa ekuboshweni isikhathi eside nasemacaleni ayimfihlo. Ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo kuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba athathe abamangalelwa ngokungenasiphelo ngaphandle kwesinqumo, kuyilapho ukuqulwa kwecala komphakathi kuqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa babonakala futhi banecala esimisweni sobulungisa. Lezi sivikelo azizuzisi nje kuphela abamangalelwa kodwa futhi umphakathi wonke ngokukhuthaza ukuqiniseka ngokulunga kobugebengu.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwamacala Ezakhamuzi

ISichibiyelo seSember silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji emacaleni omphakathi ahilela amaRandi angaphezu kwamashumi amabili namashumi amabili. Nakuba lomnyango wemali ubonakala uyinto engavamile namuhla, lesi simiso sisabalulekile: izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokunquma izimpikiswano zazo ngabahluleli bontanga yazo kunokuba zinqunywe abahluleli kuphela. Lokhu kulunga kubonisa ukuthembela koMsunguli wezakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba akhiphe izinqumo ezilungile nokungawathembi kwabo amandla okwahlulela aphakeme.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa sisebenza kuphela emacaleni omphakathi kahulumeni futhi asizange sifakwe ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngeSichibiyelo Se - 14.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Isivikelo Ekubeni Nonya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

Lezi zigwebo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nezahluleli eziboshiwe ziphatha isithunzi somuntu esiyisisekelo nokuthi isijeziso siyaqhubeka silingana namacala.

Isijeziso Esinonya Nesingavamile SikaClaus

Ukwenqatshelwa kwesijeziso sonya nesingavamile kuye kwadala impikiswano enkulu, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nesigwebo sokufa. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi iSichibiyelo seNkantolo se-8h siqukethe "indinganiso eguquguqukayo yokuhlonipheka" eshintshayo lapho izindinganiso zomphakathi zishintsha. Lencazelo iye yaholela ekubekeni imingcele esijezisweni sentambo yentambo, kuhlanganise nokunqatshelwa kokubulala intsha nokukhubazeka kwengqondo, nezimfuneko zokugweba umuntu ngamunye emacaleni esigwebo sokufa.

Ngaphandle kwesijeziso sentambo, iSichibiyelo sesishiyagalombili sibuye sibe nemingcele yezimo zokuvalelwa emajele nasejele. Iziboshwa zilondoloza amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo, nezimo ezihilela "ukuhlukumeza ubuhlungu okungadingekile nokungadingekile" okuphula uMthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo ziye zathola ukuphulwa kweSichibiyelo seSichimi seMiyalo Sesishiyagalombili emacaleni ahilela ukunakekelwa okungafanele, ukugcotshwa ngokweqile, nokuchayeka ebudloveni.

Indle Nezinhle Ezibi Ngokweqile

ISichibiyelo seNguquko Sesishiyagalombili esivimbela ukukhishwa kwebheyili ephakeme nenkokhelo sivikela abantu ekujezisweni phambi kokuvunyelwa nasesijezini sezimali esingalingani neze namacala. UBail kufanele abekwe ngokwesilinganiso esinengqondo ukuze aqinisekise ukubonakala kommangalelwa lapho equlwa icala, hhayi njengendlela yokujeziswa noma ukuvalelwa ejele okuvimbelayo. Ngokufanayo, amafa kufanele ahlobane nobukhulu becala namandla ommangalelwa okukhokha.

ISichibiyelo Se - Ninth: Amalungelo Angenacala

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sikhuluma ngokukhathazeka kokuthi uhlu lwamalungelo athile lungase luchazwe njengokwenqabela noma ukuhlukanisa amanye amalungelo agcinwe ngabantu. Sithi: "Umthetho-sisekelo, amalungelo athile, ngeke kuthathwe njengokuphika noma ukuhlukanisa abanye abalondolozwe abantu." Lenguquko iqaphela ukuthi iBhill of Rights ayinikezi uhlu olugcwele lwawo wonke amalungelo abantu.

Nakuba iSichibiyelo se-Ninth singavamile ukuba kube yisona sisekelo sokunquma kwenkantolo, sisekela umqondo wokuthi amaMelika anamalungelo ayisisekelo kunalawo ashiwo ngokucacile eMthethweni. Izinkantolo ziye zabhekisela eSichibiyelweni se-Ninth lapho ziqaphela amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, ukukhululeka komkhaya, nokwenza izinqumo zomuntu siqu. Inguquko isebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi amandla kahulumeni alinganiselwe futhi inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye idlulela ngalé kwesivikelo esibalwe kuMthetho-sisekelo.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi: Amandla Agciniwe Nesimo Sikahulumeni

ISichibiyelo seshumi siqinisa isimiso sobuzwe ngokunikeza ukuthi "amandla angaphathiswa i-United States nguMthetho-sisekelo, noma avinjelwe yiwo e-United States, agcinelwa i-United States ngokulandelana, noma abantu." Lokhu kuvumelana kugcizelela ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni unawo lawo mandla anikezwa wona ngokuqondile, kuyilapho amazwe aphethe igunya elikhulu ezindabeni ezingabelwe ukulawulwa nguhulumeni.

ISichibiyelo seshumi siveza umbono woMsunguli wesimiso sikahulumeni lapho amandla ehlukaniswa khona phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni. Lengxenye isebenza njengokuhlola okwengeziwe emandleni kahulumeni, ivimbela ukunqwabelana kwegunya kunoma iyiphi into eyodwa. Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, izimpikiswano eziphathelene nohulumeni kanye namalungelo emibuso ngokuvamile ziye zagxila ekuchazeni okufanelekile kweSichibiyelo seshumi.

Ukuhlobanisa: Ukusebenzisa Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Ohulumeni BoMbuso

Ekuqaleni, iBhili of Rights yasebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni wombuso kuphela, hhayi kohulumeni noma ohulumeni bendawo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imibuso yayingaphula amalungelo amaningi avikelwe ekuphazanyisweni kukahulumeni. Nokho, ukuhlanekezelwa kweSichibiyelo seshumi Nane ngemva kweMpi Yombango yashintsha ngokuyisisekelo lobu buhlobo.

ISichibiyelo seSiphendulo seshumi nane seSimiso sika-System Claus seSimiso sika-Claus se-Claus senqabela ukuncishwa kwanoma yimuphi umuntu "ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." Ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "ukukhetha," iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza lesi sigqebhezana sokusebenzisa izivikelo eziningi zamalungelo ezweni nasehulumenini lendawo. Phakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, iNkantolo yahlanganisa cishe yonke iBill of Rights, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, isivikelo ekuhlolweni okungenangqondo nokuquleka, ilungelo lokuvikela isijeziso esinonyayo, nokuvikela isijeziso esingavamile.

Lemfundiso ehlanganisayo iye yahlanganisa inkululeko yobuzwe, iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo athola isivikelo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu uhlala kuyiphi isifundazwe. Imelela enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu emthethweni womthetho - sisekelo waseMelika, iguqula iBill of Rights ekulinganisweni kwamandla kahulumeni ibe umthetho wenkululeko ebanzi esebenzayo kulo lonke izwe.

Ibhukwana lamaLungelo kwiNdlela: Izithobo zangempela zezwe

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Enkathini Engokwezinombolo

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sokuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha enkathini yezokuxhumana nokuxhumana kwezezokuxhumana nezokuxhumana. Kuphakama imibuzo yokuthi uhulumeni angayilawula kanjani indlela yokukhuluma kuma-tegramente, ukuthi izinkampani zezokuxhumana zimelwe zihloniphe yini izinkampani zezokuxhumana ngokwazo zihloniphe izimiso zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, nokuthi zingalinganisela kanjani ukuveza izinkulumo ngokukhululekile ngokungezwani okunganembile, ukuhlukunyezwa, nokuqukethe okulimazayo. Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zilwisana nokusebenzisa izimiso ezingokwesiko zeSichibiyelo sokuqala kwezobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana banamuhla.

Amalungelo Okuzifunela Umuntu Ongawedwa Nokwanda Kukahulumeni

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekufuneni izinto ezingafanele ezibhekene nokucindezela okukhulu okuvela emakhonweni anamuhla okuhlola. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zingathungatha abantu ngemininingwane yendawo yocingo, ngemishini yezokuxhumana ye-inthanethi, ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha ubuso, futhi zisebenzise amanye amathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi okuqapha. Ukulinganisela izidingo ezingokomthetho namalungelo omuntu siqu kuseyinselele eqhubekayo, okudinga ukucabangela ngokucophelela ukuthi izimiso zomthetho ngokomthetho zisebenza kanjani kubuchwepheshe obusha.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Bushintsha Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Imizamo yokwahlulela yobugebengu yangesikhathi igxile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo sisebenza ngokuphumelelayo. Izindaba zihlanganisa ukuqinisekisa ukumelelwa komthetho okwanele kwabamangalelwa, ukuxoxa ngokuhluka kohlanga esimisweni sobulungisa, ukuguqula imikhuba yebheyili engase iphule isivikelo seSichibiyelo Sesi-8, nokuthuthukisa izimo emajele nasejele. Lemizamo iqaphela ukuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo asho okuncane uma ekhona ephepheni ngaphandle kokugcinwa kwemithetho.

Usongo Lwezincwadi Zokuzivikela Kwamalungelo Abantu

Naphezu kwemithetho - sisekelo, izikhulu zikahulumeni zingase zifune ukwandisa amandla azo ngenxa yokusongelwa kwokulondeka, ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, noma izingcindezi zezombangazwe.

Ukuqapha kusebalulekile ekulondolozeni amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Izakhamuzi kumelwe ziwaqonde amalungelo azo, zibheke izikhulu zikahulumeni njengesibopho sokuhlonipha lawomalungelo, kanye nezinhlangano zokusekela (ihlanganisa izinkantolo, imithombo yezindaba, nezinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi) ezivikela isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. IBhill of Rights inikeza uhlelo lwenkululeko, kodwa lolohlelo ludinga ukunakekelwa nokuvikelwa njalo.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ekuvikeleni Amalungelo

Lapho abantu bekholelwa ukuthi amalungelo abo omthetho - sisekelo aphuliwe, bangafuna amakhambi. Izinkantolo zisebenza njengenhlolo - vo emagatsheni ezombangazwe, zishabalalise imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni eziphula isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo ngisho nalapho leyo mithetho noma izenzo zisekelwa kakhulu.

INkantolo Ephakeme isebenza njengomsekeli wokugcina wencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, futhi izincazelo zayo zeBhili lamaLungelo zisebenza ngendlela ezisebenza ngayo. Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ukuqonda kweNkantolo amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kuye kwashintsha, ngezinye izikhathi kwanwetshwa isivikelo futhi ngezinye izikhathi kwatholakala. Ukuhlelwa kweNkantolo kanye nefilosofi yamalungu ayo kuthonya ngokuphawulekayo indlela iBhili Lamalungelo achazwa futhi lisetshenziswe ngayo.

Imfundo Yabo Bonke Nemfundo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda iBhili of Rights kudinga okungaphezu kokubamba ngekhanda uhlu lwezinguquko.

Ngeshwa, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi amaMelika amaningi awanalwazi oluyisisekelo ngeSiphakamiso Samalungelo. Abaningi abanakuziqamba amagama inkululeko evikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala noma bachaze ezinye izivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo. Leligebe lolwazi lisongela ukulondoloza amalungelo, njengoba abantu bengenakuwavikela amalungelo abangawaqondi. Ukuthuthukisa imfundo yomphakathi kufanele kube yinto eza kuqala ezikoleni, emiphakathini, nasezikhungweni zentando yeningi.

Izinhlangano ezinjenge Inkululeko yomphakathi yaseMelika kanye Isikhungo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe[[ inikeza imithombo ewusizo yokufunda ngamalungelo omthetho-mthethwe-sisekelo nangendlela esebenza ngayo ezingxoxweni zamanje.

Ukulinganisela Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Nakuba iBhill of Rights imisa isivikelo esibalulekile senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, amalungelo ahambisana nemithwalo yemfanelo. Inkululeko yokukhuluma ayisiqedi isibopho sokuziphatha sokukhuluma ngeqiniso nangenhlonipho. Ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali lithwala imithwalo yemfanelo yokugcina indawo ephephile nokuphatha. Inkululeko yenkolo ayivumeli izenzo ezilimaza abanye ngokuqondile. Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganisela phakathi kwamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo kubalulekile ekulondolozeni umphakathi okhululekile nohlelekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ngezinye izikhathi ayaphikisana, adinga ukulinganisela ngokucophelela. Inkululeko yamaphephandaba ingaphikisana namalungelo okuzanywa ngokulunga lapho inyuziswa kakhulu isongela ukucwaswa kwezindaba okungaba abahluleli abanobandlululo. Inkululeko engokwenkolo ingase ingqubuzane nemithetho emelene nezenzo ezithile lapho izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo ziphikisa imikhuba ethile. Inkululeko yokukhuluma ingase ingqubuzane namalungelo omuntu siqu lapho inkulumo iveza ukwaziswa komuntu siqu. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilawule lezingxabano ngokucabangela izithakazelo zokuncintisana nokufuna izindawo zokuhlala ezihlonipha izindinganiso eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Nezinhlangano Zomphakathi

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, izinhlangano zezenhlalo ziye zacela i-Bill of Rights isivikelo ukuze zithuthukise izimbangela zazo futhi zibeke inselele yokungabi nabulungisa. Umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu wancike kakhulu enkululeko yokukhuluma yokuqala, yokunyathelisa, neyomhlangano ukuze uhlele ukubhikisha, usakaze isigijimi, nohulumeni ocindezelayo ukuze uqede ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu. Umzabalazo wamalungelo abesifazane ngokufanayo wasebenzisa izikhuselo zomthetho ukuze ulwele ukulingana nokuzibusa.

Lezinhlangano zibonisa indlela iBhill of Rights esebenza ngayo hhayi nje njengesihlangu ekucindezelweni uhulumeni kodwa futhi njengenkemba yokuthuthukisa ubulungisa nenkululeko eyandayo. Ngokuvikela ukungavumelani nokusiza ukuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi, iBhili of Rights linika izakhamuzi amandla okubekela izakhiwo zamandla ezikhona nesidingo soshintsho. Lemfanelo enamandla iqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo somthetho sisekelo sihlala sisebenza ezizukulwaneni zonke futhi sizivumelanisa nokusingatha izinhlobo ezintsha zokungabi nabulungisa.

Ithonya Lezizwe Zonke Lamalungelo

I - American Bill of Rights iye yathonya intuthuko engokomthetho - sisekelo emhlabeni wonke. Amazwe amaningi aye amukela isivikelo esifanayo samalungelo ayisisekelo, ngokuvamile athola ukuphefumulelwa esibonelweni saseMelika. ISimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu, esamukelwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene ngo - 1948, sibonisa izimiso eziningi ezitholakala kuyiBill of Rights, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, isivikelo ekuboshweni okungenamthetho, nelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga.

Leli thonya lomhlaba wonke libonisa ukukhanga kwezindinganiso ezihlanganiswe kuyi-Bill of Rights. Nakuba izicelo ezithile zingahluka ezizweni nasemithethweni, izimiso eziyisisekelo jjjwayeze ukuthi abantu banesithunzi esizuzwe njengefa namalungelo ohulumeni okumelwe bawahloniphe emhlabeni wonke. IBhili lamaLungelo liyingxenye ehlala njalo enkululekweni yabantu, lishukumisa abantu emhlabeni wonke ukuba bafune ukuqashelwa nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abo ayisisekelo.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Ngezikhathi Zenhlekelele

Amalungelo oMthetho - sisekelo abhekana novivinyo olukhulu kakhulu phakathi nezikhathi zenhlekelele, lapho ukwesaba nokuphuthuma kulinga ohulumeni ukuba badele inkululeko yokuphepha. Umlando waseMelika uhlanganisa izibonelo ezikhathazayo zokwephulwa kwamalungelo phakathi nezinhlekelele: iMithetho yeAlien neNguquko ka - 1798, ukuxoshwa kwe - habeas corpus phakathi neMpi Yangaphakathi, ukuhlangana kwamaJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, kanye nemingcele yenkululeko yomphakathi phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi.

Lezizenzakalo ezingokomlando zifundisa izifundo ezibalulekile ngokuwohloka kwamalungelo nesidingo sokuqapha ngisho noma kungokuphuthumayo. Nakuba ukukhathalela ukulondeka okungokomthetho kungase kuthethelele imingcele elinganiselwe, yesikhashana emisebenzini ethile, ukulahlwa kwemithetho esemthethweni akudingekile futhi akulungile. Izinkantolo, izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi, nezakhamuzi ezinolwazi kumelwe zihlale ziqaphe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanyathelo enhlekelele ahlala elinganiselwe, esikhashana, futhi evumelana nezindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo.

Ikusasa Lezincwadi Zamalungelo Abantu

Njengoba iMelika iqhubekela phambili ekhulwini lama - 21, iBill of Rights izoqhubeka ibhekana nezinselele ezintsha futhi idinga izincazelo ezintsha. ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisa izinto zokwenziwa, ukuqapha izakhi zofuzo nobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo buphakamisa imibuzo engavamile ephathelene nokuzibusa, nokuzibusa komuntu. Ukushintsha isimo sengqondo sezenhlalo ngezindaba ezisukela enkulumweni kuya kwezenkolo kuya okwahlulela ngobugebengu kuyothonya indlela isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo esiqondwa futhi sisetshenziswe ngayo.

Inzuzo ehlala njalo yeBhill of Rights ixhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwesizukulwane ngasinye ukuhileleka kulezinselele ngokucabangela nokuvikela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kunzima. Abasunguli banikeza uhlelo lwenkululeko, kodwa babengenakukwazi ukulindela yonke inselele yesikhathi esizayo. Kubantu baseMelika bamanje ukuba basebenzise izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezimweni ezintsha kuyilapho behlala bethembekile ezindinganisweni eziyisisekelo zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nohulumeni olinganiselwe olawula iBhili lamaLungelo.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuvikela Amalungelo Akho

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho omthetho - sisekelo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuwavikela. Nazi izenzo ezisebenzayo izakhamuzi ezingazenza ukuze zivikele inkululeko yazo:

  • zifundise ngokwakho[: Funda ngamalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo nendlela asebenza ngayo ezimweni ezihlukahlukene. Imithombo eminingi, kuhlanganise namawebhusayithi kahulumeni, izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi, nezinhlangano zemfundo, inikeza ukwaziswa okufinyelelekayo ngeBill of Rights.
  • Yazi amalungelo akho phakathi nokuhlangana kwamaphoyisa : Qonda amalungelo akho esine, okwesihlanu, nawesiThathu Isichibiyeli lapho uxhumana nomthetho olandelwayo. Unelungelo lokuthula, ukwenqaba ukuphenya ezimweni eziningi, nokucela ummeli.
  • Thulula amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo Sokuqala: Ukuhlanganyela enkulumweni yeningi, ukuya emihlanganweni yomphakathi, ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, nokuhlanganyela ekubhikisheni okunokuthula uma kufanelekile. Lemisebenzi iqinisa izinhlangano zentando yeningi futhi yenza uhulumeni abe necala.
  • Izinhlangano ezivikela amalungelo : izinkantolo, imithombo yezindaba ezimele, izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi, nezinhlangano zemfundo zonke zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ukusekela lezi zikhungo kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zingaqhubeka nomsebenzi wazo obalulekile.
  • faka futhi uhlanganyele ekuphileni komphakathi : Izikhulu eziye zabonisa isimilo zihlela izimiso ezithinta amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ukusungula ukuvota nokuhlanganyela komphakathi kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuba izikhulu zikahulumeni zihloniphe futhi zivikele inkululeko eyisisekelo.
  • khuluma lapho amalungelo esongelwa: Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usongo luvela esenzweni sikahulumeni, izinhlangano ezizimele, noma ukucindezela kwezenhlalo, ukuvikela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kudinga isibindi nesibopho. Ukukhuluma lapho amalungelo esongelwa, cishe uma isisulu esiseduze singumuntu ongavumelani naye, kulondoloza inkululeko yawo wonke umuntu.

Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokujulisa ukuqonda kwabo iBhili yamaLungelo, kunemithombo eminingi. Inqolobane yesizwe [ inikeza ukutholakala kwebhukwana lokuqala lezincwadi zamalungelo enkululeko kanye nomlando nezincwadi zemfundo. Izikole zomthetho namayunivesithi zinikeza izifundo zomphakathi nomthetho. Amafilimu, izincwadi, nezinhlelo zezincwadi zihlola izici ezihlukahlukene zamalungelo omthetho kanye nokusebenza kwazo kolwazi lwezindaba.

Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho zinganikeza usizo uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo aphuliwe. Eziningi zinikeza izinkonzo zamahhala noma eziphansi kubantu abangakwazi ukukhokhela abameli abangabodwa.

Isiphetho: Isithembiso Esihlala Njalo Sesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

IBhili of Rights imelela isibopho esijulile sokuhlonipheka komuntu nenkululeko yakhe. Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, lezinguquko eziyishumi ziye zavikela amaMelika ekuphathweni uhulumeni kuyilapho zinikeza isisekelo somphakathi okhululekile nonobulungisa. Ziqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingakhuluma ngokukhululekile, zikhulekele ngonembeza, zihlale zilondekile emakhaya azo, zithole ukuphathwa ngokufaneleyo esimisweni sobulungisa, futhi zilondoloze amalungelo angaphezu kwalawo aqoshwa ngokucacile.

Kodwa iBhili of Rights ayiqedi ukuzibulala. Isivikelo sayo sixhomeke ezakhamuzini ezinolwazi eziqonda amalungelo azo, izinhlangano eziqaphile ezivikela lawomalungelo, kanye nokuzibophezela okufanayo ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo ngisho nalapho zisetshenziswa ngokungelula noma zingathandeki. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sivuselele isithembiso seBhill of Rights ngokusebenzisa izimiso zayo ezinkingeni ezintsha futhi sivikele isivikelo saso ezinsongweni ezintsha.

Inkululeko esiyijabulela namuhla ikhona ngenxa yokuthi izizukulwane ezidlule zilwa ukuze zimise futhi zilondoloze. Sihlonipha ukuzidela kwazo ngokuqonda lamalungelo, siwasebenzisa ngendlela ethembekile, futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi ayakhuthazela ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. ISigqi Samalungelo Abantu sisalokhu sibalulekile namuhla njengalapho sigunyazwe ngo 1791 881, isibani esibonisa inkululeko nesivikelo ekubuseni ubushiqela. Ngokuqonda nangokuvikela lezisivikelo eziyisisekelo, sigcina isithembiso senkululeko esichaza ukuzama kwe-America ngobuso bobuso.

Njengoba sibheka izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ekuphileni kwanamuhla, iBill of Rights iyaqhubeka inikeza isiqondiso esibalulekile. Isikhumbuza ukuthi amandla kahulumeni kumelwe alinganiselwe, isithunzi somuntu ngamunye kumelwe sihlonishwe, nokuthi inkululeko idinga ukuqapha njalo. Noma sisebenzisa ilungelo lethu lokukhuluma, ukuvikela izinto zethu siqu, ukufuna ubulungisa, noma nje ukuphila kwethu ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kukahulumeni okuzimele, iBhill of Rights yenza inkululeko yethu ihlale ikhona. Ukuqonda ukuthi lokhu kusigcina sikhululekile akusona nje isivivinyo semfundo esifundile solwazini noma ubani owethemba inkululeko nofisa ukuyokuyilondoloza.