Ukuchaza Umbuso: Akuwona Nje Ukwehlukana Kwamandla

Phakathi, uhulumeni uyisisekelo sohulumeni olawulayo uhlanganisa amandla ombuso phakathi kwegunya eliphakathi (lesizwe) nezifunda. Ngokungafani nesimiso sokuhlanganisa lapho uhulumeni omkhulu unegunya eliphelele, noma ukuhlangana lapho imibuso igcina khona amandla amaningi, uhulumeni udala indawo ephakathi. E-United States, lokhu kusho ukuthi kokubili uhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni wezwe uchaza ukuthi uyakwazi, ngokuvamile uhlukanise, imithwalo yemfanelo. ilingana phakathi kwegunya lesizwe nelendawo ayithathintiwe; ishintsha isikhathi ngemithetho yenkantolo, ibusa, futhi ihlela ngokwezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi imithetho ihlelwe kanjani, iziphi izinkonzo, izikhulu zezehlaka, futhi izikhulu zezakhamuzi zingazinziwa kanjani.

I-Federalism ayimane nje iphathise imisebenzi phansi. Idala isimiso lapho izinga ngalinye likahulumeni lingazimela khona ngaphakathi kwendilinga yalo, kodwa futhi kumelwe livumelane nenye. Lokhu kubusa okumbaxambili yikona okwenza isimiso se-U.S._na futhi ngokuvamile sixabana. Umbango phakathi kobunye besizwe nokuhlukahluka kwezindawo zendawo uyisici esiqhubekayo ekuphileni kwezombangazwe zaseMelika, kusukela ezimpikiswaneni zemfundo kuya ezinqubeni zokunakekela impilo nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile.

Izisekelo Zomlando: Ukusuka Ekuvumelaneni Nemithetho - sisekelo Kuya Emthethweni

Uhambo oluya e-Internationalism yaseMelika lwaqala ngokuhluleka kweZihlokwana zeConfederation (1781-1789). Lowomzamo wokuqala kuhulumeni wezwe wadala inyunyana ekhululekile yemibuso ebusayo, enesishaya-mthetho esibuthakathaka esasingeke silungise lentela ye -vy, isimiso sezentengiselwano, noma ukuphoqelela imithetho ngokuqondile ezakhamuzini. Umphumela waba yisiyaluyalu sezomnotho nengxabano ephakathi kwezwe. Abahleli bomthetho-U. Umthetho-Constituple, umhlangano eFiladelphiya ngo-1787, bazama ukuxazulula lobu buthakathaka lapho belondoloza imvume yombuso.

James Madison, u-Alexander Hamilton, nolunye u-Federalist baphikisana ngohulumeni wesizwe onamandla kakhulu, kodwa babhekana nokuphikiswa okunzima yilabo abamelene ne-Anti-Féderalist ababesaba ubushiqela obuphakathi. Ukuyekethisa kwakuyisimiso semibuso [ egunyazweyo[] . `uhlu lweziphathimandla ezithile ezanikwa uhulumeni wezwe] ngesikhathi esifanayo nemibuso ebekwe ezweni. Lokhu kuyekethisa kwaqinisekiswa esiGuqulweni seshumi: “Imibuso ayigunya elingagunyaziswanga eUnited States ngoMthetho-mthetho, noma inqatshelwe yi-United States, igcinelwe eUnited States, noma abantu.”

UMthetho-sisekelo wamisa futhi isimiso se nama-aces ngaphesheya kwamagatsha namazinga kahulumeni. ISupremacy Claus (Artle VI) yenza umthetho kahulumeni ube umthetho ophakeme kakhulu ezweni, kodwa uma kuphela lapho uKhongolo lwenzeka ngegunya lalo lomthetho-mthetho. Le zakhiwo ezintekenteke ziye zahlolwa kaningi, ikakhulukazi phakathi neMpi Yombango, i-New Accorine, kanye namalungelo abantu, isikhathi ngasinye lapho luveza ukulinganisela phakathi kwegunya lezwe nezwe.

IRepublic Yakuqala: I - Dual Federalism Ibambene Nezinyathelo Eziningi

Ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka lomlando waseMelika, umfuziselo ovelele wawuwubuzwe bezwe. Izwe lamazwe laliphethe uhulumeni , ngokuvamile liqhathaniswa “nekhekhe elilayishi.” Ungqimba ngalunye lukahulumeni (ngomhlaba wonke) nombuso (wawunemithwalo ehlukene ngokomthetho). Uhulumeni wezwe wasingatha izindaba zangaphandle, isivikelo sombuso, intengo yezentengiselwano, kanye nokukhokha imali. Amazwe alawula i-ase sikoleni, imfundo, ukugcinwa komthetho, nomthetho womkhaya. Lokhu kwahlukaniswa kwaqiniswa yiNkanto emacala anjenge [[FLT:] MCULT]. [5] Ilungelo likaMary [5] uhulumeni kuphela. [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [5]

Izinhlobo ZobuFederalism: Isibonelo Esijikelezayo

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izazi ziye zaphawula izinhlobo eziningana ezihlukene, ngasinye sibonisa ifilosofi edlangile yezombangazwe neyokwahlulela yenkathi yaso.

I - Dual Federalism (I - Layer Cake)

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, uhulumeni ohlangene wagcizelela ukwahlukana okuqinile. Ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni ngamunye ababesebenza ezimbulungani zabo siqu bengenakho ukulingana. Lesibonelo sabusa kusukela ekusungulweni kuze kube ngo-1930. INkantolo Ephakeme yayivame ukumisa imithetho kahulumeni eyayibhekwa njengephazamisa amandla kahulumeni, njengokuqondisa ukusebenza kwabantwana Hammer v. Dagenhart.

Ukubambisana (I - cake Engantengantengi)

I-Great Depression and the New Development yangenisa uhulumeni womphakathi, lapho wonke amazinga kahulumeni asebenza khona ndawonye ukuxazulula izinkinga zesizwe. Kulomfanekiso, uhulumeni wasebenzisa izisusa ezikhuthaza ukumiswa kwezinhlelo ezinjengomshuwalense wokungasebenzi, izisekelo nenhlalakahle. Isingathekiso sasuka ekhekeni le-lebhuli siye ekhekeni lemabula, kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo ehambisana nalo. Incazelo ebanzi yeNkantolo yenkolo uClausle [FOLT:2] Wickard v. Fil[FLL:3][42]

Ulwembu lwe-Creation Federalism (1960s-1970)

Ngaphansi koMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society, uhulumeni osungulayo wandisa ukuhileleka kukahulumeni ngisho nangaphezulu. Uhulumeni wezwe wadlula ohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni kwezinye izimo, unikeza iminikelo eqondile emadolobheni, ezingezinzuzo, nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Izinhlelo ezinjengoMedicaid ne Head Start zihilela iziqondiso zikahulumeni ezinemininingwane kanye nezimo ezihlangene ekusekeleni. Lendlela ehloselwe ukusingatha ubumpofu namalungelo omphakathi kodwa yandisa nokulawula kwezwe nezindaba zendawo.

I - New Federalism (1980säPresenter)

Kuqala kuMongameli Richard Nixon futhi kuqhubeke noRonald Reagan, i-New Federalism ifuna ukubuyisela amandla ezifundazweni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa iziphakamiso ezinika amandla avumela ukusebenziseka kakhulu kwemali kahulumeni, kanye nokuncishiswa kwezinhlelo ezifana nenhlala- kahle yokuqondisa ngaphansi komthetho we-19969 Yeye-Intest ne-Octive Reconciliation Act. Ukuthambekela kuye kwaqhubeka emashumini eminyaka amuva, neNkanto ephakeme emacala anjenge . United States v. Lopt. (1995]) futhi [FL:] Shicilelaz. United States[FLT] [5] [1997]

INkantolo Ephakeme Kakhulu Njengommeli Wempi

INkantolo Ephakeme inendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni imingcele kahulumeni. Izinqumo zayo azixazululi nje kuphela izingxabano ezithile kodwa futhi zibeka izibonelo ezilawula sonke isimo sokubusa kwaseMelika. Nazi amacala amaningana aphawulekayo adlula lawo asesihlokweni sokuqala abonisa lokhu kunamandla.

Amandla Empi Ayandayo

  • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe unamandla abekwe ngaphezu kwalawo ahlelwe ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo, futhi lowo mbuso awunakukho ukukhokha intela izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lendaba iqinisekisa imfundiso yokuphakama kwezwe.
  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Amandla oMkhandlu achazwa kabanzi okulawula ezohwebo zezwe, anikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho segunya likahulumeni phezu kwemisebenzi yezezomnotho enqamule imigqa yombuso.
  • indlebe yase-Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964): Yabheka i-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 njengendlela esemthethweni yokusebenzisa iChwebo lika Claus, ibusa ukuthi ubandlululo lwezinhlanga ezindlini zomphakathi luthinte kakhulu ezentengiselwano zamazwe.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwamandla Esifunda

  • [FLT] United States v. Lopez (1995] : Okokuqala emashumini ayisithupha eminyaka, iNkantolo yashaya umthetho kahulumeni wokudlula iCemper Claus. ISiphakamiso seSikolo Esikhululekile sabanjwa ukuba singabi namiphumela engokomnotho, kanjalo singenele izindawo zokulawula kwezwe.
  • Printz v. United States (1997): Amalungiselelo angekho e-mthethweni we-Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act acindezela umbuso nabaphathi-mthetho bendawo ukuba benze ukuhlola kwesizinda. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe ungakwazi ukuyala izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zisebenzise umthetho kahulumeni.
  • [FLT][FOLT]Foderal of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202) : Wabheka igunya lomthetho we-Affordlable Care Act njengendlela esemthethweni yokusebenzisa amandla oMkhandlu wokukhokha, kodwa waqeda ukwanda kwe-Medicaid okusemthethweni njengesivumelwano semithetho.

Lamacala abonisa indlela ukwakheka kweNkantolo nefilosofi okukuthonya ngayo ukulinganisela kwamandla ngokuqondile. IRehnquist Court (1986-2005) yayiyisivikelo kakhulu ekubuseni kukahulumeni, ukuthambekela okuye kwaqhubeka neNkantolo kaRoberts. Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe emacaleni athile, bheka i-Project [ Oyez , enikeza umsindo oningiliziwe kanye nezimpikiswano zeNkantolo Ephakeme.

UFederalism Kumkhuba: Ukuhlola Icala Ngalé Kokuqamba Imithetho

Izimiso ezifiphele zobuzwe ziba sobala uma zisetshenziswa ezindabeni zezwe ezingokoqobo. Ukuhlola indlela amazinga ahlukene kahulumeni asebenzelana ngayo ezicini ezithile zezimiso kwembula amandla nobuthakathaka balesi simiso.

Ukugunyazwa ngokomthetho: I-Federal-State Clash

Mhlawumbe akukho mpikiswano engcono ebonisa ukungezwani phakathi kwegunya lesizwe nelasendaweni kunomthetho we-cannabis. Ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni olawulwayo we-Substances Act, insangu ihlala iyisidakamizwa seShedyuli I, esingekho emthethweni nganoma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa. Nokho, kusukela ngo-19969, amazwe angaphezu kwama-40 aye abhalisa ngokomthetho insangu yokwelapha, futhi izingxabano eziyinhloko ziye zavunyelwa ngokomthetho. Lokhu kwenza indawo empunga esemthethweni: ukunikeza iziteshiciso ezisemthethweni ngokomthetho kodwa zifaka engozini yokuvinjelwa kwezwe. I-Obama ne-Biden abaphethe baqhele kakhulu ukulawulwa ngezimiso (iMaya nomthetho nezenzo ezalandelanayo), kodwa izingxabano eziyisisekelo zihlala zingaphenduli. [[FLT:] Le nqubo yokuhlola i-Institutionstion [FOct:][FOT]] [FU.1]]

Ukufuduka: Impikiswano Engcwele

Ukufakwa kwe-inmigration ngokwesiko kuwumthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni, kodwa amanye amazwe namadolobha aye amukela “izimiso zokukhoselana” ezinqanda ukubambisana neziphathimandla ze-operal. Abameli baphikisa ngokuthi imithombo yendawo akufanele isetshenziselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-operal nomthetho wezindawo ezihlukene namaphoyisa endawo kufanele ilondolozwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imithetho enjalo ilulaza umthetho wesizwe futhi yakha izikhundla ezilondekile zabafuduki abangabhaliwe. Izimpi zenkantolo zivele zinqande ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe ungazivimba ukuxhasa izakhiwo zesakhiwo esingcwele, njengoba kwazanywa yi-Trump. INkanto Ephakeme yase-[FLTrip:0] i-Documents of Chicago. [Flth:1] 2016) yakhipha umthetho wokuthi uhulumeni uhulumeni ungayifaka izimali ezisobala ngaphandle kwegunyazamthetho.

Ukuqondiswa Kwendawo Ezungezile: Ukuhola KoMbuso Nokumelana Nayo

I-Federalism enkambisweni yendawo ezungezile iyinhlanganisela yokubambisana nokuxabana. I-Ceaose Air Act ne-clease Water Act imisa izindinganiso zesizwe kodwa inikeza amazwe umthwalo wemfanelo wokufeza. iCalifornia isendaweni ekhethekile: ngaphansi kwe-Ceather Air Act, ingafuna iziphakamiso zezimoto eziyingozi kakhulu ngenxa yezinkinga zayo ezinzima. Ezinye izifunda zingakhetha ukusebenzisa izindinganiso zeCalifornia. Leligunya liye labekelwa inselele, ikakhulukazi phakathi nokuphatha kwe-Trump ukubuyisela imithetho yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano. Indima yeCalifornia [FLTLT:0] eyindida kakhulu ngemibuzo ye-EPA [FLTLT:1] encigloneze ngaphansi kwe-aglogorics. I-octive Couragest Couragent ilawula ukulawula ukuvunda kwezelelwa kweze-at.[FLT] I-octives.[For: 1] I-G.[Focterl]

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo: Ukwanda Okubangelwa Ukugula Nokukhethwa Uhulumeni

I-Affordble Care Act (ACA) yabonisa kokubili ukuphumelela nokuyingozi kwe-soshastism. Umthetho wancike ezindaweni ukuze wandise iMedicaid ukufihla abantu abadala abathola imali ephansi, nohulumeni uxhase izindleko eziningi. Nokho, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2012 senza ukwanda kwaba okungakhethelwa izizwe. Njengango-2024, amazwe ayishumi awazange andise uMdicaid, akha izikhawu lapho abantu abadala abaningi abaphansi bezuza khona imali eninzi kakhulu ngenxa yemikhankampane yezelo yezentengiso. Lokhu kuqokomisa indlela ukuncitshiswa kwemithetho yezomthetho eholela ekufinyeleleni izinkonzo ezingcono kakhulu phakathi kwemigqa yombuso.

Imfundo: Ukusuka Ekulawuleni Kwendawo Kuya Ezindinganisweni Zesizwe

Imfundo ngokwesiko ingumbuso wezwe nezwe, kodwa uhulumeni wezwe uye wandisa indima yakhe ngemithetho enjenge-Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965), no-All Resecred Behind (2001), no-All Students Act (2015) no-Agastie) wonke amaqembu asekela izimali zikahulumeni ezinkokhelweni zokulandisa, izimfuneko zokuhlola, namapulani esikole. Kodwa amazwe alawula izifundo, ukugunyaza kothisha, nokusakaza kwezimali. Izimpikiswano zamuva ezimayelana nemfundiso yohlanga olunenseleleyo kanye nemithetho yezesikole zibonisa ukuthi imfundo ihlala iyinkundla yezenkundla yezemfundo, iziphakamende zesikole, iziphakamende zemfundo, kanye noMnyango lwemfundo yemfundo yemfundo elinganiswe yonke.

Izinzuzo Zobuzwe: Isizathu Sokuba Buhlale Bukhona

Naphezu kobunkimbinkimbi bayo, uhulumeni unikeza izinzuzo eziphawulekayo eziye zaqinisekisa ukuthi isinda amakhulu amabili eminyaka.

  • I-Prolity Laboratories: Justice Louis Brandeis ngokudume kakhulu uchaza ngokuthi “imishini yentando yeningi.” Izizwe zingazama izimiso zokwenza izinhlelo zokwenza impilo embulungeni yonke (njenge-Massachusetts, icarbon crippage eCalifornia, noma ukuqeda ukuphathwa kabi kwezidakamizwa e-Oregon . Intuthuko ephumelelayo ingasenziwa ezinye izifundazwe noma isilinganiso sikahulumeni.
  • Ukuvumelana kwendawo: [ Umbuso nohulumeni bendawo basondelene nezakhamuzi zabo futhi bangavumelanisa izimiso nezindawo ezithandwayo. Amavoter anethonya eliqondile ezikhulwini zendawo, futhi uhulumeni angasheshisa kakhulu ekusingatheni izinkinga zomphakathi ezicaciwe.
  • Iphawu eSontweni: ngokuhlukanisa igunya, uhulumeni wenza kube nzima nganoma yiliphi icebo noma isithakazelo ukubusa ngokuphelele. Izakhamuzi zingakhanga emazingeni amaningi kahulumeni uma umuntu ebonakala engasabeli.
  • Ukuguquguquka ne-Platuralism: ezweni elikhulu, elihlukene, uhulumeni uvumela ukuhluka kwemithetho nezimiso ezibonisa izindinganiso ezihlukile zempucuko, zezomnotho, nezezenhlalo. Lokhu kunganciphisa ukuphikisana ngokuvumela amaqembu anemibono ehlukene aphile ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene phakathi kwesizwe esisodwa.

Izinselele Zobuzwe: Uhlangothi Oluphambene

Izici ezifanayo ezenza ubuzwe bube yigugu nazo zakha izinkinga eziphikelelayo.

  • Ukulingana nokwehluka: Uma amazwe enezimiso ezihlukene, izakhamuzi kwesinye isifunda zingaba namalungelo ambalwa noma izinkonzo kunalezo ezikwenye. Ngokwesibonelo, owesifazane ofuna ukukhipha isisu angahamba amakhulu amakhilomitha ngenxa yemingcele kahulumeni, futhi umkhaya othola imali ephansi ungabhekana nokungalingani okukhulu ngokwehlukene kuye ngokuthi uhlalaphi.
  • I-ace eMzansi:[ Amazwe ancintisanayo ekutshaleni kwebhizinisi anganciphisa izintela, isithiyo, noma ukunciphisa izinkonzo zomphakathi, kubangele ukuwohloka kwezindinganiso zendawo ezungezile nezisebenzi.
  • Izinkinga zokwabelana: Phezulu kwemithetho engalawula ingaholela ekuphindaphindani, ukudideka, nokubekwa kweminwe phakathi nobunzima. Umqedazwe weCOVID-19 wembula indlela uhulumeni owahlukene ngayo ukusabela okunobunye kwesizwe, kanye nezindawo ezincintisanayo nokukhipha imithetho eguquguqukayo.
  • Gridlock and Conflict: Impikiswano ngezwe eliphethe − njengezwe elikhokhisa imithetho ye-ID kahulumeni, noma izikhulu ezimelela imithetho yendawo ezungezile kahulumeni. Lokhu kuphikisana okungokomthetho kungabambezela noma kuvimbele izimiso ezibalulekile.

Ukuqhathanisa I - Federalism: I - United States in Global Context

Amanye amazwe asebenzisa izakhiwo ezifanayo ukuze alawule izinhlobonhlobo nezinga.

  • IsiJamani: eJalimane, uhulumeni wezwe (iBound) nezindawo (Länder) uhlanganyela amandla, kodwa iBundesrat (indlu engaphezulu) imelela ngokuqondile ohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni. i-guasterism yaseJalimane ibambisana kakhulu futhi ihlangene, kanye nemithetho kahulumeni eminingi. Lokhu kunciphisa isimo sombuso we-U.S.
  • .nada:[ Isimiso sombuso saseCanada sinikeza izifundakazi izifundakazi ezibalulekile, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yosizo lwempilo nempahla engokwemvelo. Nokho, uhulumeni wesizwe unamandla amakhulu okusebenzisa amandla futhi ungabeka izindinganiso zobuzwe ngemiphakamiso yemibandela. Umbutho wesizwe waseQuebec uvivinye imingcele ye-Canada.
  • Indiya: i-republic kahulumeni enohulumeni onamandla. Umthetho-sisekelo uhlela amaqoqo amathathu amagunya: uhulumeni, umbuso, kanye nokuvumelana. Ngokwenqubo, uhulumeni omkhulu uye wabusa ohulumeni ngomthetho kahulumeni ngokulawula okungokomthetho kanye namalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo avumela ukubusa kukamongameli ezimweni eziphuthumayo.
  • Brazil nase-Australia: Bobabili banezimiso zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa igunya elibalulekile emazweni noma emasimini. Uhulumeni wase-Brazil uye waphawulwa ukungalingani kwemali nenkohlakalo, kuyilapho isimiso se-Australia siqinile ngobukhulu nohulumeni onamandla.

Lokhu kuqhathanisa kubonisa ukuthi ubuzwe abuyona ipulani emisiwe kodwa buwumqondo ovumelana nezimo ezivumelana nempucuko yezombangazwe yesizwe ngasinye nezimo ezingokomlando.

Izimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo Nekusasa LobuFendelism

UFederalism ulokhu uyindaba ephilayo kwezombangazwe zaseMelika, futhi abahlangene bayo beyimukela ngokukhetha kuye ngesimiso esikhona. AmaRepublica ngokuvamile asekela amalungelo ezwe ezindabeni ezinjengokukhishwa kwezisu nokulawulwa kwezibhamu, kuyilapho esekela ukukhululwa kukahulumeni ekuthuthweni kwezokufuduka nokuhwebelana. AmaDemocrat athambekele ekusekeleni isenzo sikahulumeni sokuthatha isinyathelo kumalungelo omphakathi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile, kodwa asekela uhulumeni ekushadeni okungokwasezingeni elihlukene (okuzokwehlela ukuphuma kwezibhamu nezokuhwebela) nasemadolobheni angcwele.

Isifo se-COVOVID-19 saqinisa lempikiswano. Uhulumeni wamazwe wanikeza isiqondiso kodwa washiyela izinqumo eziningi zempilo yomphakathi ezindaweni. Ohulumeni babo bobabili bakhipha iziyalo eziphetheyo zokuvala izifihla - buso, izimfuneko zokuvikela izifihla-buso, nezimfuneko zokugoma, eziholela ekutholeni imithetho enziwa kaningi. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukusabela okungathi sína kakhulu kwakuyophumelela kakhulu; abanye bancoma ukuvumelana nombuso. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela igunya lombuso lokumisa izimvume zezisebenzi zezempilo kwezinye izimo kodwa yavala iziyalezo zikahulumeni zokusebenza abaqashi abakhulu.

Uma ubheka phambili, ukuthambekela okuningana kungabuyisela uhulumeni wezwe. Okokuqala, “imfundiso yezesayensi yeNkantolo Ephakeme” ingalinganisela amandla enhlangano kahulumeni, isunduze izinqumo ezengeziwe. Okwesibili, ukuhlukana okukhulayo phakathi kwezifundazwe ezibomvu neziluhlaza kungasheshisa ukuhlukana kwemithetho cishe kuyo yonke impikiswano enkulu, kusukela kumalungelo okuvota enkambisweni yamandla. Okwesithathu, ubuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe bungasiza ukuhlukanisa ngokuqondile idemokhrasi nezakhamuzi ezingxenyeni zikahulumeni, kunciphise ukubaluleka kwesimiso sombuso wendawo. Ekugcineni, izinselele zemali yempesheni kanye nezikwelethwane zezwe zingaphoqa indiswa ngokuphindaphinde ihlelwe.

Isiphetho

I-Federalism ayilona ilungiselelo elinamandla kodwa ilungiselelo elinamandla neliphikiswayo elilawula zonke izici zokubusa kwe-Melika. Linikeza uhlelo lokulinganisela isidingo sobunye besizwe nesifiso sokuzimela ngokwendawo, ikhuthaza kokubili ukubambisana nokulwa phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni. Njengoba izinselele ezintsha zivela . Ukusuka ezifweni ezintsha ukuya ekushintsheni isimo sezulu kuya ekuphazamiseni ukuphazamiseka ($) ukulinganisela phakathi kwegunya lesizwe nelokuhlala liyoqhubeka liguquka. Ukuqonda umlando wezwe, izimo, futhi izimpawu ezisebenzayo akudingekile kubafundi bohulumeni kuphela kodwa nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezifisa ukuhileleka ngokuphumelelayo esimisweni sezombangazwe. Impumelelo yezwe ekugcineni ixhomeke ekutheni kushintsha izimo lapho kushintsha izimo zemvelo, ukulandisa, ukulandisa nenkululeko.