Isizathu Sokuba Imithetho - sisekelo YoMbuso Ichazwe Kade Futhi Icaciswe Kakhulu KunoMthetho - sisekelo Wase - United States

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ungowomdaba odumile, oqukethe amagama angaba ngu-4500 futhi umisa uhlelo olubanzi kuphela lukahulumeni kahulumeni. Ngokungafani, imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ingaba imibhalo eqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo we-Alabama ka-2022 (ngemva kokuhlanganisa) uhlala ungenye yamagama amade kakhulu, angokomlando adlula ku-300,000, kuyilapho ngisho nemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo ephansi njengo-Oregon ehamba amagama angu-50 000. Lobude obukhulu busuka eqinisweni lokuthi imiyalelo yezwe isebenza kokubili njengomthetho obusayo nemithetho yemithetho yemithetho, iziqondiso zemithetho eminingi ephuma e-U.S.

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni uvame ukusingatha izindaba ezinjengesimo sezikole zendawo, amazinga nokungakhokhi izintela zempahla, ukwakhiwa kwezinhlangano ezithile zikahulumeni, ngisho neholo lezikhulu zikahulumeni. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ngokuphambene, uthumela izindaba ezinjalo ezingathi sína enqubweni kahulumeni yezemithetho noma ezindaweni ezingaphansi kweSiphendulo seshumi. Lomehluko ubonisa isimiso esisunguliwe sokuthi ohulumeni bakahulumeni, njengoba besondelene nabantu, badinga iziyalezo ezicacile zokuvimbela ukuphambana nokuqinisekisa ukulandisa.

Esinye isizathu sobude obuningi bomthetho-sisekelo wezwe abaningi yisixazululo esilula ezingalungiswa ngaso. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. udinga ukuba kube khona okukhulu kakhulu kwazo zombili izindlu zomkhandlu nokuhlawuliswa ngezindawo ezintathu kwezine zesifundazwe, imithetho engokomthetho eminingi ivumela abavoti ukuba bashiye inqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekukhushuleni kokulungisa izihloko kusukela ekuzingeleni amalungelo ohlelo, ukwenza imithetho yesizwe ibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ingaphelelwa isikhathi kunemithetho yayo ehlangene.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo: Imibono KaHulumeni Evumelana Nezimo.

Abakhi boMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. baklama inqubo yokulungisa ukuba kube nzima ngamabomu. ISiphakamiso V sivumela izindlela ezimbili: amavoti ayizi-3 ezintathu kuwo womabili amagumbi oMkhandlu noma umhlangano obizwa ngama-3-3 ama-patns angohulumeni. Ngandlela-ke, ukuvunywa kwe-ratiation kudinga ukuvunyelwa kumazwe amathathu anesine. Kusukela ngo-1789, kuneziphendulo ezingu-7 kuphela eziye zagunyazwa qha, ku-i-athentiumgane ye-a yempikiswane eyakhiwe ngaphakathi kwesimiso.

Nokho, imithetho-mithetho kahulumeni iguqulwa kaningi kakhulu. Umthetho-mthetho kazwelonke wesilinganiso uye walungiswa kangamakhulukhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-sisekelo weCalifornia uye walungiswa izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-500 kusukela ngo-1909. Izifundazwe eziningi zisebenzisa eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yalezi ezilandelayo:

  • [[[I-FLT:0] I-Pregisalti: Intengo idluliswa ukuthatha kwazo zombili izindlu okulula noma okunamandla, bese ithunyelwa kumavoti ukuze ivunyelwe.
  • I-Ballot Initive:[ Izakhamuzi ziqoqa izigno okuhlongozwayo ukuze zifake isimemo esisusiwe ngqo kwi-colot, idlulise isishaya-mthetho.
  • Umhlangano we-Constitualial:[ Umhlangano obizwa isishaya-mthetho noma isicelo sovoti sokubhala futhi noma sokuguqula lonke ibhukwana, ozokwazi ukuvota.

Lokhu kuvumelana kuvumela amazwe ukuba aphendule ngokushesha ekuqubukeni kwezindaba − njengokuvumela insangu yokuzijabulisa ivunyelwe ngokomthetho noma ukulungisa amazinga entela ngaphandle kokulinda isenzo sikahulumeni. Nokho, kusho futhi ukuthi imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo yombuso igcwala amalungiselelo angasetshenziswa kangcono ngemithetho evamile. Ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo owodwa kombuso owodwa kwelinye izwe kungahlanganisa imininingwane yezindlela zokuxhasa imali emikhankasweni yokuthutha, kuyilapho uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uthubeleza ngaphansi kwezimiso ezibanzi zokuhlukanisa imibuso namalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Amalungelo Angaphezu Kwesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Esihlangene

Nakuba iBhili lamaLungelo lase-U.S. ivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, nelungelo lokuphatha izikhali, imithetho-mthetho eminingi kahulumeni iye yadlulela phambili. Izwe liye lasebenza ngokomlando njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrasi, isivikelo esandiswa ngezindlela ezibonisa izindinganiso zendawo nezimiso ezivumelanayo zomphakathi. Amalungelo avamile atholakala emithethweni yombuso ahlanganisa:

  • Esokudla emfundweni:[ Zonke izinqumo zombuso ezingu-50 ziqukethe ulimi oludinga umbuso ukuze kulungiselelwe izikole zomphakathi ezikhululekile. Ezinye, njengalezo zaseFlorida nase Washington, zigunyaza ngokuqondile ukuthi “azifanele” noma“ azisebenzi” ngokwezimali.
  • Ekugcineni Okuhlanzekile Okusizungezile:[ Montana, Pennsylvania, kanye nezinye izifundazwe ezimbalwa zinezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo eziqinisekisa izakhamuzi ilungelo lokuhlanza umoya namanzi, noma ekulondolozweni kwemithombo yemvelo.
  • IVictims’s Rights:[ Izifundazwe ezingaphezu kuka-30 ziye zamukela “Umthetho kaMastery” noma izinguquko ezifanayo ezinikeza izisulu amalungelo anjengesaziso, ukuthatha isinyathelo, nokubuyisela.
  • Privtacy:[ UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. awukhulumi ngokuqondile lungelo lokwethulwa, kodwa imithetho-sisekelo eminingi yombuso ikhuluma ngayo, ngokuvamile inezivikelo ezibanzi zemininingwane yomuntu siqu nezindlela zokukhetha ukuzala.

Lamalungelo anwetshiwe asho ukuthi isivikelo esingokomthetho sesakhamuzi singahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi sisiphi isifundazwe esihlala kuso. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokukhipha isisu, elalivikelwe ngokusemthethweni ngaphansi kwe-Roe v. Wade kuze kube ngo-2022, manje liqinisekisiwe ngokucacile emithethweni eminingana yombuso, kuyilapho abanye beye balungisa imithetho yabo yemithetho ukuze bayivimbele. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zivame ukuchaza lemiphakamo eyingqayizivele ngokuzimele, ngezinye izikhathi zinikeza isivikelo esiningi kuneSishaya - sisekelo sombuso wase-U.S.

Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni: Ukwehlukana Kwemibuso

Kokubili umthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. kanye nombuso kumisa amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni: ukushaya umthetho, ukuqondisa, nokwahlulela.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

INebraska ima yodwa nesishaya-mthetho esine-uncameral, esingaba necala. Zonke ezinye izifunda zinendlu yomthetho ye-bimameral, kodwa amagumbi aphezulu nangaphansi ahlukile ngobukhulu, ubude, nemibuso. Ngokwesibonelo, iNew Hampshire House of Deaderers inamalungu angu-400 .Ngesinye sezindikimba ezinkulu zemithetho esemthethweni ezweni laseNgilandi elikhulumayo.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Ababusi bakahulumeni basebenzisa amazinga ahlukahlukene okubusa. Ngokungafani nomongameli wase-U.S., ababusi abaningi bahlanganyela igunya lokubusa ngokuzimele nezikhulu ezikhethwe njengomphathi omkhulu, ummeli jikelele, unobhala wezwe, nomphathi wemali. “lesisici sesikhulu sekhulu” sisakaza amandla futhi sinciphise ikhono lombusi lokulawula igatsha eliphetheyo lingahlolwanga muntu. Ngokwesibonelo, iTexas, inombusi obuthakathaka kakhulu uma eqhathaniswa nezifunda ezinamandla ezithene ukubulala njengeNew York noma iNew Jersey.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Izimiso zokwahlulela zikahulumeni zihlukene kakhulu kunesimiso sikahulumeni. Izehlulelo zomthetho-mthetho wase-U.S. ezigunyaza izikhundla zokwahlulela eNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi ezakhiwa yiSishaya-mthetho, nazo zonke izijaji ezimiswe umongameli futhi ziqinisekiswe yiSigele. Uma kuqhathaniswa, abahluleli boMbuso, bangamiswa umbusi, okhethwe abantu, noma akhethwe ngezimiso ze-projectal system. Izimessage zesikhundla ziyahlukahluka futhi: amajaji enkantolo ephakeme akhonza ukuphila, kuyilapho abanye bebhekene nokhetho oluboshelwayo njalo eminyakeni embalwa. Lesi sisekelo sibonisa inkolelo yokuthi abahluleli bezwe kumelwe babe nesibopho esiqondile kubavoti.

Ukubusa Kukahulumeni Wasekhaya

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. awusho lutho ngokuphelele endabeni kahulumeni wendawo. Uhlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni wezwe nezifunda, ushiya amadolobha, amapulatifomu, namadolobha njengezidalwa zikahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme yakuqinisekisa lokhu ecaleni lika-1907 [[FL:0]] ukubuza . City of Pittsburgh[[FL:1], iphethe leyomibuso ilawula ngokuphelele amasipala ayo.

Nokho, umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni uvame ukuveza izikhundla eziphawulekayo kohulumeni bendawo ngamalungiselelo okubusa kwekhaya. Ukubusa kwasekhaya kunikeza idolobha noma isifunda igunya lokudlulisa imithetho yayo, ukulawula izindaba zendawo, nokuphakamisa inzuzo, uma lezo zenzo zingangqubuzani nomthetho kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo we-Alaska unikeza noma imuphi uhulumeni othatha umthetho wekhaya, kuyilapho umthetho wesizwe waseCalifornia unikeza amadolobha ukuba anikeze imithetho engokomthetho esemthethweni wendlu, kuyilapho umthetho wemithetho kamasipala ogunyaza amadolobha cishe aphelele emicimbi yezindaba zikamasipala. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba izindawo zokulungisa izinqumo zivumela izidingo zazo ezikhethekile cishe zibekwe njengeholo elilinganiselwe, ukuqondisa ukuqasha okufushane kwezikhathi zokuhlala, noma ukuvimbela izikhwama kwepulasitiki ngaphandle kwemvume yombuso wezwe.

Izinkinga Zezenhlalo Nezimiso: Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Njengezinkonzo Zemithetho

Ngenxa yokuthi imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni kulula ukuqeda nokuningiliziwe, ngokuvamile iba indawo yempi yezimpikiswano ezinkulu zezenhlalo nezimiso. UMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. awunakusho lutho ngezimpikiswano eziningi zesimanje, ushiya amazwe ukuze agcwalise leligebe () futhi imithetho yawo yemithetho ngokuvamile ibonisa imimoya yezombangazwe edlangile yombuso ngamunye.

Izibonelo zezimiso zomphakathi ezifakwe emithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni zihlanganisa:

  • Ukubekwa ngokomthetho kweMarijuana: umthetho-mthetho kazwelonke ongaphezu kwe 20 manje unolimi oluvumela insangu yezokwelapha noma eyokuzijabulisa, ngokuvamile ngezindlela zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, iSimemezelo seSimemezelo 64 (202) esisemthethweni sokuzijabulisa si-cannabis futhi sakha uhlelo lokuqondisa.
  • Ukulawula: [ISichibiyelo sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ingabeka imingcele eyengeziwe noma iqinisekise ngokucacile ilungelo lezo izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezichaza kabanzi. Ngo-2018, isilinganiso sokuphakamisa inkathi yokuthenga izibhamu eFlorida samiswa njengoshintsho lwemithetho, kodwa izifunda ezimbalwa ziye zacabangela ukuqedwa komthetho-mthethweni okungasusa imithetho emithetho elawula imithetho yezibhamu.
  • Ikhasi lobukhazikhazi: Ngo-2010] Ngo-2010, abavoti eMassachusetts bagunyaza ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo, kamuva okugunyaziwe njengesisekelo somthetho wenguquko yempilo kahulumeni, odinga ukuba cishe zonke izakhamuzi zibe nomshuwalense wempilo. Muva nje, izikhulu zikaColorado noMaine zisungule izinyathelo zokwenza imishuwalense yempilo yomphakathi.

Lamalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo angavala isimiso amashumi eminyaka, ayenze kube nzima ukuguqula umthetho ovamile. Lokhu kunezinzuzo nezingqinamba: abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ivikela izimiso ezithandwayo ekungeneni kwemithetho, kuyilapho abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi izindaba eziphikisanayo ezingokomthetho zibangela ukuyekethisa nokuzivumelanisa.

Umlando: Kusukela Ezakhiweni Zamakhosi Kuya Ekubukekeni Kwanamuhla

Imithetho-mthetho yokuqala kahulumeni yabunjwa phakathi neNguquko yaseMelika, ngokuvamile njengokulahlwa okuqondile kwegunya lobukhosi. Ngokwesibonelo, iMassachusetts, yamukela umthetho-sisekelo wayo ngo 1780 ngemva kwenqubo eyayihlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwedolobha ngedolobha ngabantu − isibonelo esathonya i-Constitution kahulumeni. Imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo eminingi yakuqala yaboleka kakhulu ethafeni, ilondoloza amalungelo anjengawokuqulwa yijaji nenkululeko yenkolo.

Ikhulu le-19 nelama-20 laletha amagagasi ohlelo lomthetho-mthetho ohlaziyiwe. Inkathi kaJackson yathola amalungiselelo okunciphisa izakhiwo ezifanele ukuvota nokukhetha abahluleli kunokuba bamiswe. I-Earrowrows yanikeza izinguquko zezimiso eziqondile zentando yeningi njengenyathelo lokuqala ne-hendendium, kanye nesivikelo sezisebenzi kanye nezinyathelo zokulwa nokonakala. Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, izifunda zaseNingizimu zibuyisela imithetho yazo yokuhlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga nokulahla imingcele yesizwe nefa elithathe ikhulu leminyaka ukugumbuqela ngemithetho yesizwe nemithetho yeNkantolo ephakeme.

Namuhla, imithetho-mthetho yombuso iyaqhubeka iyizincwadi eziphilayo ezibonisa izinto ezingokomlando nezisendaweni. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe aseNtshonalanga avame ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo amanzi anemininingwane ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamanzi esimweni sezulu esomile, kuyilapho amazwe ase-Mpumalanga Coast enemithetho emidala eye yashintshwa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Lokhu kubekwa komthetho - sisekelo wombuso ngamunye kwenza ulwembu oluyingqayizivele lokuziphendukela kwawo kwezombangazwe namasiko.

Incazelo Yokwahlulela: Izifunda Zombuso Ezizimele

Enye yemibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile inganakiswe, “‘ ukuphikisana phakathi kwemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni nohulumeni kuyindlela izinkantolo eziyichaza ngayo. INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ingumsunguli wokugcina woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., futhi izinqumo zayo ngemibuzo kahulumeni zibopha zonke izinkantolo zikahulumeni. Nokho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinezwi lokugcina ngencazelo yemithetho-mthetho yezwe yazo, uma nje lezo zingeke ziwuphule umthetho kahulumeni noma uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.

Lesi simiso sezindawo zikahulumeni ezanele nezizimele sivumela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba zinikeze isivikelo esikhulu samalungelo abantu kunaleyo ingenza. Ngokwesibonelo, iSihlalo esiphezulu seSizwe seWashington siye sachaza iziphakamiso zaso zomthetho-mthethweni eziyimfihlo zikahulumeni ukuze zinikeze isivikelo esikhulu ekuhlolweni okungagunyaziwe kweSichibiyelo sesine. Ngokufanayo, iNkantolo yaseNew York yamacala adluliswayo ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe owezwe wonke obekwe i-uhulumeni.

Amajaji ezwe asebenza futhi ngaphansi kwezindlela zokukhetha ezihlukene namajaji angohulumeni, angathonya izindlela zabo zokuchaza. Nakuba amajaji kahulumeni emiswa ukuze aphile, amajaji amaningi ombuso abhekene nokhetho ngezikhathi ezithile noma amavoti angaphakathi, okungawenza asabelele ngokwengeziwe embonweni womphakathi. Lokhu kungaholela ekumiseni imithetho engokomthetho eshintsha kakhulu izindinganiso zokhetho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwemithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Kubafundi bakahulumeni waseMelika, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni oqondayo ayiyona indaba ye-trivia(ibalulekile) ekuqondeni ukuthi i-United States isebenza kanjani ngempela. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. unikeza isimiso esilawulayo, imithetho-mithetho kahulumeni inquma imithetho yosuku lonke elawula izikole, izintela, imibuso yamaphoyisa, namalungelo abantu. Iningiliswe kakhulu, ilungiswe, futhi isabela ngokuqonde ngokwengeziwe kubantu abakhonzayo.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwalezizingqimba ezimbili zomthetho-sisekelo kusho ukuthi ilungelo elidunyiswayo kwelinye izwe lingase lingabikho kwesinye. Kusho futhi ukuthi izifunda zingaqhubeka zisebenza njengezindawo zokuhlaziywa kwezimiso ezintsha, zizama izindlela ezintsha zemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ubulungisa bobugebengu, nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile. Ngokuqhathanisa imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni noMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., sizuza ukwazisa okukhulu ngesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi, esihloniphekile esichaza ukubusa kwaseMelika.

Ukuze ifunde ngokuqhubekayo, i- Cornell Legin Information Institute ilondoloza ingobo yomlando obanzi womthetho-mthetho wezwe nezinguquko. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yeMithetho yeSizwe [ inikeza imininingwane eningiliziwe ngokuthatha isinyathelo kanye nezinqubo zokuhlola ezisetshenziswa ekususeni umthetho wezwe. Izazi zezazi zesayensi zingahlola umsuka walemibhalo ngeqoqo leRekodial Revolution yezwe yekoloni ne-Romatilty yezwelonethi ne-[[FLTLT:5]].