Isizathu Sokuba Lo Mcimbi Uhluke Ekuphileni Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho ushayela imoto, ukhokha izintela, uthumela umntwana esikoleni, noma uvakashela udokotela, usebenzelana nohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni. Nokho izakhamuzi eziningi zizama ukuchaza ukuthi isigaba ngasinye senzani ngempela. Lokhu kudideka kuyaqondakala. Imingcele ephakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nohulumeni iye yashintsha emakhulwini amabili eminyaka emlandweni waseMelika, futhi iyaqhubeka ishintsha ngezinqumo zenkantolo, umthetho, nengxoxo yezombangazwe.

Ukuqonda ukuthi ubani owenza okukusiza wazi ukuthi ungaqondisa kuphi imibuzo, izikhalo, noma izicelo zosizo. Kukusiza futhi ukuba uqonde izimpikiswano zezombangazwe ozizwayo ezindabeni. Lapho umbusi enqaba isiqondiso sikahulumeni noma uKhongoloshe udlulisa umthetho othinta wonke umbuso, wazi uhlaka lomthetho - sisekelo olusekela lezizenzo kwenza ube nombono wakho siqu.

Lesiqondiso siphula ohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni ngolimi olulula. Uzofunda ukuthi isigaba ngasinye siphetheni, ukuthi siphi, nokuthi kungani ukuhlukana kwamandla kwaklanywa ngendlela okwakuyiyo. Ekupheleni, uyoba nolwazi olusebenzayo lwesinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zokubusa kwaseMelika.

Uhulumeni Kahulumeni: Wakhelwe Izinkinga Zesizwe

Uhulumeni wamazwe wasungulwa ukuba uxazulule izinkinga okungekho simo esisodwa esingazisingatha sodwa. Ngaphambi kokuba uMthetho-sisekelo ugunyazwe ngo-1788, iTheage of Confederation yasungula igunya elibuthakathaka eliyinhloko elingenakukwazi ukumisa ibutho, ukulawula ezohwebo zamazwe ahlukene, noma ukuphoqelela. Abahleli be-freams eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo baklama uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla aqinile, onezigaba ezithile.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 8 yoMthetho-sisekelo ihlela amandla anikezwa uMkhandlu. Lezi zihlanganisa amandla okukhokha imali, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa amabutho, ukulawula izifundazwe nezizwe, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi, ukunikeza imvume, nentela ye-levy. I-Edict and Sed Clause ekupheleni kweCandelo 8 inikeza uMkhandlu igunya lokushaya imithetho edingekayo yokufeza amandla awo ahlukene. Lombhalo ube isisekelo sokwanda okukhulu kukahulumeni wezwe lonke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

ISichibiyelo seshumi sigcine yonke imibuso engaphathiswa uhulumeni kahulumeni noma abantu. Lokhu kulungisa kuyikhothamo lomthetho - sisekelo legunya likahulumeni nesizathu sokuba uhulumeni kahulumeni ube olinganiselwe, hhayi ovamile.

Amagatsha Amathathu, Uhulumeni Owodwa

Ukuze kuvinjelwe noma iyiphi ingxenye kahulumeni ukuba ibe namandla kakhulu, uMthetho - sisekelo uhlukanisa igunya emagatsheni amathathu alinganayo.

  • Igatsha elinomthetho: Congress, eyakhiwe yindlu yabameleli neSigele, iyabhala futhi idlulise imithetho. Indlu imelela izigodi ezisekelwe kubantu, kuyilapho iSigeqe sinikeza umbuso ngamunye izimemezeli ezimbili kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi iningi liyolingana futhi liphethe ukulingana.
  • Igatsha eliphetheyo: UMongameli, uMongameli, uMphathi-mandla, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zimisa imithetho edluliswa yi-Congress. UMongameli uyala futhi ukuba izivumelwano zezempi, izingxoxo, futhi amise abahluleli bakahulumeni. Izinhlangano eziphethe njenge-Divince of Education, i-Evironmental Protection Agency, kanye noMnyango Wezokuvikelwa Kwezimo Ezungezile zenza izindawo ezithile zesimiso esithile.
  • Igatsha lobuJudicial: Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, eziholwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, zichaza imithetho futhi ziyibukeze ngomthetho-sisekelo. Amajaji ahlangene amiselwe ukuphila ukuze aqinisekise ukuzimela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Amandla eNkantolo Ephakeme okuhlolwa kokwahlulela, asungulwe ecaleni Marbury v. Madison[, ayivumela ukuba ikhiphe imithetho ephula umthetho omthetho.

Lokho Uhulumeni Olwela Uhulumeni Okukwenzelayo

Igunya le-Federal Administration lihlela izinga lokuphila kwakho ngezindlela ongase ungacabangi ngazo. Uma uthumela incwadi, i-Postal Service yase-U. Uma uhamba ngendiza, i-Federal Aviation Administration ibeka izinga lokuphepha. Uma uthenga ukudla esitolo, i-Food ne Drug Administration iqinisekisa ukuthi iphephile. Ukuvikela kwezenhlalakahle, iMedicare, ne-Medicaid kuyizinhlelo zikahulumeni ezinikeza inzuzo yemali kanye nezokunakekela impilo kwabaholi abaholi abahliswayo nabangenayo eMelika. Impi yamasosha, izinzuzo, ukugcinwa kwezokuthutha, ukuthunyelwa kwezindawo, kanye nenkambi yemithetho yamazwe angaphandle kuyimisebenzi yombuso.

Uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza izimali ezisendabeni zezindawo ngezipho. Lezi zibonelelo ngokuvamile zivela ngezimo ezithi shí umthetho kahulumeni olawulayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izimali zemigwaqo emikhulu zisetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza amazwe ukuba aphakamise iminyaka yokuphuza engokomthetho ibe ngu-21. Lendlela ye-carrot-palt yenza uhulumeni asebenzise izinqumo zikahulumeni ezinqunyweni zikahulumeni ezindaweni lapho engenalo igunya eliqondisa umthetho.

Ohulumeni BoMbuso: Izisebenzi Zentando Yeningi

Ohulumeni boMbuso basondelene kakhulu nabantu. Basingatha izinkonzo zansuku zonke ezibumba umphakathi wakho nesimiso sakho. Umbuso ngamunye unomthetho-mthetho wawo, isishaya-mthetho sawo, umbusi wawo, nesimiso sawo siqu senkantolo. Ngenxa yokuthi amazwe aphethe amandla amakhulu amaphoyisa okuvikela impilo, ukuphepha, nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zawo anenkululeko enkulu yokuzama izimiso ezihlukene.

Indlela Ohulumeni Bombuso Abahlelwa Ngayo

Izwe ngalinye ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska linendlu yomthetho ye-bamaral, okusho amagumbi amabili. Izifunda eziningi zinendlu neSigebengu, ezifana nesibonelo sikahulumeni. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zivame ukuba nengxenye yesikhathi futhi zisebenzisa izintambo ezimfushane kunamalungu eSishaya-Mkhandlu. Lokhu kuwenza ahlale ehlobene kakhulu nezinkinga zendawo.

Umbusi uyinhloko wesifundazwe, onomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho kahulumeni kanye nokuphatha izikhungo zikahulumeni. Ohulumeni banamandla okusayina noma ukuqondisa umthetho kahulumeni, ukukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu, nokuyala izikhulu zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo zisingatha amacala amaningi angokomthetho e-United States, kuhlanganise nokumangalelwa komthetho, ukungezwani komkhaya, ukuvumelana, nokulimaza komuntu siqu.

Lokho Ohulumeni Bombuso Abakubusayo

Igunya likahulumeni lihlanganisa izinto eziningi ezithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke.

  • Imfundo:[ i- States imisa izindinganiso zohlelo lwezifundo, othisha abaqinisekisiwe, kanye nokunikezela ngemali ezikoleni zomphakathi. Izifunda zendawo zisebenzisa lezi zimiso, kodwa umbuso umisa uhlelo.
  • I-transport: Amazwe ayakha futhi alondoloze imigwaqo emikhulu, amalayisense omshayeli, futhi amise imithetho yezimoto. Uhulumeni unikeza izimali futhi ubeke izindinganiso zokuphepha ezisekelwe kusisekelo, kodwa uhulumeni unquma isilinganiso sesivinini, i-DUI, nezimfuneko zokulawula.
  • Umthetho wobugebengu: Ubugebengu obuningi buwubugebengu bamazwe. Ukweba, ukuhlasela, ukubulala, nokubulala, nezidakamizwa kuqulwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Amaphoyisa kahulumeni namaphoyisa omthetho wendawo asingatha ukuphenya. Uhulumeni uqulisa kuphela amacala anqamule imigqa yesifundazwe noma eyenzeka ezindaweni zikahulumeni.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukunakekela kobuphekula: Amazwe alawula odokotela, izibhedlela, nezinkampani zomshuwalense. Asebenzisa izinhlelo zeMedicaid kanye nohulumeni kahulumeni wezwe futhi abeke imithetho eminingi yomshuwalense wempilo othengiselwa emingceleni yawo.
  • Umthetho womkhaya:, isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, nokutholwa kulawulwa umthetho kahulumeni. Yingakho izimfuneko zomshado nezinqubo zesehlukaniso zihluka ngokwezwe ngezwe.
  • [ iproject nezivumelwano: ukuthengiselana kwezindawo, ubudlelwane bomninindlu, ifa, nezivumelwano zebhizinisi ziyizici zonke zomthetho kazwelonke.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Esisebenzayo

ISichibiyelo seshumi asisona isikhumbuzo sokunika amandla ezindawo kodwa isikhumbuzo sokuthi amandla anganikezwanga uhulumeni kahulumeni akagcinwanga. Lokhu kuye kwavumela amazwe ukuba aqale kabusha ngezindlela eziye zathonya isimiso sombuso. Ngokwesibonelo, izifunda zikahulumeni eziye zazama ukukhokhela izisebenzi, umshuwalense wokungasebenzi, nemithetho elinganiselwe ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni athathe imithetho efanayo. Izibonelo zamuva zihlanganisa isenzo sombuso sokuthola insangu esemthethweni, ikhefu lomkhaya elikhokhelwayo, kanye nemininingwane. Le mizamo kahulumeni inikeza ubufakazi bangempela bezwe obungazisa impikiswano yesizwe.

Lapho Umbuso Wamazwe Namazwe Awonga Khona

Izindawo eziningi zokuphila kwaseMelika zihilela kokubili ukusebenza ndawonye, ngezinye izikhathi ngokuvumelanayo futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezimpini.

Amandla Akhona

Imibuso ehlangene yileyo ephethwe yikho kokubili uhulumeni kahulumeni nezifundazwe. Zombili zingakhokha izintela ze-levy, ziboleke imali, zisungule izinkantolo, amabhange omthetho-sisekelo, futhi zakhe isisekelo sesisekelo. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni azinakuphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni uma uhulumeni kahulumeni esebenza ngaphakathi kwegunya lakhe lomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukubambisana

Kusukela ngawo-1930, uhulumeni wamazwe waqala ukusebenza eduze kakhulu nezindawo ngezimali, ngezinhlelo ezihlanganyelwe, nangokuqondisa. Lesi sibonelo, ngezinye izikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi i-constinationism, sibusa namuhla. UMedicaid uyisibonelo esivelele. Uhulumeni umisa izimfuneko zesisekelo futhi unikeze izimali ezihambelanayo, kuyilapho imibuso iklama futhi isebenzise izinhlelo zayo ngokwayo phakathi kwalezo ziqondiso. Umphumela uyisizinda sezwe esinezinhlangothi eziphawulekayo zendawo.

Uvivinyo Oluyisilinganiso

Lapho imithetho kahulumeni nombuso ingqubuzana, i-Supremacy Claus eSiphakamiso VI soMthetho-sisekelo yenza umthetho kahulumeni ube mkhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni osemthethweni ungawususa umthetho kahulumeni endabeni efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wezwe owehlayo uvala imizamo eminingi yombuso yokumisa umthetho wokufuduka. Umthetho we-federal arreclage uvimbela abantu abanamacala okubalekela izikweletu ngezindlela ezihlukile kumthetho kahulumeni. I-Preastrion ingumthombo wokuzigeqendulo eziqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengemithetho yendawo ezungezile, i-temmuneticles, nezinkonzo zezimali.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Ezikuthintayo

Imiqondo efiphele iba sobala uma uyibona isebenza. Nazi izindawo eziningana lapho ukuhlukanisa kwezwe nombuso kuthinta khona ulwazi lwakho.

Intela

Ukhokha kokubili intela yeholo kahulumeni neyasesifundazweni. Uhulumeni usebenzisa isimiso sentela esiqhubekayo esinamazinga asukela ku-10 kuya ku-37. Izwe liphinde likhokhe intela, kodwa amazinga nezinqola ziyahlukahluka. Ezinye izifunda ezingenayo intela yeholo. Izintela zinguhulumeni ngokuyinhloko, ezinamanani asukela kumaphesenti angaphansi kwamahlanu kuya kwayishumi kuye ngokuthi uhlalaphi. Intela yempahla isendaweni, kodwa ihlela imithetho yokuhlola nokuqoqa. Ukuqonda izinga elingakanani lokuqoqa intela okusiza ukuba ubone lapho imali yakho ihamba khona kanye nongathintana khona nemibuzo.

Ukunakekelwa kwempilo

I-Affordble Care Act yakha uhlelo lukahulumeni lomshuwalense wempilo, kodwa izifundazwe zinikeza izimakethe zazo noma izinhlelo ze-mishuwalense e-gunjini likahulumeni. I-Medicaid ixhaswe i-all, futhi amazwe ahlanganisa amaphesenti angu-40 ezindleko ngokwesilinganiso. Amazwe anwebisa iMedicaid ngaphansi kwe-ACA emboza abantu abadala abahlawulwa imali ephansi kakhulu kunalawo angahlawulwanga. Lokhu kudala umehluko wangempela ekutholeni kosizo lwempilo kuye ngokuthi uhlalaphi.

Imfundo

Uhulumeni unikeza cishe amaphesenti angu-8 emali yesikole somphakathi ngezinhlelo ezinjengesihloko I ne-Arevens on Disease Education Act. Kodwa amazwe nezifunda zendawo anikeza ezinye futhi enze izinqumo eziningi mayelana nezifundo, izitifiketi zothisha, nezimfuneko zokuthweswa iziqu. Umthetho kaFederal uvimbela ukucwaswa kwemfundo, kodwa unquma indlela yokufundisa umlando, isayensi, nokufunda.

Gcila

Ilayisense yakho yokushayela ikhishwa yizwe lakho. Imithetho yemoto, isilinganiso sesivinini, kanye nezikhathi zokuvuselelwa kwemvume zihluka kakhulu. Uhulumeni uhlela izinga lokuphepha lezimoto futhi unikeza izimali emigwaqweni emikhulu ezihambisana nezimo, kodwa imithetho yangempela yomgwaqo umthetho kahulumeni. Yingakho imvume evela komunye umbuso isebenza kwenye, kodwa imithetho eqondile oyilandelayo uma weqa umngcele wezwe.

Umshado Nomkhaya

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngo 2015 owell v. Hodges yamisa ilungelo lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kumshado ofanayo, kodwa imithetho yomshado yosuku lonke ihlala ikhona. Amazwe abeka izimfuneko zobudala, ukulinda, nenqubo yesehlukaniso. Ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukusekela nokutholwa kusingathwa ngokuphelele ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Umthetho Wesigebengu

Imithetho eminingi yobugebengu iyimithetho kahulumeni. Uma ukhohliswa ngenxa yejubane, uphula umthetho kahulumeni. Uma umangalelwa ngokweba noma ngokuhlasela, uhulumeni uyakumangalela. Umthetho womthetho we-Federal uhlanganisa kuphela izindawo ezithile njengokushushumbisa izidakamizwa emigqeni yombuso, ukukhwabanisa ngeposi, nobugebengu ezimpahla zikahulumeni. Isenzo esifanayo ngezinye izikhathi singaphula kokubili umthetho kahulumeni nokahulumeni, siholele ekumangalelweni ngokwehlukene ezimisweni zenkantolo ezihlukene.

Isihluthulelo Sokungafani Kwezinto Ezincane

Umehluko phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni nokahulumeni ungafingqwa ngendlela engokoqobo ethinta ukusebenzelana kwakho kwansuku zonke nohulumeni.

  • Imithetho ye-Fotal isebenza ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezingamashumi amahlanu. Imithetho yoMbuso isebenza kuphela phakathi kwemingcele kahulumeni. Umthetho kahulumeni mayelana nokuphepha emsebenzini usebenza kunoma imuphi umqashi ezweni. Umthetho kahulumeni ophathelene nekhefu elikhokhelwayo usebenza kuphela kulowombuso.
  • Umthombo wamandla: uhulumeni kahulumeni unamandla anikezwa nguMthetho-sisekelo kuphela. Amazwe anamandla okuthatha isinyathelo sempilo, ukuphepha, nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zawo, okulinganiselwe kuphela nguMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho kahulumeni.
  • Inqubo yokwenza umthetho: imithetho ye-Foderal kumele idlulise womabili amakamu oMkhandlu futhi isayinwe nguMongameli. Imithetho yoMbuso kumele idlulise isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni futhi isayinwe ngumbusi. Inqubo iyefana ehlelweni kodwa ngokuvamile iyashesha kakhulu ezingeni lombuso.
  • Ukuvumelana:[ Ohulumeni boMbuso basondelene nabavoti futhi bangasabela ngokushesha kakhulu ezidingweni zendawo. Ukubekwa kwemithetho ye-compal kuyacotha futhi akunawo amasu, kuklanyelwe ukwakha ukuvumelana okukhulu ngaphambi kokuthinta sonke isizwe.
  • Isinqumo se-Confublict: lapho imithetho kahulumeni nombuso iphikisana, kuphuma umthetho kahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme ingumthathi wokugcina walezimpikiswano.

Okwenza Lolu Lwazi Lubaluleke Ukuba Izakhamuzi

Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni nombuso akuyona nje indlela yemfundo. Kukusiza ukwazi ukuthi ubani ongashaya ucingo lapho unenkinga. Imbobo esemgwaqweni wendawo iyindaba yedolobha. Inkinga ngezinzuzo ze-Social Security iyimbangela kahulumeni. Ukukhononda ngodokotela kuyimpikiswano kahulumeni. Ukuqondisa ukukhathazeka kwakho ezingeni elifanele likahulumeni kulondoloza isikhathi nokukhungatheka.

Lolu lwazi lukusiza futhi ukuba uhlaziye iziphakamiso zezombangazwe. Uma umuntu ozocela ukubhapathizwa ethembisa ukushintsha isimiso semfundo noma ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukwazi ukuthi lolo shintsho lungavela eWashington noma enhloko - dolobha yombuso ikusiza ukuba uhlole ukuthi lesi sithembiso siyiqiniso yini. Uma uhulumeni wezwe ugunyaza okuthile ongavumelani nakho, ukuqonda iSichibiyelo seshumi kukunika uhlelo lokuphikisa ukuthi indaba kufanele ishiyelwe ezindaweni ezithile.

Okokugcina, ukuqonda uhulumeni kukusiza ukuba uqonde umklamo wesimiso saseMelika. Abakhi bezakhiwo bakha isakhiwo esilinganisela ubunye besizwe nenkululeko yendawo. I-odolesta ingazama, ivumelanise, futhi ibonise izindinganiso zendawo kuyilapho uhulumeni wezwe unikeza isisekelo samalungelo afanayo nokulondeka kwesizwe. Lokho kulinganisela kuhlolwa njalo futhi kuphinde kuhlungwe, okungakho kukhi izindaba zezakhamuzi ezinolwazi manje kunanini ngaphambili.

Ukufunda Okwengeziwe

Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngohulumeni bamazwe nombuso, vakashela USA.gov ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okungokomthetho ngezinhlelo nezinkonzo zikahulumeni. Ikhonrever.Gov[ inikeza umnyango wewebhusayithi we-guvertive ne-Congregation Record. Ukwaziswa okungaqondakali, i-' Conference of State Legistures inikeza imithombo yemithetho yezwe nezimiso zezenteko zezomthetho namasiko afinyelela kumashumi amahlanu amahlanu.