Table of Contents

Izinkantolo ziyizinhlangano eziyisisekelo kunoma yimuphi umphakathi wentando yeningi, ezisebenza njengesisekelo sesimiso sobulungisa futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ihunyushwa, isetshenziswa, futhi igcinwa ngokulunga.

Zibaluleke Ngani Izinkantolo Futhi Kungani Zibalulekile?

Izinkantolo zinikeza indlela yokuthula yokunquma izimpikiswano zomuntu siqu abantu abangenakuzixazulula. Ngaphandle kwalendima eyisisekelo, izinkantolo zifeza izinjongo eziningi ezibucayi emphakathini. Zichaza imithetho edluliswa yizishaya-mthetho, zixazulula izingxabano phakathi kwabantu nezinhlangano, zivikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni awasetshenziswa ngokuthanda ukulwa nezakhamuzi.

Umthwalo oyinhloko wegatsha lokwahlulela uwukunikeza inkundla engakhethiyo yesinqumo sokuxabana, esiqinisekisa umthetho nesivikelo samalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma unenkinga engokomthetho (‘ futhi kuyimpikiswano nomakhelwane, icala lobugebengu, indaba yomkhaya, noma ukungavumelani nenhlangano kahulumeni) kunikeza inqubo ehlelekile, elungile yokuxazulula leyondaba esekelwe emithethweni nasebufakazini obumisiwe.

Izinkantolo zikhona ukuze zifeze izinjongo eziningana ezihlangene. Izinkantolo zikhona ukuze zenze ubulungisa, ziqinisekise inkululeko, zithuthukise ukuhleleka kwezenhlalo, zixazulule izingxabano, zigcine umthetho, zinikeze isivikelo esifanayo, futhi ziqinisekise inqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Ngazinye zalezi zinjongo zifeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni umphakathi osebenzayo lapho abantu bengase baphile khona, basebenze khona, futhi basebenzelane ngokuqiniseka ukuthi amalungelo abo ayoba avikelwe.

Imisebenzi Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Ebalulekile Yezinkantolo

Ukuqonda le misebenzi kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi isimiso sokwahlulela siyinkimbinkimbi futhi sibaluleke kangakanani.

Ukuhumusha Nokusebenzisa UMthetho

Igatsha lokwahlulela linegunya lokunquma ukuba ngokomthetho - sisekelo kwemithetho kahulumeni nokuxazulula amanye amacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni. Lamandla okubukeza ukwahlulela angomunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yezinkantolo, eqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho idluliswa izishaya - mthetho nezenzo ezithathwa izikhulu zikahulumeni zivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo.

Lapho izinkantolo zichaza imithetho, zihlola ulimi lwemithetho, zicabangela inhloso yabenzi bomthetho, zibukeze izenzakalo zamacala adlule, futhi zisebenzise izimiso zomthetho ezimweni ezithile ezingokoqobo.

Ukuxazulula Izingxabano Nezingxabano

Le mpi yesinqumo ihlanganisa izingxabano eziningi, kusukela ezimpikiswaneni ezincane ezingezona ezisezingeni eliphansi ezihilela imingcele yempahla kuya ezimpikiswaneni ezinkulu zezentengiselwano ezihilela izigidi zamaRandi, kusukela ekuphazanyisweni kwezimoto kuya emacaleni angathi sína ecala lezingane, kanye nasemibangweni eyinkimbinkimbi yomthetho - sisekelo.

Izinkantolo zesigodi zixazulula izimpikiswano ngokunquma amaqiniso nokusebenzisa umthetho kulawo maqiniso. Le nqubo yokuthola nokwenza umthetho iyinhloko yalokho okwenziwa izinkantolo nsuku zonke. Abahluleli namajaji balalela ubufakazi, bahlola ukuthembeka kofakazi, banqume ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela esimweni esiphikisanayo, bese besebenzisa imithetho ethintanayo ukuze bafinyelele isinqumo.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Nenkokhelo Kanye

Izinkantolo zivikela abantu ekusebenziseni amandla kahulumeni ngobugovu. lomsebenzi ovikelayo ubalulekile emphakathini wentando yeningi. Izinkantolo zisebenza njengenhlolo - vo egunyeni likahulumeni, ziqinisekisa ukuthi amaphoyisa, abashushisi, izinhlangano zokuqondisa, kanye nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni zilandela izinqubo ezifanele futhi zihloniphe amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Izinqumo zenkantolo ezisekelwe ezivumelwaneni ezifanele zoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. zifuna ukuba kuthathwe izinyathelo eziqondile ekuqondiseni ukwahlulela kobugebengu ukuze umuntu avikeleke ekungeneleni okungafanele kuHulumeni. Lezi sivikelo zihlanganisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngokulunga, ilungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ukuvikelwa kokuphenywa okungacabangeli nokuquleka, nezinye izigwebo eziningi eziyisisekelo.

Ukulondoloza Ukuhleleka Komphakathi Nethemba Lomphakathi

Izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi umphakathi ubheka izahlulelo zobulungisa emacalani ngamanye. Ngaphandle kokunquma kahle, izinkantolo kumelwe ziqhube izinkantolo ngendlela egcina ukuthembela komphakathi esimisweni sobulungisa. Lokhu kusho ukusebenza ngokukhanyayo, uphatha wonke amaqembu ngenhlonipho, ulandela izinqubo ezimisiwe, futhi uchaze izinqumo ngokucacile.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zilandela imithetho nezinqubo ukuze zivikele amalungelo abantu, zisekele umthetho, futhi zigcine ukuhleleka emphakathini. Uma izinkantolo zisebenza kahle, zineqhaza ekuzinzeni komphakathi ngokunikeza izimiso eziqinisekile, ezilungile zokuxazulula izingxabano futhi zibeke abenzi bobubi icala.

Ukuqonda Ukwakhiwa Kwesimiso Senkantolo

I-United States inesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi senkantolo esingase sidida izakhamuzi ezingajwayelene nesimiso sayo. Asikho isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu kulelizwe. Sinezimiso eziningi ezifanayo ezihlukile ngazinye. Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo kubalulekile ekutholeni ukuthi yisiphi inkantolo esisingatha amacala ahlukahlukene.

Izinkantolo Zombuso Ezimelene Nezinkantolo

Isimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika sihlukaniswa sibe yizimiso ezimbili zezinkantolo zenkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezihlangene. Imiqondo emibili eyisisekelo eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States ithinta isimo sokuhlela sezinkantolo eUnited States: ukwahlukana kwemibuso nohulumeni. Lesimiso esimbaxambili sibonisa isimo sikahulumeni waseMelika, lapho ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni benezigaba zabo zegunya.

Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala angokomthetho, kuhlanganise nezindaba zobugebengu, zesizwe, zomkhaya, nezizezomthetho. Eqinisweni, izinkantolo zikahulumeni, lapho kuqulwa khona amacala angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-70 minyaka yonke, kuqulwa khona amacala angaphezu kuka-95% e-United States. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ezindabeni eziningi zansuku zonke ezingokomthetho, amathikithi esehlukaniso, izimpikiswano zezehlukaniso, ukulimaza komuntu siqu, ukumangalelwa kwezigebengu eziningi, kanye nokubekwa kwezinkantolo zezindawo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinkantolo zeFederal zinemingcele elinganiselwe kakhulu. IziKhomishane ziye zamisa isimiso sokwahlulela esisezingeni le-Federal sokusabela emacala ezephulamthetho anjengezegebengu ze-Federal, ukuthumba, nokuthutha izimpahla ezebiwe ezijahilele uHulumeni. Zimbalwa kakhulu izenzo zobugebengu ezilawulwa yiFederal. Isibopho sokusabela emacalani amaningi siseMbusweni nasehulumeni wendawo. Izinkantolo zesifunda zibuye zisingathe amacala omphakathi ahilela imithetho kahulumeni, izingxabano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zemibuso ehlukene ehilela izilinganiso zemali, amacala kahulumeni wase-U.S.

Isakhiwo Senkantolo Esineziqu Ezintathu Esinesivinini

Engxenyeni enkulu yomhlaba, izimiso zenkantolo zihlukaniswa ngokwezingalo ezintathu: inkantolo equlwayo, eqala ngokuzwa amacala futhi icabangela ubufakazi obuyiqiniso nobufakazi obuvumelana nalelicala; okungenani inkantolo eyodwa ephakathi; nenkantolo ephakeme (noma inkantolo yokugcina) ngokuyinhloko ehlola izinqumo zezinkantolo eziphakathi, ngokuvamile ngesisekelo esiqondile. Lesi sakhiwo esinezingxenye ezintathu sikhona kokubili esimisweni sombuso nezimiso eziningi zikahulumeni.

Izinkantolo zesifunda: Izinkantolo zesifunda ziyizinkantolo ezivamile zesimiso senkantolo yombuso. Izinkantolo zesigodi zisingatha amacala phakathi kwesimiso senkantolo yezwe noma kokubili enkantolo yomphakathi naleyo engekho emthethweni. Ezingeni likahulumeni, izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala zingabizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme, izinkantolo zesifunda, noma ngamanye amagama axhomeke kuhulumeni. Lezi izinkantolo lapho amacala eqala khona, lapho ofakazi befakaza khona, lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, nalapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, nalapho kubekwa khona izinkantolo (lapho kusebenza) izinkantolo zecala.

Inkantolo e-Intermetate Appellate Applications: Kunezinkantolo ezingu-13 ezihlala ngaphansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., futhi zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zezicelo. Umsebenzi wenkantolo ye-appeltate uwukunquma ukuthi umthetho wasetshenziswa kahle yini enkantolo enkantolo equlweni noma ephethe. Izifundazwe eziningi futhi zinezinkantolo ezithatha izikhombo ezifanayo, zihlola izinqumo zenkantolo zecala ezingokomthetho.

Izinkantolo eziphezulu: Inkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu eUnited States. Umbuso ngamunye futhi unenkantolo yawo ephakeme kakhulu, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi inkantolo ephakeme yezwe. Lezinkantolo zinezwi lokugcina lokuchaza imithetho ngaphakathi kwemingcele yazo futhi zinelungelo lokunquma ukuthi yimaphi amacala ezizowalalela.

Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zezinkantolo Nezinsolo Zazo

Ukuqonda lezi zinhlobo ezihlukahlukene kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zazi ukuthi zingaziletha kuphi izindaba zazo ezingokomthetho nokuthi yini okufanele ziyilindele kule nqubo.

Izinkantolo Zezigebengu

Isimiso senkantolo sifeza indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokwahlulela, sifake isigwebo secala futhi sifake icala elingase libekwe icala lecala. Amacala ezigebengu angasukela eziphambekweni ezincane njengokuphula umthetho kwasemgwaqweni kuya eziphambaneni ezingathi sína njengokubulala, ukuphanga, noma ukukhwabanisa.

Ezinkantolo zobugebengu, uhulumeni (omelelwe abashushisi) kumelwe afakazele icala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo − indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi eklanyelwe ukuvikela abantu abangenacala ekumangalelweni okungalungile. Abalweli ezinkantolo zobugebengu banamalungelo amaningi omthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lommeli, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala, nelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi babo.

Futhi abahluleli ngokuvamile banecala lokugwetshwa emacaleni obugebengu. Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa eboshiwe, ngokuncenga icala noma ngokutholwa enecala ecaleni, umahluleli unquma isijeziso esifanele ohlwini oluvunyelwe umthetho, ecabangela izici ezifana nobuqatha bobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, nanoma yiziphi izimo ezibangela ukuthatheka noma ukukhubazeka.

Izinkantolo Zomphakathi

Izinkantolo zombango zisingatha izimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele − abantu abazimele, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano — lapho elinye iqembu lizisholo ukuthi lilinyazwe elinye futhi lifuna imbuyiselo noma amanye amakhambi. Amacala angaphakathi ahlanganisa inqwaba yezindaba, kuhlanganise nezimpikiswano zokulimala komuntu siqu, izingxabano zezindawo, ukucwasana ngempahla, ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi, ukungaphathi kahle kwezempilo, kanye nebhizinisi.

Ngokungafani nezindaba zobugebengu lapho abashushisi beshayela khona le nqubo, ezicabeni zomphakathi inkantolo inendima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqondiseni inqubo, ekumiseni isikhathi esimisiwe, ekuxazululeni izimpikiswano ezingokwezimo, nasekuxazululeni amacala ashukumisayo.

Indinganiso yobufakazi ezicabeni zomphakathi i"ukucabangela ubufakazi," okusho ukuthi umlahli kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwabo kwezenzakalo kuyiqiniso kakhulu kunezingesi("indinganiso ephansi kune-"Ngalé kokungabaza okunengqondo" ezicabeni zobugebengu. Amacala ombango anganqunywa abahluleli noma amajaji, kuye ngokuthi isiphi isici nentando yamaqembu.

Izinkantolo Zomkhaya

Lezinkantolo zisingatha isehlukaniso nokuhlukana, izimpikiswano zokuwinwa kwabantwana nokuvakashelwa, ukusekela izingane nokusekela izingane nokusekela izingane zomshado, ukutholwa, iziyalezo zobudlova basekhaya, amacala okuvikela inzala, nobuhlongandlebe bezingane.

Izinkantolo zemikhaya zivame ukuthatha indlela ehlukile kunamanye amankantolo, ziqaphela ukuthi izindaba zomkhaya zihilela ubuhlobo obuqhubekayo (ikakhulukazi lapho kuhileleke izingane) nokuthi umgomo ngokuvamile uwukuthola amakhambi asebenza kuwo wonke amalungu omkhaya kunokumane nje athi aphumelele futhi ahluliwe. Izinkantolo eziningi zomkhaya zinikeza izinkonzo zokuxhumana, amakilasi okufundisa ukuqeqesha, kanye neminye imithombo yokusiza imikhaya ukuba ixazulule izingxabano ngendlela eyakhayo.

Izinkantolo Eziphakamiso

Inkantolo edlulisa icala, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi inkantolo yokudlulisa amacala, inkantolo yokudlulisa icala, inkantolo yesenzakalo sesibili noma inkantolo yesibili, iyinoma iyiphi inkantolo yomthetho egunyazwe ukuzwa icala uma lidluliswa enkantolo equlweni lecala noma kwenye inkantolo ephansi. Izinkantolo zecala zifeza umsebenzi ohlukile kakhulu kunenkantolo equlwayo.

Ngokungafani nezinkantolo zamacala, izinkantolo ezithatha icala aziwaphikisi amacala noma zizwe ubufakazi obusha; azibuzwi ubufakazi; futhi akukho jaji. Kunalokho, izinkantolo zihlola umbhalo olotshiwe ovela enkantolo eqululweni lokuqulwa kwecala (imibhalo ebhalwe phansi ebhalwe ngobufakazi), zifakazele, futhi izinqumo zamajaji zinqume ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho awenziwa yini.

Izinkantolo zokuhlola izinselele zeziphetho ezinqunywe yinkantolo ukuze kubonwe ukuthi icala lalilungile yini futhi umthetho usetshenziswe ngokufanele. Uma inkantolo ithola ukuthi amaphutha amakhulu angokomthetho eyenzeka, ingasiguqula isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo, isenze sishintshe, noma ithumele icala enkantolo ukuze kuqulwe ezinye iziphakamiso.

Ukudlulisa amacala ngokuvamile kunqunywa amabhodi ahluleli amathathu awabelwe ngokuzenzekelayo. Lama-pane abukeza abhaliwe amafifu akhankanyiwe abameli bamacala, angazwa izimpikiswano zomlomo lapho abameli bephendula khona imibuzo yamajaji, bese ekhipha imibono ebhaliwe echaza izinqumo zabo.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Amagunya amaningi asungule izinkantolo ezikhethekile ukuze zisingathe izinhlobo ezithile zamacala ngokuphumelelayo. Kunezinkantolo ezikhokhwayo zase-U. izinkantolo zezezimali zase-U. 90 zeBhankiptacy zisiza abantu namabhizinisi angakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu zabo ukuba baqale kabusha. Ezinye izinkantolo ezikhethekile zihlanganisa izinkantolo zentela, izinkantolo zezentela (izindawo nentando), izinkantolo ezincane ezithi (ngezimpikiswano ezincane zomphakathi), izinkantolo zezidakamizwa, izinkantolo zempilo zengqondo, nezinkantolo zezezezemisebenzi emikhulu.

Lezi zinkantolo ezikhethekile zivame ukuhlanganisa ukuqulwa kwamacala angokomthetho nezinkonzo zokwelapha, izeluleko, noma okunye ukusekela ukuze kuxazululwe izindaba eziwumnyombo ezibangela izinkinga ezingokomthetho.

Indlela Izinkantolo Ezenza Ngayo Izinqumo: Inqubo Yokwahlulela

Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezenza ngayo izinqumo kuyasiza ekuqedeni inqubo yokwahlulela futhi kubonisa indlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo ukuze siqiniseke ukuthi siqotho futhi siyanemba.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Komthetho

Izinhlupheko ziyisici esiyinhloko senqubo yokwahlulela, lapho kunezinqumo eziphikiswayo futhi umthetho usebenza kulawo maqiniso. Ecaleni noma enkantolo ephakeme, umahluleli, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ijaji, lizwa ubufakazi nobufakazi futhi linqume icala ngokusebenzisa umthetho emaqinisweni alelicala. Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala ilandela izinqubo ezimisiwe eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zilungile futhi zinikeze nhlangothi zombili ithuba eligcwele lokuveza icala labo.

Ukuqulwa kwecala kuqala ngezinkulumo zokuvula, lapho ummeli ngamunye echaza lokho alindele ukuba ubufakazi bubonise khona. Ummangalelwa (emacaleni omphakathi) ube eseveza icala lakhe kuqala, ebiza ofakazi futhi eveza izincwadi noma obunye ubufakazi. Uhlangothi oluphikisayo lunganqamula ufakazi ngamunye, luphikise ubufakazi babo nokwethembeka.

Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa eqede ukunikeza ubufakazi, ukuzivikela kunethuba lokunikeza ofakazi bakho nobufakazi. Isikhulu noma ukushushisa kungadlula ofakazi abavikelayo. Ngemva kokuba sekunikezwe bonke ubufakazi, uhlangothi ngalunye lwenza izinkulumo zokuphetha zifushanise ubufakazi futhi zichaze ukuthi kungani kufanele banqobe.

Indima YabaHluleli

Ezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala, abahluleli (ababizwa ngokuthi amajaji kwezinye izimiso zikahulumeni) banomthwalo wemfanelo wokulondoloza ukuhleleka, banqume ukuthi ubufakazi obunikezwayo abunakufezeka, futhi banikeze iziyalezo kubahluleli ngokuphathelene nemithetho esebenzayo kulelicala. Abahluleli basebenza njengabahloli abangathathi hlangothi, beqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kuqhutshwa ngokufanelekile nangemithetho engokomthetho.

Abahluleli baqinisekisa imithetho yegunya lakhe nokulandela izinqubo namaqembu alandela umthetho. Abahluleli baqinisekisa imbangela okungenzeka ukuthi yabangezozelele, babusa ngebheyili efanelekile nangezimo zokudedelwa, bamise izinsuku zokuqulwa kwecala, bengamele zonke izikhangiso zenkantolo, futhi babeke izigwebo ngokuvumelana nezivumelwano, izimemezelo zoMnyango Wokulungisa, futhi basebenzise iziqondiso zeMinnesota. Lendima ehlukahlukene ifuna abahluleli babe nolwazi olubanzi olungokomthetho, ukwahlulela okunengqondo, nekhono lokusingatha izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ecaleni lasebhentshi (alukho ukwahlulela), amajaji anomthwalo wokuzwa amaqiniso ecala futhi anqume umphumela. Kulezi zimo, umahluleli usebenza njengawomathola yiqiniso nomenzi wesinqumo esingokomthetho, uhlola ukuthembeka kofakazi, uhlola ubufakazi, futhi asebenzise umthetho ukuze afinyelele isinqumo.

Indima Yamajukuthu

Abahluleli, izisebenzi zenkantolo, abameli, abahluleli, nezakhamuzi bonke banendima ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ubulungisa bunikezwa. AmaJuries amelela izwi lomphakathi enqubeni yokwahlulela, aletha imibono ehlukene nomqondo ohluzekile ekuhlolweni kobufakazi.

Ijaji eTennessee lihlanganisa izakhamuzi ezingu-12 ezikhethwe emarekhodini omphakathi, njengokubhaliswa kwevoti, ukuze zizwe ubufakazi futhi zenze isinqumo esisekelwe emaqinisweni endabeni ethile. Nakuba ubukhulu bamajaji nezinqubo zokukhetha zihlukahluka ngokwemithetho nangendlela yokulawula nohlobo lwecala, umqondo oyisisekelo uyaqhubeka: izakhamuzi ezivamile zibizwa ukuba zisebenze njengabatholi bamaqiniso emacaleni angokomthetho.

Kuwumsebenzi wabahluleli bamajaji noma abahluleli ukuba babheke ubufakazi mathupha, baqaphele ubufakazi, futhi baxazulule izimpikiswano nganoma yimaphi amaqiniso asekelwa ubufakazi ngokwenza iqiniso. Abaqondisi kumelwe balahle ubandlululo lwabo siqu, balandele iziyalezo zomahluleli emthethweni, futhi basekele isinqumo sabo ebufakazini obunikezwa enkantolo.

Izindinganiso Zobufakazi Nobufakazi

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlukene zobufakazi kuye ngohlobo lwecala. Ezicabeni zobugebengu, ummangalelwa kumelwe afakazele icala lommangalelwa "ngapha kwendinganiso enengqondo""""""" indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu engokomthetho waseMelika. Lendinganiso efuna okukhulu ibonisa imiphumela engathi sína yecala lobugebengu nesimiso sokuthi kungcono ukuvumela umuntu onecala ahambe ngokukhululekile kunokubeka isigwebo umuntu ongenacala.

Ezimweni zomphakathi, indinganiso isho "ubufakazi obuningi," okusho ukuthi umlahli kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwazo kwezenzakalo kuyiqiniso kakhulu kunezingango(izinto ezingokomlando), ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu%. Ezinye izenzakalo zomphakathi ezihilela ikakhulukazi izindaba ezingathi sína (njengokuqedwa kwamalungelo abazali) zingadinga "ubufakazi obucacile nobugculisayo," indinga phakathi kobuningi nobungaqinisekiyo.

Lezi mithetho ziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zisekelwe ekwazisweni okunokwethenjelwa, okufanelekile kunokuba zisekelwe ekuqageleni, ezindlebeni, noma ezintweni ezicwasayo. Abahluleli benza izinqumo eziningi phakathi nokuqulwa ngokuthi ubufakazi obuthile kufanele buvunywe yini, belinganisela ukubaluleka nokwethembeka kwabo ekucwaseni okungafanelekile.

Izifungo Nezahlulelo

Ngemva kokucabangela bonke ubufakazi nezimpikiswano, ijaji noma abahluleli bathatha isinqumo. Ecaleni labahluleli, emacaleni abahluleli ngasese, ngasese, baxoxa ngobufakazi futhi basebenzela ekuphetheni isinqumo esivumelanayo (ezicini eziningi zobugebengu nasemacala amaningi omphakathi) noma isinqumo esikhulu (kwezinye izimpikiswano zomphakathi). Isinqumo simelela ukunquma kwamajaji nokusebenza komthetho njengoba ufundiswe umahluleli.

Ekuqulweni kwecala ebhentshi, umahluleli angase akhiphe isinqumo ngokushesha ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala noma angathatha indaba "ngeseluleko" futhi abhale isinqumo kamuva. Abahluleli bachaza indlela yabo yokucabanga ngokubhalwe phansi, ikakhulukazi emacaleni anzima noma emacaleni ahilela izindaba ezibalulekile ezingokomthetho.

Isinqumo sokugcina sixazulula icala enkantolo, kodwa kungase kungabi ukuphela kwendaba. Izigebengu ezilahlekelwayo lapho kuqulwa icala ngokuvamile zinelungelo lokudlulisa icala, zifuna ukubukezwa yinkantolo ephakeme.

Inqubo Yokudlulisa Izikhalo: Ukubukeza Izinqumo Zenkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwecala

Ukuqonda indlela umsebenzi odluliswa ngayo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi lesi sivikelo esengeziwe esimisweni sobulungisa sivikela kanjani.

Izisekelo Zokukhanga

Isikhulu (impinda) sinomthwalo wokubonisa ukuthi inkantolo yamacala noma inhlangano yezomthetho yenza iphutha elingokomthetho elathinta isinqumo senkantolo yesifunda. Akuwona wonke amaphutha noma ukungavumelani nesinqumo senkantolo equlwayo okunikeza isisekelo sokudlulisa icala. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zimane zihlehlise izinqumo zenkantolo lapho amaphutha angokomthetho aphawulekayo eyenzeka okungenzeka ukuthi athinta umphumela.

Inkantolo ethatha isigwebo ibukeza izimpikiswano zomthetho de novo (okusho ukuthi, ngaphandle kokuzindela encazelweni yenkantolo ephansi) futhi ingahlehlisa noma ilungise isinqumo senkantolo ephansi uma inkantolo ephethe ikholelwa ngokwephutha inkantolo ephansi ngamaqiniso noma umthetho. Nokho, ezindaweni ezivamile zomthetho, inkantolo ehlola indaba yeqiniso ngokuvamile ibuyisela ukungezwani namaqiniso enkantolo enkantolo equlwayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkantolo zenkantolo eziphethe zithola izihlupho ezivamile ukuba zingawatholi okwesibili amajaji noma amajaji angenaphutha ngaphandle kokuba amajaji asobala.

Inqubo Yokubukeza Okuhlolwayo

Inkantolo yezikhalo yenza isinqumo sayo sisekelwe kuphela erekhodini lecala lenkantolo yecala noma lenhlangano. Inkantolo yezikhalo ayamukeli ubufakazi obengeziwe noma ilalele ofakazi. Kunalokho, amajaji ahlola amarekhodi obufakazi bokuqulwa kwecala, ahlola imiboniso evunyiweyo, futhi afunde izincazelo ezibhalweyo ezichaza ukuthi kungani isinqumo senkantolo secala kufanele siqinisekiswe noma sishintshwe.

Leliqembu elikhangayo, elibizwa ngokuthi isikhulumi, linikeza izimpikiswano zomthetho ebhodini ngencwadi emfushane, lifuna ukukholisa amajaji ukuthi inkantolo equlwayo noma inhlangano yezomthetho yenza iphutha elikhulu futhi isinqumo senkantolo kufanele sishintshwe. Iqembu elanqoba enkantolo equlweni, elaziwa ngokuthi i-astelle (noma i-ace relances force), liphikisa ekuphenduleni kafushane ukuthi inkantolo equlwayo ilungile noma ukuthi noma ukuthi noma iphutha lenziwa akumelwe nakancane elibalulekile ukuze lithinte umphumela.

Izinkantolo eziningi zizwa nezimpikiswano zomlomo, lapho abameli bohlangothi ngalunye beveza khona izikhundla zabo futhi baphendule imibuzo evela kubahluleli. Lezimpikiswano zomlomo zinikeza abahluleli ithuba lokuhlola ubuthakathaka ezimpikiswaneni zamaqembu futhi bahlole ukuthi isinqumo sabo singawathinta kanjani amacala esikhathi esizayo.

Izinqumo Zokuhloma Nethonya Lazo

Esikhathini esithile ngemva kokuzithoba kwempikiswano emfushane noma ngemva kwempikiswano edluliswayo, i-applate drupthing iyokhipha isinqumo, ngokuvamile ihambisana nombono ochaza incazelo yayo. Isinqumo singafinyelelwa ngevoti engu-3-0 noma 2-1. Isinqumo sizocabangela futhi sisebenzise noma iziphi izehlakalo ezihlobene nalezi – amacala anqunywe kakade yileyonkantolo noma iNkantolo Ephakeme.

Izinkantolo zecala zivame ukusingatha amacala angaphezu kuka-50 000 unyaka ngamunye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinqumo zenkantolo ezingokomthetho azixazululi icala elithile kuphela phambi kwazo kodwa futhi zimisa nezibonelo ezingokomthetho eziqondisa amacala esikhathi esizayo.

Lapho izinkantolo zenkantolo zithola ukuthi izinkantolo zenkantolo zenza amaphutha amakhulu, zingasihlehlisa ngokuphelele isinqumo, zisilungise, noma zilibuyisele emuva enkantolo enkantolo yecala ngenxa yesinqumo senkantolo esiqhubekayo. La makhambi aqinisekisa ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho ayalungiswa futhi amalungu athola ukwelashwa okulungile ngaphansi komthetho.

Abadlali Abayinhloko Enkantolo

Izinkantolo zisebenza ngemizamo ebumbene yochwepheshe abaningi abahlukahlukene, ngamunye enendima ehlukile ekuqondiseni ubulungisa.

Abashushisi Nezimfudu Zasesifundazweni

Ezicabeni zobugebengu, abashushisi bamelela uhulumeni futhi banecala lokumangalela abantu abamangalelwe ngobugebengu. I-Attorney yase-U.S. ingumshushisi oyinhloko kahulumeni wendawo yakhe. Esilinganisweni sikahulumeni, lezi zikhulu zingabizwa ngokuthi abameli besifunda, abameli besifundazwe, noma abameli besifundazwe.

Abashushisi banokukhetha okukhulu ekunqumeni ukuthi yimaphi amacala okumelwe alandelwe, ukuthi iziphi izikhalo okufanele zibhalwe phansi, ukuthi kufanele zidlulisele izikhalo ezikhokhelwayo, nokuthi imiphi imisho okumelwe ituswe. Lokhu kunikeza abashushisi abaphakathi kwabadlali abanamandla kakhulu esimisweni sokwahlulela. Abashushisi abangomashicileli kumelwe balinganisele umsebenzi wabo wokufuna izinkolelo ngomthwalo wabo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi kwenziwa ubulungisa, okuhlanganisa ukunikeza ubufakazi obuhle kwabamangalelwa futhi benqabela ukuqulwa kwamacala lapho ubufakazi bunganele.

Izinhlayiya Zokuzivikela

Indima yommeli ovikelayo iwukumelela ummangalelwa kuzo zonke izinkantolo zobugebengu. Kuwumsebenzi wabo ukuqinisekisa wonke amalungelo anikezwa abamangalelwa asekelwa kuyo yonke inqubo yokwahlulela yobugebengu. Abameli basebenza njengabameleli bamakhasimende abo, babekela amakhasimende ubufakazi bamacala inselele, banikeza ezinye izincazelo, futhi baqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uhlangabezana nomthwalo wakhe wobufakazi.

Uma ummangalelwa ezimisele ukungakwazi ukukhokha izinkonzo ezingokomthetho, umiswa umlweli womphakathi ngoba unelungelo lokwelulekwa. Lelilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokululeka liqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nabamangalelwa abakhohlisiwe banegunya elingokomthetho.

Abaqondisi Nezikhulu ZaseNkantolweni

Ngamuva kwenkantolo ngayinye kuneqembu lochwepheshe abagcina isimiso sisebenza. Omabhalane bagcina amarekhodi, amafayela, amaface, futhi basize abahluleli ngemisebenzi yokuphatha. Izintatheli zenkantolo zenza izingcaphuno eziqinile zamacala, okubalulekile ekudluliseleni izikhalo. Ababheki balondoloza ukulondeka nenhlelelo enkantolo. Izikhulu zezokusebenza zilungiselela imibiko yangaphambi kwemvume nezongamele iziboshwa ezibekwe isigwebo.

Abaphathi benkantolo baphatha izinqubo zamabhizinisi ezinkantolo, kuhlanganise nokuhlelwa kwemali, ukuhlelwa kwezisebenzi, ukuhlelwa kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuphatha izakhiwo.

AmaMagi Nezazi Ezikhethekile

Ezindabeni zobugebengu, amajaji angaqondisa amacala athile, ukusesha nokubopha imvume yokubopha, ukuphatha izimemezelo zokuqala, ukumisa ibheyili, ukunquma izenzo ezithile (njengokuzama ukuqeda ubufakazi), nezinye izenzo ezifanayo. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, izimantshi ngokuvamile zisingatha izindaba ezihlukahlukene njengokusebenza kwangaphambi komthetho nokuthola. Lezi zikhulu zokwahlulela zisiza ekusingatheni izintambo zenkantolo ngokusingatha izindaba zokuqala nezingayinkimbinkimbi, zivumele amajaji ukuba agxile ekuqulweni kwecala nasemibusweni okuyinkimbinkimbi.

Izinkantolo Nokuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukuqonda izinkantolo kudinga ukuqonda indawo yazo ekwakhekeni kukahulumeni. Lamagatsha amathathu — angokomthetho, abaphathi, nahluleli — asebenza ngaphakathi kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo se "amasheke nezilinganiso"" lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba igatsha ngalinye lihlukile ngokusemthethweni kwezinye ezimbili, uMthetho-sisekelo udinga ukubambisana phakathi kwamagatsha.

Iphuzu liwukuthi igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni linezindima zalo nezindawo zalo zegunya. Igatsha lemithetho lenza imithetho, igatsha eliphethe limisa imithetho, futhi igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi lixazulule izingxabano. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba lithole amandla amaningi kakhulu futhi linikeze iziphetho zokusetshenziswa kabi okungase kusetshenziswe.

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni silinganisela amandla aphethe nawabezomthetho kanye negatsha lokwahlulela ukubekwa komthetho-mthetho nemithetho ephetheyo, izinqubo, nezinqubo. Lamandla okuhlola ukwahlulela, asungulwe ecaleni eliyingqophamlando uMarbury v. Madison, avumela izinkantolo ukuba zishaye imithetho noma izenzo zikahulumeni eziphula uMthetho-sisekelo.

Abahluleli bancike egatsheni eliphethe ukuze bakhiphe izinqumo ezingokomthetho.

Ukufinyelela Ebulungiseni: Izinselele Namakhambi

Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni isimiso sobulungisa nasekuqinisekiseni ukuthi sisiza wonke amalungu omphakathi ngokungakhethi, nakuba izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile emphakathini, kungabeka inselele enkantolo.

Izithiyo Ezivimbela Ukutholakala Kwenkantolo

Minyaka yonke, amashumi ezigidi zabantu abhekana nezindaba — ezihlanganisa ukuxoshwa, ukwebiwa kweholo, ukuqoqwa kwezikweletu, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ubudlova basekhaya, nezinye eziningi — ezifaka umthetho enkantolo.

Kunomsebenzi omningi omelwe wenziwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso somthetho sifinyeleleka, sihlanganisa abantu bonke futhi siphumelela kubo bonke abasidingayo kungakhathaliseki iholo, uhlanga, ubulili, indlela abavela ngayo, isikhundla sokufuduka, ukukhubazeka kolimi, ukudinga kwekhono lobuchwepheshe, noma noma yisiphi esinye isici.

Imingcele evamile ihlanganisa izindleko eziphakeme zabameli abaqashayo, ukungakwazi ukuqonda izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho nezincwadi, imingcele yolimi lwezikhulumi ezingezona isiNgisi, izinkinga zokutholakala kwabantu abakhubazekile, ukuntuleka kokuhamba okuya ezinkantolo, nokungathembani kwesimiso somthetho esisekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho okungekuhle noma ukucwaswa kwezimiso.

Imizamo Yokuthuthukisa Ukutholakala Kwayo

Ngokubambisana phakathi kwamajaji, izisebenzi zenkantolo, abameli, izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho, izikole zomthetho, abahluleli abagunyazi, amanye amagatsha kahulumeni, nezinhlangano ezisekelwe emphakathini, izinkantolo zingafeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukufinyelela ukwahlulela kwabo bonke. Izinkantolo eziningi nabaxhasi bezimiso zobulungisa basebenza ukunciphisa izithiyo futhi benze izinkantolo zitholakale.

Le mizamo ihlanganisa ukumisa izikhungo zokuzisiza lapho abantu bengathola khona usizo ngezindlela zenkantolo nezinqubo, ukusungula amafomu alula neziyalezo zolimi olulula, ukunikeza izinkonzo zokutolika izikhulumi ezingezona isiNgisi, ukusebenzisa izimiso ze-internet namagemfe, ukwandisa izinkonzo zosizo olungokomthetho kubantu abathola usizo oluphansi abathola usizo, nokusungula izinkantolo ezikhethekile ezixazulula izinkinga eziyisisekelo ezidingida izindaba ezinjengokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa noma ukugula ngengqondo.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisemiphakathini kulo lonke izwe, zenza ukuba ubulungisa butholakale kuwo wonke umuntu. Lokhu kutholakala kwendawo kubalulekile, kodwa ukufinyelela ukwahlulela okuqotho kudinga okungaphezu nje kokusondelana ngokomzimba nendlu yenkantolo. Kudinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki isizinda noma ingcebo, bangasebenzisa isimiso senkantolo ngokuphumelelayo ukuze bavikele amalungelo abo futhi baxazulule izingxabano zabo.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezihlanganyela Ngayo Nezinkantolo

Izakhamuzi eziningi zisebenzelana nezinkantolo ngezinye izikhathi ekuphileni kwazo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisezinhlangothini zecala elithile, ofakazi, abahluleli, noma njengezibukeli nje.

Njengoba Kunezici Eziningi Ezihilelekile

Uma uhilelekile enkantolo, phela umangalelwa, noma ungummangalelwa ophendulayo emangalweni, noma umcimbi wendaba yomthetho womkhaya, noma umgaxa wecala lomkhaya, uzokuxhumana kakhulu nesimiso senkantolo. Lokhu kungahilela ukufaka amabhukwana, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni zokubuyisana, futhi ungayi enkantolo.

Nakuba unelungelo lokuzimelela (okubizwa ngokuthi "pro se"), izindaba zomthetho zingaba yinkimbinkimbi, futhi abantu abaningi bazuza ngokuba nommeli. Uma ungenammeli ecaleni lobugebengu, umuntu uzomiswa. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, ungathola usizo ezinhlanganweni zosizo ezingokomthetho uma uhlangabezana nezimfuneko zemali.

NjengoFakazi

Uma unokwaziswa okuvumelanayo ngecala, ungase ubizwe njengofakazi. OFakazi banesibopho esingokomthetho sokufakaza ngeqiniso ngaphansi kwesifungo. Ukuqamba amanga kungukuqamba amanga, ubugebengu obukhulu. Njengofakazi, uzobuzwa abameli nhlangothi zombili futhi kumelwe uphendule ngokusekelwe olwazini lwakho siqu nasekuqapheleni.

Uma ubhekwa njengofakazi, kumelwe uvele ngaphandle kokuba unezaba ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni. Ukwehluleka ukuvela lapho uphoqelelwe kungaphumela ekudeleleni amacala asenkantolo. OFakazi banganikezwa ilungelo lokukhokha ngokukhokhela isikhathi sabo nezindleko zokuhamba, nakuba izilinganiso ziphansi kakhulu.

Njenge - “i -“ juror ”

Abantu basebenzelana nezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngezindlela eziningi, njengokukhonza ejajini, ukuxazulula izimpikiswano, noma ukusingatha izindaba zomthetho.

Uma ubizelwa emsebenzini wejaji, uzothatha inqubo yokukhetha lapho abameli befuna khona futhi ijaji libuza imibuzo ukuze linqume ukuthi ungakhetha yini. Uma ukhethwa, uzozwa ubufakazi, ngamabomu nabanye abahluleli, futhi usize ekufinyeleleni isinqumo. Inkonzo kaJury ivame ukuthatha usuku olulodwa namasonto ambalwa, kuye ngecala.

Nakuba umsebenzi wokwahlulela ungaphazamisa, iyingxenye eyisisekelo yesimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika. Abasizi baletha izindinganiso zomphakathi nokuhlakanipha okuvamile emacaleni angokomthetho, baqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa bubonisa izindinganiso namathemba ezakhamuzi ezivamile kunokuba nje babe ochwepheshe abangokomthetho.

Njengezibukeli Zenkantolo

Icala eliningi lenkantolo livulekele umphakathi, libonisa isimiso sokuthi ubulungisa kufanele bubonakale futhi bunecala. Izakhamuzi zingaba khona ekuqulweni kwecala ukuze zibone indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo, zifunde ngayo, noma zilandele amacala omphakathi athakazelisayo. Lokhu kutholakala komphakathi kuqinisekisa ukulandisa futhi kugcine ukuthembela komphakathi esimisweni sobulungisa.

Amanye amacala avalwa ukuvikela izindaba zomuntu siqu noma ukwaziswa okusheshayo (ngokwesibonelo), ukuqulwa kwecala lezingane, izindaba ezithile zomthetho womkhaya, noma amacala ahilela izimfihlo zezohwebo. kodwa umthetho ovamile uwukuthi izinkantolo zisebenza emphakathini, zivumele izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ubulungisa benziwa.

Ukubaluleka Kokuzimela Ekwahluleleni

Ukuze izinkantolo zisebenze kahle, amajaji kumelwe azimele (8) ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, umbono womphakathi, noma ithonya kwamanye amagatsha kahulumeni. Ukuzimela ekwahluleleni isahlulelo kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinkantolo zinquma amacala asekelwe emthethweni nasemaqinisweni kunokuthandwa noma ukucatshangelwa kwezombangazwe.

Inkantolo ngayinye yesigodi inejaji elilodwa le-United States, elimiswe nguMongameli futhi liqinisekiswe uMkhandlu wesikhathi sokuphila. Lokhu kuphila kwabahluleli bakahulumeni kuklanyelwe ukubavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Bayakwazi ukuqhubeka bekhonza isikhathi eside kangaka njengoba belondoloza "ukuziphatha okuhle," futhi bangakhishwa yiSishaya-Mnyango. Lesimiso silinganisela ukuzimela nokuzimela.

Abahluleli bamazwe bakhethwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene", ezinye zikhethwa, ezinye zikhethwa, futhi ezinye zibhekene nokhetho olugcinwayo ngemva kokumiswa kokuqala. Indlela ngayinye inezinzuzo nokungasizi ngokuphathelene nokukhuthaza ukuzimela kuyilapho kugcinwa ukulandisa kwentando yeningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inqubo yokukhetha i-demokrasi. Umgomo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji angenza izinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni kunokuba acabangele ezombangazwe.

Ukuzimela kokwahlulela akusho ukuthi abahluleli abanakubalwa. Abahluleli kumelwe balandele umthetho, izinqumo zabo zingadluliswa ezinkantolo eziphakeme, futhi abahluleli abenza ukuziphatha okubi bangayalwa noma basuswe ezikhundleni. Kodwa kulemingcele, abahluleli kumelwe bakhululeke ukwenza izinqumo ezingathandeki uma umthetho ufuna, ukuvikela amalungelo amancane nezimiso zomthetho ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kuphambene nombono wabaningi.

Izinkantolo Enkathini Yezinombolo

Ubuchwepheshe buguqula indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo, budala amathuba nezinselele zesimiso sobulungisa. Izinkantolo eziningi manje zinikeza izikhongozelo zemishini, zivumela abameli namaqembu ukuba bathumele amaphepha kuyi-inthanethi kunokuba bathumele isodwa. Lokhu konga isikhathi futhi kwenza isimiso senkantolo sitholakale kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kubantu basezindaweni zasemaphandleni ezikude nezinkantolo.

Izindlebe ezingokoqobo eziye zaqulwa ngengqungquthela yamavidiyo zasakazeka phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOID-19 futhi ziyaqhubeka zisetshenziswa ngezindlela eziningi. Lokhu kuqulwa kwamacala kungandisa ukufinyelela kobulungisa ngokuqeda isidingo samaqembu, abameli, nofakazi abaya enkantolo. Nokho, baphakamisa ukukhathazeka futhi ngokuqinisekisa inqubo efanele, ukugcina inkantolo ihloniphekile, nokusingatha izibalo ezishiya abanye abantu bengenakho umnyango we-intanethi othembekile.

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa nobuchwepheshe ukuze zithuthukise ukuphatha amacala, ukulandelela izibalo zenkantolo, futhi zinikeze ukwaziswa okungcono emphakathini. Izinkantolo eziningi manje zisakaza imibono, amakhalenda enkantolo, kanye nokwaziswa okuse-inthanethi, okwenza isimiso sokwahlulela sibe nokuveza futhi sitholakale. Izimiso zesinqumo ze-inthanethi zivumela amaqembu ukuba axazulule amacala athile ngokuphelele kuyi-inthanethi, ngaphandle kokubeka unyawo enkantolo.

Njengoba izinkantolo ziqhubeka zithatha ubuchwepheshe obusha, kumelwe zilinganisele ukusebenza kahle nokutholakala ngezindinganiso eziyisisekelo ezifana nokulunga, inqubo efanele, nokufinyelela ngokulinganayo ebulungisani. Ubuchwepheshe kufanele buthuthukise isimiso sobulungisa ngaphandle kokwenza imingcele emisha noma ukuthumba abantu abangenazo imithombo yezobuchwepheshe noma amakhono.

Ukuqonda Izinqumo Zenkantolo Neziphambeko Ezingokomthetho

Izinqumo zenkantolo azixazululi amacala ahlukahlukene kuphela, futhi ziveza iziqondiso eziqondisa amacala esikhathi esizayo. Ukuqonda indlela esandulela esisebenza ngayo kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani izinqumo zenkantolo zibalulekile ngaphandle kwamacala aseduze.

Ngaphansi kwemfundiso yokubuka (isiLatini esisho "ukuma ngokwezinqumo"), izinkantolo zilandela izinqumo zazo zangaphambi kwesinqumo nezamankantolo aphakeme eziphethe. Lokhu kudala ukungaguquguquki nokubikezela emthethweni, kuvumela abantu ukuba baqonde amalungelo abo angokomthetho nezibopho zabo futhi bahlele ukuziphatha kwabo ngokuvumelana nalokho.

Uma inkantolo inquma icala elihilela impikiswano emisha engokomthetho noma ichaza ilungiselelo lomthetho-mthetho, leso sinqumo siba yisiqalo emacaleni alandelayo aphakamisa izindaba ezifanayo. Izinkantolo eziphansi kumelwe zilandele izimpawu ezibekwe izinkantolo eziphakeme. Ngokwesibonelo, zonke izinkantolo zikahulumeni kumelwe zilandele izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., futhi zonke izinkantolo ezisesifundazweni esithile kumelwe zilandele leso siphethilo sesifunda sesinqumo.

Izinkantolo zingahlukanisa amacala angaphambi kokuqala ngokuthola ukuthi amaqiniso noma izindaba zomthetho zihluke ngokwanele, noma zingazilawula izinqumo zangaphambi kokuba ziphethe lezo zinqumo lapho zinqunywa ngokungeyikho.

Icala elilodwa lingamisa izimiso ezingokomthetho ezithinta izinkulungwane noma izigidi zabantu futhi zilolonge ukusungulwa komthetho amashumi eminyaka noma ngisho namakhulu eminyaka.

Imibono Evamile Eyiphutha Ngezinkantolo

Abantu abaningi banemibono engaqondile ngendlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo, ngokuvamile ezisekelwe emibukisweni yethelevishini nakumabhayisikobho abeka kuqala imidlalo eshaya emhloleni.

Myth: Amacala amaningi aya ecaleni. Eqinisweni, amacala amaningi axazululwa ngaphandle kokwahlulela. Emacala obugebengu, abamangalelwa abaningi bamangalelwa ngecala, ngokuvamile njengengxenye yesicelo nabashushisi. Ezimweni zomphakathi, amaningi anqunywa ngengxoxo noma ngesinqumo sempikiswano esihlukile njengemizwa. Ukuqulwa akuvamile, kugcinelwe izenzakalo lapho amaqembu engenakufinyelela khona isivumelwano.

: Abahluleli benza izinqumo ezisekelwe ekuthandeni kwabo siqu. [[FLT]] Nakuba abahluleli bengabantu futhi bengase babe nemibono yabo siqu, baboshwe umthetho, isibonelo, nezimiso ezisemthethweni. Abahluleli kumelwe basebenzise umthetho njengoba ubhaliwe, balandele izimpawu ezibophayo, futhi benze izinqumo ezisekelwe ebufakazini obunikezwa enkantolo. Abahluleli abawushaya indiva umthetho noma abavumela njalo ubandlululo luthonyele izinqumo zabo bangapheliswa ekudluliseni, ekukhutshweni, ekukhipheni, noma ekususweni esikhundleni.

: Ungasho noma yini enkantolo. izinkantolo zinemithetho mayelana nokuthi bubuphi ubufakazi obunganikezwa nokuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano ezingavezwa. Izwi (izinkulumo ezinikezwa ngeqiniso) ngokuvamile azinakuqinisekiswa. Ubufakazi kumelwe buvumelane nendaba ecaleni. Ama-Attorney angenze izimpikiswano ezisekelwe ebufakazini noma emthethweni. Lemithetho iqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zisekelwe ekwazisweni okuthembekile nasendleleni enengqondo engokomthetho.

Myth: Ukunqoba icala kusho ukukhokhwa ngokushesha. Ngisho nangemva kokunqoba isahlulelo enkantolo yomphakathi, ukuqoqa imali kungaba yinselele. Inkantolo ayimane nje iphoqelele izahlulelo.] Iqembu eliwinayo akumelwe lithathe izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokuqoqa, njengokukhokha iholo noma ukubeka amaphutha empahleni. Uma iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingenazo izinto, ukwahlulela kungangagcinwa.

Myth: Bonke abameli bangabameli abamangalelwa. Abameli abaningi abavamile noma abalokothi baye enkantolo. Abameli basebenza ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, abaqondisi bemisebenzi yokuhweba njengezivumelwano zokuhlela noma ukuvala ifa, abanye bagxile ekuhleleni intela noma ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, futhi abanye bagxile ekufuneni izimali. Ngisho nabameli basebenzisa isikhathi sabo esiningi ekucwaningeni, ekubhaleni, nasekulungiseni izivumelwano zezindawo kunokuba bafake enkantolo.

Imithombo Yokufunda Okwengeziwe Ngezinkantolo

Kubantu abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezinkantolo nangesimiso sobulungisa, kunemithombo eminingi. Iwebhusayithi yezenkantolo yase-U.S. inikeza ukwaziswa okuningi ngesimiso senkantolo sezwe, kuhlanganise nezincwadi zemfundo, izibalo zenkantolo, nezincazelo zezinqubo zenkantolo. Izimiso zenkantolo eziningi zesifunda zigcina amawebhusayithi afanayo anemininingwane ephathelene nezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

I-National Center for State Courts inikeza ukucwaninga, izibalo, nengcebo yemfundo ngezimiso zenkantolo yombuso kulo lonke izwe. Izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho emphakathini wakho zinganikeza ukwaziswa mayelana nokungena ezinkantolo futhi zinganikeza usizo olungokomthetho olukhululekile noma oluphansi uma uhlangabezana nezimfuneko zemali.

Ukuya enkantolo njengengqapheli kuyindlela enhle kakhulu yokubheka isimiso sobulungisa sisebenza futhi siqonde indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo ngempela. Iningi lamacala livulekele umphakathi, futhi izisebenzi zenkantolo zingakuqondisa ezinkantolo lapho kuqulwa khona amacala athakazelisayo.

Izikole zomthetho, izinkampani zezomthetho nezinhlangano zomphakathi ngokuvamile zinikeza izinhlelo zomphakathi zemfundo ngezindaba ezingokomthetho nangezimiso zenkantolo.

Isiphetho: Izinkantolo Njengezinsika Zentando Yeningi

Izinkantolo ziyizinhlangano ezibalulekile emiphakathini yentando yeningi, ezinikeza izikhundla zokuxazulula izingxabano ngokuthula, zivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokuphanjwa uhulumeni, ziqinisekisa ukulandisa ngaphansi komthetho, futhi zigcina ukuhleleka komphakathi.

Isimiso senkantolo siyinkimbinkimbi, sinezigaba eziningi nezinhlobo zezinkantolo ezisingatha izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamacala. Kodwa okuyisisekelo salokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi yizimiso eziyisisekelo: ukuthi izingxabano kufanele zixazululwe ngokusekelwe ebufakazini nasemthethoni kunokuba zisekelwe emandleni noma ebudloveni, ukuthi bonke abantu kufanele baphathwe ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, ukuthi amandla kahulumeni kufanele alinganiselwe ngemingcele engokomthetho, nokuthi ubulungisa kufanele bufinyeleleke kuwo wonke umuntu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ucebile noma isikhundla.

Nakuba isimiso sobulungisa sibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo", kuhlanganise nezindaba zokufinyelela, ukusebenza kahle, nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo kwazo zonke − amacala ayaqhubeka efeza indima yawo ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukubusa komthetho. Ngokuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo, izakhamuzi zingakwazisa kangcono lokhu kusetshenziswa okubalulekile, zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo lapho zicelwa, futhi zinikele ekuthuthukiseni imizamo eqhubekayo yokuthuthukisa isimiso sobulungisa kubo bonke abantu.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubhekene nempikiswano engokomthetho, ubizwa ukuba ube yilungu lejaji, noma umane unesithakazelo endleleni ubulungisa obuphathwa ngayo emphakathini wakini, izinkantolo eziqondayo zikusiza ukuba usebenzise isimiso futhi usebenzise amalungelo akho. Izinkantolo zingabantu ezibakhonzayo, futhi ulwazi lwezakhamuzi lubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zifeza umsebenzi wazo wokunikeza bonke ubulungisa.