Ukubukezwa komthetho-mthetho kuyisisekelo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho waseMelika, kunika izinkantolo amandla okuhlola ukufaneleka kwemithetho nezenzo eziphethe. Lemfundiso iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umthetho nohulumeni uhambisana noMthetho-sisekelo, uvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi ulondoloza ukulingana phakathi kwe-propatiogration, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ungawaniki amandla asemthethweni omthetho kahulumeni, ukubukezwa kwemithetho yezomthetho kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi elinethoba leshumi elinethoba. Ngokwahlulelwa, izinkantolo zisebenza njenge-endura ekusetshenzisweni kabi kwamandla, ziqinisekisa umthetho nesimiso sokuthi akukho sinyathelo sikahulumeni, akukho lutho oluthandwayo noma olungathathwayo, lungaphula indlela eyisisekelo yesizwe.

Imvelo Nenjongo Yokubukeza Ukwahlulela

Ukubukeza ukwahlulela kuyigunya lenkantolo lokumemezela umthetho noma isenzo sikahulumeni ukuba ungabi nalutho uma uphikisana noMthetho-sisekelo. Sisebenza emthetho kahulumeni nombuso, iziyalezo zezikhulu, imithetho yokuphatha, ngisho nezenzo zikaMongameli. Inkolelo isekelwe emqondweni wokuphakama komthetho-sisekelo: uMthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe, futhi noma yimuphi umthetho ophikisana nawo awusebenzi.

Lendlela ifeza izinjongo eziningana ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, iphoqelela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lisebenza phakathi kwemingcele yalo emisiwe. Okwesibili, livikela amalungelo abantu ngokunikeza ikhambi lokwahlulela lapho uhulumeni edlula egunyeni layo. Okwesithathu, linikeza incazelo efanayo yoMthetho-sisekelo, livimbela iziqondiso eziphikisanayo ezihlukene. E-United States, imisebenzi yokuhlola engokomthetho lapho kokubili isifunda nenkantolo zikahulumeni zingabukeza imithetho, kodwa igunya lokugcina lihlala eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.

Amanye amazwe aye athatha izimiso ezifanayo, nakuba zinezinguquko. Ngokwesibonelo, iUnited Kingdom esetshenziswa ngokwesiko ngaphansi kobukhosi bephalamende, inikeza izinkantolo amandla amancane okukhipha umthetho, kodwa iHuman Rights Act 1998 yasungula uhlobo olulinganiselwe lokubukeza. Ngokungafani, amazwe anjengeJalimane ne Canada anezinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ezinikezelwe ukubukezwa okungaqondakali kwemithetho. Nokho, i-Melika ihlala ihlukile ngenxa yesimo sayo esihloniphekile, .Nkathi inkantolo ingasho imibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, kanye nendima yayo enamandla ekulungiseni isimiso somphakathi.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izandulela Zakuqala Nemisuka Engokobuciko

Umqondo wokuthi amajaji angaqeda izenzo zomthetho awusungulwanga ngokusungulwa kweMelika. Ummeli waseNgilandi uSir Edward Coke, endabeni engu-1610 Dr. UCase , wasikisela ukuthi “uma umthetho ovamile umelene nelungelo elifanayo nesizathu, uyowulawula futhi unqume uMthetho onjalo.” Nakuba lombono ungaqalanga emthethweni wesiNgisi, wathonya ukukholelwa kwezwe laseMelika. Abaholi bakholelwa ukuthi amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ayekhona ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi umthetho obhaliwe, umqondo obekwe kuyiMagna Carta nesiNgisi u-Bill welungelo.

Phakathi neNguquko yaseMelika, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zaqala ukuqinisa amandla okubukeza imithetho ngokumelene nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, Holmes v. Walton (1780), iNkantolo ePhakeme yaseNew Jersey yazephula isiqinisekiso somthetho-mthetho sokuqulwa kwejaji. Lamacala okuqala angokombuso abeka isisekelo sokuhlola kwezwe.

Umbono Wabantu Abalinganayo

Alexander Hamilton, ebhala ku u-Federalist No. 78, wanikeza isivikelo esiqinile sokuhlola kokwahlulela. Waphikisa ngokuthi ijaji laliyigatsha eliyingozi kakhulu, “lingalithonyeki enkembeni noma esikhwameni semali,” nokuthi kumelwe linikwe amandla okumemezela izenzo zomthetho zezeze uma bethatha umthetho-mthetho-mthethweni. Hamilton wachaza ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo umelela intando yabantu, futhi noma isiphi isenzo somthetho womthetho oweqikeleze imingcele engokomthetho sasingenalutho. Lokhu kucabanga kwaba yisisekelo sokuhlakanipha seNkanto kamuva ku-Mqulur.[FLT] v.[FLT]

Marbury v. Madison (103)

Icala eliyingqophamlando elasungulwa ukwahlulela kwavela empikiswaneni eshubile yokwahlulela phakathi kukaMongameli ophumayo uJohn Adams noMongameli ozayo uThomas Jefferson. Emahoreni okugcina esimiso sakhe, u-Adams wamisa amaningana “abahluleli abaphakathi kwezinsuku” ebhentshini likahulumeni, kuhlanganise noWilliam Marbury. Imishini yasayinwa futhi yabekwa uphawu kodwa ayinikelwanga ngaphambi kokuba uJefferson athathe isikhundla. UJefferson wayala unobhala wakhe weZwe, uJames Madison, ukuba agobe izikhokhwama. Marbury sued, efuna i-mittmanmus eS.

Uma uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wayebhekene nenkinga yezombangazwe. Uma iNkantolo ibiyaleza ukuba ikhomishane inikezwe, uJefferson wayengamane alishaye indiva, alulaze igunya lejaji. Uma iNkantolo iphika ukuthi i-writ iwubudoda, yayiyobonakala ibuthaka. Ikhambi likaMarshall laliwukuhlakanipha. Wanquma ukuthi nakuba uMarbury wayenelungelo lokuya enkambisweni yakhe, iNkantolo yayingeke ikhiphe imvume ngenxa yokuthi umthetho wawugunyaza umthetho ogunyaza umthetho (Sigqi 13 soMthetho kaJudicio ka-179). Ngokwesokuqala, iNkantolo Ephakeme yamemezela isenzo somthetho owesishaya umthetho.

“Kugcizelela kakhulu isifundazwe nomsebenzi womnyango wokwahlulela ukuthi uyini umthetho... uma imithetho emibili iphikisana, izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukusebenza kwenye... ngakho uma umthetho uphikisana nomthetho-sisekelo... inkantolo kumelwe inqume ukuthi yimuphi kulemithetho ephikisanayo olawula lelicala... Lokhu kuwumsuka wenkonzo yokwahlulela.

Marbury v. Madison kanjalo yaqinisa isimiso sokuhlola kokwahlulela e-United States. Isinqumo futhi saqinisa indima yejaji njengegatsha likahulumeni elizimele, elilinganayo, elinegunya lokuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo eliphelele. Ukuze uthole ukulandisa okuningiliziwe, bheka icala ku Oyez[.]

Indlela Imisebenzi Yokubukeza Ukwahlulela Esetshenziswa Ngayo

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Icala Noma Impikiswano

Impinda yokwahlulela ayinakwenzeka kumacala angabonakali. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zilinganiselwe ekunqumeni “izinkantolo” kanye“ neziqu” ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ummangalelwa kumelwe ukuba walimala ngokoqobo ekuziphatheni kommangalelwa futhi ngokunokwenzeka ubuyiselwa ngesinqumo esihle, `umqondo owaziwa njengomile.' Izinkantolo ziyolahla izinselele ezicatshangelwayo, izikhalo ezivamile, noma ezilethwa amaqembu angenawo ummangalelwa.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Ukukhuluma Izinkulumo Nenkantolo Ephansi

Amacala amaningi omthetho-sisekelo aqala ezinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni, abese ebhekisa izinkantolo zecala. Kula mazinga, abahluleli bahlola ukufaneleka komthetho-mthetho okusekelwe ezimpikiswaneni nasebufakazini obunikezwayo. Bangasebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlukene zokubukeza kuye ngelungelo lendaba (ngokwesibonelo), ukucubungula imithetho ethwesa amalungelo ayisisekelo noma izimpawu ezisolekayo njengezimiso zezomnotho.

Isinyathelo 3: Ukudlulisela Isikhalo ENkantolo Ephakeme

Ngemva kwesinqumo senkantolo yesifunda, iqembu elilahlekileyo lingase licele iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. inkantolo ithole izinkulungwane zezicelo zegama ngalinye kodwa ivume ukuzwa amacala acishe abe ngu 80-100 kuphela. Ivame ukubukeza lapho kunempi phakathi kwezifunda, impikiswano ibalulekile ezweni, noma isinqumo senkantolo ephansi singase singqubuzane nesibonelo seNkantolo Ephakeme.

Isinyathelo 4: Amafushane Nezimpikiswano Ezikhona

Uma inkantolo isilamukela icala, amaqembu afaka iziphakamiso ezibhalwe phansi ezichaza izikhundla zawo ezingokomthetho. Amaqembu angaphandle ngokuvamile afaka ama-amicus curiae [[FLT]] [“umngane wenkantolo”) ukuze anikeze eminye imiqondo. Inkantolo ihlela izimpikiswano zomlomo, lapho uhlangothi ngalunye lunemizuzu engu-30 yokunikeza icala lalo nokuphendula imibuzo emeleni.

Isinyathelo Sesihlanu: Ingqungquthela Nokubhala Imibono

Ngemva kwempikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, amajaji ahlangana emhlanganweni wangasese ukuze axoxe ngecala futhi athathe ivoti yokuqala. Uma kuningi, uMahluleli oyinhloko, anikeza umbono; kungenjalo, umqondisi omkhulu ophethe iningi wenza isabelo. Amajaji abhala iningi, athatha noma aphikisayo, ngalinye lichaza ukucabanga kwalo. Uma umbono usukhululiwe, uba isibopho kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi.

Ukubaluleka Kokubukeza Kokwahlulela Embusweni Wentando Yeningi WaseMelika

Ukuhlola Amandla Okuqondisa Newokuqondisa

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuyisici esibucayi sesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. UMthetho-sisekelo unika uMkhandlu amandla okwenza imithetho noMongameli ukuba ayenze, kodwa ijaji liqinisekisa ukuthi amagatsha awalithathi igunya layo lomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, intsha eshatown Comment Commentap & Tube Co. v. Sayer [1952], iNkantolo Ephakeme yanikeza umthetho wesikhulu uTruman impoqoze insimbi phakathi neMpi yaseKorea, iphethe ukuthi uMongameli akanalo womthetho wokwenza kanjalo. Izinqumo ezinjalo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nezenzo ezithandwa kakhulu zezikhulu kumelwe zihlale esisekelweni somthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Amancane

Enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokuhlola i-alptuant ivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye namaqembu amancane ngokuphaphanyiswa. ISiphakamiso samaLungelo namaSichibiyelo seshumi nane siqinisekisa inkululeko eyisisekelo, kodwa lamalungelo ayoba ayize uma isishayamthetho sivota nje ukuba akhiphe imvume. Izinkantolo, ezivikelwe ekucindezelekeni okukhethayo ngokuphila kwabahluleli abasemthethweni, zingasekela isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo ngisho nalapho umbono othandwayo uphikisana nabo. Izwemarkments njenge Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo (1954), eyahlasela ukuhlukaniswa kohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, kanye [FOLD:] no-v.[FLT] Virginia [FLT] [1967]], evimbela ukushada.[1967]

Ukuphetha isiyaluzi solwembu

Ngokubukeza kokwahlulela, iNkantolo Ephakeme imisa izibonelo eziqondisa zonke ezinye izinkantolo. Imfundiso ye stare decisis (ukuvumela isinqumo sime) ikhuthaza ukuzinza nokubikezela. Izinkantolo eziphansi kumelwe zilandele izincazelo zeNkantolo ePhakeme Yomthetho-sisekelo kuze kube yiNkantolo ngokwayo iwulawula. Lesimiso sivumela umthetho womthetho-mfashini ukuba ushintshe ngokunyaka, ulinganisele nokuvumelana nesidingo sokuzivumelanisa nokushintsha izindinganiso nezimo ze-societaire.

Impicabadala Ephikisayo

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuphakamisa ukuqina okungapheli kwentando yeningi: amajaji angakhethanga angagumbuqela imithetho edluliswa abameleli abakhethiwe. Leli “nkinga yamazwe efuna ukubhekana nezombusazwe,” igama elaqanjwa nguprofesa womthetho uAlexander Bickel, liye ladala impikiswano amashumi eminyaka. Abalweli baphikisa ukuthi indima yejaji lokulawula i-jaji iwukuphoqelela izindinganiso ezihlala njalo zoMthetho-sisekelo, ezingase zihlole izinkanuko ezithandwayo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo ziphambukele ekwenzeni imithetho, zikhohlise inqubo yomthetho-mthetho ngaphandle kokulungisa inqubo engokomthetho. Lokhu kucindezela kuyaqhubeka kudinga izingxoxo eziphathelene nezenzo zokwahlulela.

Ukulinganiselwa Neziphazamiso Ekubukezeni Ukwahlulela

Izimfundiso Zokulunga

Izinkantolo ziye zasungula izimfundiso eziningana zokulinganisela izimo eziyohlola ngaphansi kwazo ukwahlulela:

  • Ukuma:[ I-paltiff kumele ibonise ukulimala kukakhonkolo, ukuxhumena kommangalelwa, nethuba lokuthi inkantolo ingalungisa umonakalo.
  • Ukuzimela: Icala kumele lithuthukiswe ngokwaneleyo kangangokuba inkantolo ingakhipha isinqumo esinengqondo ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngezenzakalo ezicatshangelwe zesikhathi esizayo.
  • Ukuzimela:[ Uma impikiswano ixazululiwe", ngenxa yezimo ezishintshile noma ukudlula kwesikhathi, inkantolo izolilahla icala.
  • Imfundiso Yombuzo engathi ilungile: Izindaba ezithile zithathwa njengomthetho ngokomthetho emagatsheni ezombangazwe (umzk., izinqumo zezimiso zakwamanye amazwe, izinqubo zokuhlongoza) kanjalo ezingalunganga. [ Baker v. Carr [1962]), iNkantolo yaveza uvivinyo lokuhlukanisa imibuzo yezombangazwe.

Imithetho Yokwahlulela imelene nomthetho wokwahlulela

Abahluleli bavame ukuphikisana ngokuthi kufanele baphinde bahlole imithetho ngonya. Abameli bemithetho yokwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilalele isishaya - mthetho ngaphandle kokuba umthetho ungekho ngokomthetho, uma kubhekwa inqubo yentando yeningi. Abasekeli bezenzo zokwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo zinesibopho sokuvikela amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ngisho noma lokho kusho ukushaya umthetho othandwayo. Ukungavumelani kwale mibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme kuyashintshashintsha kuye ngenkathi nangaleNkanto.

Ukukhohlisa Izinkanyezi Nokugadla Ngokweqile

Nakuba induna yezemfundo ihlonishwa, iNkantolo Ephakeme ngezikhathi ezithile iye yazilawula izinqumo zayo lapho iqiniseka ukuthi yanqunywa ngokungalungile noma ayisasebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, Brown v. Ibhodi lemfundo [ inqanyulwe [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[2]] i-Pregnet] v. Ferguson[[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [96] [186] [969]]. [muva nje, [[FLT]] [FLT]] [4] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Healthom

Izibonelo Zamuva Nezimpawu Zamuva

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Isinqumo sezwe esishiywe amandla esichaza umthetho phakathi komyeni nowesifazane. [FTLT:1], iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi imibhangqwana exhunyiwe inelungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada ngaphansi kweSiphendu se-Grandment ye 144th Century ne-Livine Programme Clauses. Isinqumo esiwephulile semithetho echaza ukushada njengendoda nowesifazane kuphela. Lendaba ifaka imvumo yokuhlola kokwahlulela isebenza ngokushesha ekuqondeni okungalinganiyo kwezenhlalo. Imibono yeNkantolo ithembele ezibonelweni zangaphambili ezivikela ubuhlobo obuseduze nenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Ngomqondo ogcwele nempikiswano, ukuhambelana [[FLT] [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT]

UJackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)

Isinqumo sama-Dobb sahlehla cishe iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu yesiqalo futhi sasusa ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni lokukhipha isisu. Inkantolo, ngombono obhalwe nguMahluleli uSamuel Alito, yakholelwa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awubhekisi ekukhipheni isisu nokuthi ilungelo lokukhipha isisu alisekelwe kakhulu emlandweni wesizwe. Lendaba iqokomisa isimo esinamandla sokubukeza ukwahlulela.==a Court ingahlehlisa isinqumo sayo siqu, umthetho womthetho owembulethelwe ngokuphawulekayo. Isinqumo sabuyisela lendaba ezimithethweni, sikhipha igalelo lezimiso ezintsha zokukhishwa kwesisu. Icala liningiliziwe [[FLT:] [FLD] [FFF:]

United States v. Texas (2023) – Umfundi ULoan Forrevence

[I-Biden] v. Nebraska [2023], iNkantolo Ephakeme yawisa uhlelo lokuthethelela lomfundi lokuphatha iBiden, olwaluyosusa ama - dollar angu-20 000 esikweletini kulowo nalowo obolekayo. INkantolo yaqinisekisa ukuthi i-HEROES Act ayigunyazanga uhlelo olugcwele kanjalo nokuthi igatsha eliphethe liye leqisa igunya lalo lokulawula. Lendaba ibonisa indlela ukubukeza komthetho okusebenza ngayo hhayi nje kuphela engqimbeni yemithetho kodwa nasemkhakhelweni wamandla ephethe ngaphansi kwemithetho ekhona. Isinqumo saphinda saqinisekisa isimiso sokuthi uPresidenti akanakwenza umthetho omkhulu ngaphandle kokubekwa ngokucacile.

Trump v. Hawaii (2018) – Ukuvinjelwa Kohambo

Trump v. Hawaii, iNkantolo yasekela ukuvinjelwa kwezokuhamba kweTrump kunqatshelwa ukungena emazweni amaningana amaSulumane. Abaningi bathola ukuthi uMongameli wayenenkululeko enkulu ekuthuthweni kwezwe nokuthi lesi simemezelo asizange singqubuzane nokumiswa kuka-Claus weSichibiyelo Sokuqala, naphezu kokuphikisa kwabaphikisi benkolo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuzimisela kweNkantolo ukuthobela igunya eliphethe ezindabeni zezentelezi, indawo lapho imfundiso yemibuzo yezombangazwe ivame ukuvela khona.

Isiphetho

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kusebalulekile, kodwa kuvumelana, nokubaluleka kohlelo lwemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo yaseMelika. Kusukela ekuqalekeni kwayo okuphansi Marbury emacaleni aphikisanayo ekhulu lokuqala, amandla ezinkantolo okususa imithetho alawula imithetho engokomthetho. Isebenza njengesivikelo ekunqandeni umthetho, ivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo, futhi ilondoloze ukulingana phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni. Nokho imema futhi impikiswano eqhubekayo ngendima efanele yabahluleli abangahluleli abalawuli abase demokhrasi. Njengoba iNkanto ephakeme iqhubeka ichaza futhi ichaza umthetho-mthetho, ukubukeza, ihlala iyithuluzi elinamandla, elibonisa kokubili ukusungulwa kwezimiso zomthetho, nokushintsha izindinganiso zawo.