Ukungavumelani kwezingxabano zikahulumeni kuyimfundiso engokomthetho enezimpande zasendulo nezinkimbinkimbi zesimanje. Uma iqembu elithile lomuntu siqu lingena esivumelwaneni nohulumeni wombuso (‘ba ukwakhiwa, izinkonzo, noma izinto) okungabuzwa ngo-(a) okuyisisekelo: ingaqulwa uma iphula isivumelwano? Impendulo ixhomeke ekuvikeleni komthetho, isimiso esivikela uhulumeni emacaleni ngaphandle kokuba ivume ukumangalelwa. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinga lokuzivikela kombuso ezimpikiswaneni zikahulumeni, ukuhlola indlela abaxhasi ababosheli abasebenza ngayo futhi abasebenzi abangekho emthethweni abasebenza ngayo, futhi sinikeza isiqondiso esisebenzayo kumakhempanisi namabhizinisi asebenzelana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Buyini Ubunye ObunguMbusi?

Umthetho ovikela imvelo uyimfundiso evimbela uhulumeni ukuba umangalelwe ngaphandle kwemvume yayo. Lomqondo wasungulwa emthethweni wesiNgisi ovamile, lapho inkosi ingenakumangalelwa khona ezinkantolo zayo siqu ngoba inkosi yayibhekwa njengomthombo wobulungisa. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, lesisimiso sasetshenziswa eUnited States, lapho manje sisebenza khona kokubili kuhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe futhi, ngomthetho weSichibiyelo seshumi Nenye, uhulumeni. Engxenyeni yayo, igonye igonye iveza umqondo wokuthi uhulumeni kufanele ukwazi ukufeza imisebenzi yawo ngaphandle kosongo olungapheli, nokuthi ukuvumela ukumangalelwa okungenamingcele kungakhipha imithombo yomphakathi futhi kungene ngenqubo yomphakathi.

E-United States, iSichibiyelo seshumi nanye soMthetho-sisekelo esinikeza izifundazwe ezivikelayo esubeni elethwa amalungu azimele enkantolo kahulumeni. Nokho, le mfundiso futhi idlulela nasezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngaphansi komthetho ovamile. Ngenxa yalokho, iqembu lomuntu siqu elifisa ukumangalela uhulumeni ngenxa yokwephulwa kwesivumelwano kumelwe libonise ukuthi uhulumeni uvimbele ukuzivikela kwawo noma ukuthi usebenza ngendlela ehlukile. Ukuqonda lendaba kubalulekile ngoba uma iso sokuzivikela sikhona futhi singazange sixoshwa, ukumangalelwa kuzakuqedwa ekuqaleni kwesivumelwano.

" ukuzivikela kombuso akuyona incwadi engasasebenzi; iyaqhubeka ilolonga indawo yanoma ubani ohlangana nenhlangano kahulumeni."

Indlela Imizamo Yokubusa Embulungeni Yokuphikisana

Uma inxusa likahulumeni noma umnyango ungena esivumelwaneni, usebenza njengommeleli wombusi. Ngaphansi kwezimiso ezingokwesiko zokuzivikela kombuso, umbuso awunakubekwa icala lokwephulwa kwesivumelwano ngaphandle kokuba uvume. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho noma umbuso uphula isivumelwano esisemthethweni, umphakathi womuntu siqu ungase ungabi nakhambi elingokomthetho uma uhulumeni ungawunqandeli ukuzivikela. Izifunda eziningi ziye zaqaphela ukungalungi kwalemiphumela, ikakhulukazi emongweni wezentengiselwano, futhi ziye zamisa imithetho evimbela ukuvikelwa kwesivumelwano esithile.

Izindonga ezihlatshwe amaza

Izikhulu zesimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni zingavezwa noma zihlotshaniswe. I-applier ecacile yenzeka lapho isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni sidlulisa umthetho ovumela ngokuqondile amasutu ukuba aphulwe esivumelwaneni. Ngokwesibonelo, izifundazwe eziningi zinomthetho "Izimemezelo zokulwa noHulumeni" owenza isizathu sesivumelwano esingokomthetho, ngokuvamile enkantolo emisiwe njengenkantolo yezikhulu zikahulumeni. Umkhokhi oqondisweyo angase avele lapho uhulumeni ehlanganyela ngokuzithandela ekudilikeni kwesivumelwano noma lapho isivumelwano sihlanganisa isivumelo esithile esivuma ngokuqondile ukuba sidluliselwe imvume yokukhokha izivumelwano. Nokho, izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziyanqikaza ukuthola imvume engekho esidingwayo; inkantolo echayo kumelwe icace, nengenaphutha.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwendlela Okwazi Ukukhuluma Ngayo

Ngisho noma uhulumeni uvimbela ukuvinjelwa kwezivumelwano zesivumelwano, kungabeka imingcele ekulibaziseni. Ukulinganiselwa okuvamile kuhlanganisa amakepisi emali empoqo (umz., amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu - 1,5 noma amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu - 1,8), imingcele yokujeziswa kwemali enqunyiweyo, nemithetho evimbela izindleko zommeli. Ezinye izifunda zifuna ukuba umakhi akhiphe amakhambi okulawula ngaphambi kokufaka icala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvikela kombuso osebenza ngokulingana nemisebenzi yawo, ngakho umakhi wenkampani ngeke avimbele izikhulu ezithile.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye Nemvume YeNkantolo Kahulumeni

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye seSiphendulo se-U.S. sinikeza izigodlo zokuvikeleka kumasudi enkantolo kahulumeni enkantolo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho noma uhulumeni usongiwe ezinkantolo zawo siqu, kungase kube nokugonyelwa enkantolo uma i-oralter ihlanganisa ukulawulwa kwenkantolo ye-outhority. College Savits Bank v. Florida Preareatricry Education Board [1999], iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi i-Hulumente ayikulethi iSiphazamiso seNguqulo senkantolo se-Proffary Confective Board [[Fol:1], uma ihileleke enkantolo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo.

Abahlukanisiwe Nohulumeni Ezimpikiswaneni Ezihlangene

Ngaphandle kwezigebengu, kunezinye izinto ezingase zivumele isivumelwano ukuba sithathe icala lombuso ngisho noma kungagwenywanga ngokucacile. Lezizinhlangothi zincane futhi zicacile.

IzEnzo Zenkonzo

Amazwe amaningi athola umehluko phakathi kwezenzo zokunquma (izimiso zokwahlulela) nezenzo zokukhonza (ezivumelana nesimiso, imisebenzi emisiweyo). Ukuvikeleka kobukhosi ngokuvamile kuvikela izimo ngezenzo zobuhlakani, kodwa kungasebenza ezivumelwaneni zobukhomanisi. Ezimpikiswaneni zesivumelwano, impikiswano eyinhloko iwukuthi ingabe ukuphulwa okubangelwa yinqubo engokomthetho noma ukwehluleka ukwenza umsebenzi wobukhonza. Ngokwesibonelo, uma inxusa likahulumeni linquma ukucisha umsebenzi wokwakha ngenxa yoshintsho lwenqubo, isinqumo sokunquma kungaba sokuzivikela ezimpilweni ezifanelekile. Kodwa uma inkampani ihluleka ukusingatha isibopho sokwenza isibopho sokwenza, lokho kungaba yisenzo sobusikhonzi esihambisana nokuzibeka icala.

"Isimosoli Sokugcina" Esiyingqayizivele

Ezinye izifundazwe ziqaphela ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza ngokuhlukile njengeqembu elizimele elisemkhakheni wezentengiselwano. Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "inkonzo yepropiteria" ngaphandle. Uma uhulumeni enikeza inkonzo noma ekwenza umsebenzi ongenziwa yibhizinisi lomuntu siqu, izinkantolo zingazimisele kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi ukuvikela kobukhosi akusebenzi. Nokho, lokhu kukhetha akuqashelwa yonke indawo futhi kuyahluka-hluka.

Umthetho We - Tucker

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila ekuvikelekeni kwezwe, kusiza ukuphawula i-alog kahulumeni. I-Tucker Act (28 U.S.C. 761) ichitha ulwelo oluphezulu lukahulumeni kumthetho othile wesivumelwano esithile, ivumela amasuti eNkantolo ye-Federal Epionties. Izifunda eziningi zinendlela efanayo "iziphakamiso" zezimiso. Ukuqonda ukuthi isimiso sikahulumeni singanikeza kanjani uhlelo oluwusizo lwezindaba zikahulumeni.

Imithetho Kahulumeni Nezibonelo Zomthetho Wamacala

Umbuso ngamunye unemithetho yawo elawula ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sokuzivikela ezimpikiswaneni.

  • ICalifornia: IKhodi likaHulumeni waseCalifornia livumela amasutu kuhulumeni ezivumelwaneni ezidluliselwe phezulu. Izwe lingase libanjwe lifaneleke ngokwezinga elifanayo neqembu langasese, kodwa isijeziso asivunyelwe.
  • New York:[ INkantolo yaseNew York ye-Prequets inegunya phezu kwesivumelwano esimelene nombuso. Nokho, kunezimfuneko zezaziso nomthetho olinganiselwe wemingcele (izinyanga eziyisithupha ngezibalo zetort, kodwa izivumelwano zilandela umthetho ohlukile).
  • : I-Tort Athions Acts acts soses act fororts, kodwa izivumelwano zilawulwa yi-Texas Government Code, edinga i-parectorier ye-oves noma ilungiselelo lesivumelwano elivimbela ukuvinjelwa.
  • Florida: iFlorida inesici esibanzi sokuzivikela kobuso besivumelwano esifunwa ngaphansi kwengxenye 768.28, i-STATES, kodwa umonakalo ufakwa ku-R240 000 kumuntu ngamunye futhi u-R350 000 ngesenzakalo ngasinye.

Lezizibonelo zibonisa ukuthi abakhi kumelwe bacwaninge imithetho ethile yombuso evikelayo abathola kuyo. Ukuba khona noma ukungabi khona komnqaki kungenza umehluko phakathi kwemali elulamayo nokuxoshwa.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zalabo Abafaka Icala

Kubantu bamabhizinisi nabantu abangena ezivumelwaneni nohulumeni bakahulumeni, ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sokuzibusa akuyona indlela yemfundo, kodwa kuyindaba ebucayi yokulawula izingozi. Lokhu okulandelayo kubalulekile:

Ukuhlasela Nokungalawuleki Kwabantu Abahlaselayo

Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuvikela amalungelo akho iwukuhlanganisa ukunqanda ukuvinjelwa ngokucacile kwesimiso sokuzimela esisemvumelwaneni ngokwaso. Izifundazwe eziningi zinezimiso lapho inkampani ingavuma khona ukuqulwa enkantolo ethile. Isivumelwano esihlelwe kahle singahlanganisa uhide olufana noluthi: "UHulumeni uluyekelela noma yisiphi isiphakamiso sokuzivikela kobuso noma iSichibiyelo seNguquko esihlangeneyo ngokuqondene nanoma isiphi isenzo esivela kulesivumelwano. ” Nokho, isigqebhebhezana esinjalo siphumelela kuphela uma i-acement inegunya elingokomthetho lokuvuma umxhanti. Amanye amazwe adinga ukuba noma isiphi isiphi isigebelo esigunyaziwe. Ngakho, kuyingozi ukubuzana nomthetho ovamile wemithetho kazwezwe.

Izimfuneko Zesayensi

Ngisho noma ukuzivikela komzimba kunganqandwa, ngokuvamile kunezimfuneko eziqinile. Izifunda eziningi zifuna ukuba umakhi abhale isaziso ngenkathi emfushane (umz. izinsuku ezingu-90 noma izinyanga eziyisithupha) ngemva kokuphikisana. Ukuhluleka ukuvumelana nakho kungaphumela ekulahlekelweni yilokho kufunwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umakhi kungase kudingeke ukuba akhiphe amakhambi okulawula, njengasenqubeni yesivumelwano sokuphikisana ne-acement, ngaphambi kokukhokhwa kwecala. Ukuwanakekela kahle lezi zimfuneko kusukela ekuqaleni kubalulekile.

Ukukhetha Inkundla Efanele

Uma umbuso ungakunqandanga ukuvinjelwa enkantolo ethile, uma umakhi kungase kungabi nakwenza okunye ngaphandle kokumangalelwa enkantolo kahulumeni ephethe. Kwezinye izimo, ukuvotelwa kungatholakala uma isivumelwano sihlanganisa isigqebhezana sokuvala i-orbit kanye noma uhulumeni uvume ukuthatha imvume yokuvimbela. Nokho, izisho zokuvimbela ukuqulwa komthetho kumelwe zibukezwe ngokucophelela ngoba izifunda zingagcina isivikelo esizimele ezinkantolo ezingokomthetho. Ukukhethwa kwe-Forbu kungathintana nokuthi icala liyahamba yini kodwa futhi namakhambi akhona.

Umshuwalense Nokwandisa

Abavoti kufanele bacabangele futhi ukuthi inxusa likahulumeni lizobafaka imvume yini uma becelwa abantu abathatha isithathu. Izivumelwano eziningi zikahulumeni zihlanganisa izinombolo ezihlotshaniswayo, kodwa lezi zingalinganiselwa ngezimiso zokuvikela ukubusa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ingxenye yesithathu imangalela uma uma umkhandi efuna okuthile okuhlobene nesivumelwano, uhulumeni ungase uphikise ngokuthi ayinakuphoqelelwa ukuba ifake isiqinisekiso ngaphandle kokuba iluthene naleyondlela yokuvikela.

Ukushaya Igebe Lapho Kukhuliswa Ukungashayeleli

Uma uhulumeni evikela isivumelwano ngezizathu zokuzimela, umakhi kumelwe akulungele ukuphikisa ukuthi ukugonywa kwesimiso sokuzivikela kuye kwanqandwa noma ukuthi kuyasebenza okuhlukile. Amasu alandelayo avame ukusetshenziswa:

  1. Ibala i-applicate ye-waiver: Isinyathelo sokuqala siwukuthola ilungiselelo lomthetho noma lomthetho-sisekelo eliphazamisa ukuvikeleka kohlobo lwento eshiwoyo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kudinga ukuhlaziywa komthetho.
  2. [ Iqoqo elihlangene nezimo: Uma i-raver inemibandela (umz., idinga isaziso phakathi nesikhathi esithile), umakhi kumelwe abonise ukuthi zonke izimo zahlangatshezwana.
  3. I-Argue Okuthi I-Itra Eyifakayo ngokwayo Iyazifinyeza:[ Uma isivumelwano siqukethe isisho esicacile, gcizelela ulimi lwaso olucacile.
  4. Aspectal Act of Secretary Act Execred: Uma igebe lisuka ekuhlulekeni okungagunyaziwe, kuphikisa ukuthi ukuvikeleka akusebenzi emisebenzini yokukhonza.
  5. Funa Impumuzo yokudazulula: Kwezinye izifundazwe, umakhi angafaka inqubo yokwahlulela ehlasimulisayo ukuze athole isinqumo esilawula ukuvikeleka ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke ngokulimaza.

Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa izinkantolo ezikhethekile noma amakhomishane okusingatha iziphakamiso ezimelene nombuso.

Isiphetho

Ukungavumelani kwezingxabano zikahulumeni kuyindawo ehlukile yomthetho ehlanganisa ukuvimbela ukulawulwa kwezimiso zomphakathi namalungelo omuntu siqu. Nakuba ukuzivikela kombuso kungavikela amazwe ekuhlawulweni okungapheli, kungadala futhi imiphumela engalungile kubenzi bemisebenzi abaye bathembela ezithembisweni zikahulumeni. Ngesivumelwano sokuhlela ngokucophelela, ukuqaphela iziphakamiso zikahulumeni, kanye nokuzichaza ngokusemthethweni, amabhizinisi anganciphisa izingozi ezihlobene nokuncintisana nohulumeni. Noma kunjalo, ulwazi olungcono luwulwazi: ngaphambi kokuba ungene kunoma isiphi isivumelwano nenhlangano kahulumeni, uthintane nommeli ojwayelene ngokomthetho wesizwe nomthetho owe-custotle. Ukuqonda imithetho yomdlalo okuvumela ukuba udlale ngokuphumelelayo.