Izindinganiso Ezingokomthetho Zezimfuneko Eziyimpi Ekuthutheleni Ezindaweni Ezithile

Izenzo zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho-mthetho e-United States zisebenza ekwahlukaneni kwezimiso zomthetho-mthetho, igunya lomthetho, kanye namaqiniso asebenzayo. Imfuneko yokuba ukugcinwa komthetho kuthole isiqinisekiso ngaphambi kokuhlola noma ukubopha kuyisisekelo senqubo yobugebengu baseMelika, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo emongweni wezokufuduka kuhluke kakhulu. Ukuqonda lezindinganiso ezingokomthetho kubalulekile kodokotela abafudukayo, izikhulu zomthetho, nabantu abangase bahlangane nabameli abasebenzela ukufuduka. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okubanzi kwezimfuneko zemvume zokuthunyelwa kwezokuthutha ezindaweni ezisebenzela abantu, kuhlanganise nokwehlukanisa izimfuneko zemithetho yezenzwe, izinqumo ezingokomthetho, ukuthatha izivumelwano ezisebenzayo, ukudlula, nokuthinta okuwusizo.

ISichibiyelo Sesine Nokuthuthwa Kwabantu

IsiHluzi sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sivikela ilungelo labantu lokuvikelwa ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni. Kudinga ukuba izikhulu zomthetho zithole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe endodeni okungenzeka sibangele ukuba zihlolwe noma ziboshwe, ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe isici esiqaviwe. Nokho, sekuyisikhathi eside iNkantolo ePhakade ikholelwa ukuthi ukugcinwa kwabantu abafudukayo kuyimpoqo yezakhamuzi, hhayi isigebengu, futhi lomehluko unemiphumela emikhulu yezimfuneko ezingokomthetho.

Ku S v. Lopez-Mendoza, 468 U.S. 1032 (194), iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi umthetho wokususa izigwegwe, (obubopha ubufakazi obutholakala ngokwephula iSimemezelo sesine seSimemezelo) asebenzanga ekuthunjweni kwezembulo zomphakathi ngaphandle kokuba ukuphula umthetho kuhlanekezele. Lesi sinqumo salinganisela kakhulu amakhambi atholakalayo kubantu abavinjelwe, ababuzwa, noma ababoshwa izikhulu zezokufuduka ngaphandle kwemvume. Noma kunjalo, iSiphendulo sesine siyaqhubeka sifaka imingcele yokuthi inqubo yokuthunyelwa kwezokuthunyelwa kwezokuya emakhaya ingaba khona.

Abaqondisi Bamazwe Baphikisana Nabagebengu

Isici esiyinhloko sokugcinwa kwemithetho yokuthunyelwa kwabantu yimithetho yezomthetho ekhishwe yi-Department of Homeland Security (DHS) noma ijaji elithuthayo, ngokumelene nokufuna noma ukubopha izivumelwano zokuthumba ezikhishwa imajistala kahulumeni. Igunya elingokomthetho lemvume yokulawula elithathwa yi-Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), ikakhulukazi 8 U.S. 76 1226 (a) ne 8 U.S.C.

Izimfanelo Zabaqondisi

  • igunya lokukhipha imvume: amajaji ahlunga-hlulwayo noma izikhulu ze-DHS eziphathiswe uJenene u-Attorney, hhayi imantshi ongathathi hlangothi ngomqondo wobugebengu.
  • [[QUT:0] Isici esiphelele sobufakazi: Ifuna ukubonisa imbangela okungenzeka ukuthi umuntu uphinde asuswe, okuwumnyango ophansi kunaleyo engase ibangele ukwephulwa komthetho.
  • Fixe: ngokuqhelekileyo igunyaza ukuboshwa nokuboshwa komuntu othile ngezinjongo zokufuduka komphakathi; ayinikezi igunya lokufuna elibanzi elifanayo njengemvume yobugebengu.
  • Ukuphoqelelwa: Imithetho elawulayo ngokuvamile yanele ukubopha abantu ezindaweni zomphakathi, kodwa igunya labo lokungena endlini yangasese lilinganiselwe kakhulu.

Izigebengu zifuna ukusekelwa yi-affidavit efunwe inguno-mgomo ofunwe ngokufanele ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa futhi kumelwe busayinwe yimantshi kahulumeni. Bagunyaza kokubili ukuboshwa nokweqisana kokuseshwa. Ngoba ukuthuthwa kwabantu abafuduki kungokomphakathi, hhayi ubugebengu, izivumelwano zokuphatha ziseyithuluzi eliyinhloko le-ICE (Immigration and Custom Confroctive Enforcementment) kanye namanxusa e-Boriver Patrol. Nokho, uma isikhulu esisebenza ngaphandle kwezwe sinombono wokuthi umuntu uyenze icala lobugebengu futhi − − njengemvume yokuthutha ngemva kokudingiselwa (injini ye-U.C.C.C.666) umthetho wobugebengu wecala ungasetshenziswa noma ukwenziwa izimo ezingabonakali.

“ Ukungena Ekhaya”: UMgoqo Ophakeme Womthumeli Wokufuna Isigebengu

ISichibiyelo sesine sinikeza isivikelo esikhudlwana ekhaya. Paiton v. eNew York, 445 U.S. 573 (1980), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi amaphoyisa angase angangeni ekhaya langasese ngaphandle kwemvume yokukhipha izimo noma imvume. Isimiso esifanayo sisebenza kubaphathi bezentubezi. United States v. Kim, 25 F.3d 1426 (9th Cir. 1994), i-Grandment eyanikwa umthetho wokubopha izikhulu ukuba zingene ngaphandle kokuzivumela okungokomthetho. [i-"imvume yokufuna ubugebengu, noma ukuvuma]

Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuba nemvume yokuqondisa ukuboshwa komuntu akunikezi amanxusa e-ICE ilungelo lokuphoqelela ukungena ekhaya lomuntu. Ukungena ngokomthetho endlini yakhe, izikhulu zokufuduka ngokuvamile kufanele zithole imvume yokufuna ubugebengu kumphathi wezwe, ziqinisekise imvume yokuzithandela yesakhamuzi, noma zibonise ukuthi izimo ezikhona (umz., ukuchithwa kobufakazi, ingozi yokubalekela, noma usongo lokuphepha olushesha) kukhona. Lesi simiso sivame ukufingqwa ngokuthi: “Isivumelwano sokuphatha siyiphepha, hhayi isihluthulelo.

Izinqumo Eziyinhloko Zenkantolo Ezibhuntshisa Izimfuneko Ezingadingekile

Ukuqonda lezi zinqumo kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukuthi ikuphi ukuthutha okungokomthetho.

United States v. Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U.S. 543 (1976)

INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo zokuhlola abafuduki ezindleleni eziseduze nomngcele, inquma ukuthi ukuma okunjalo akudingi ukusola komuntu oyedwa. Lelicala lamisa “indawo yokuhlola engaphandle kwe-flarending” eyimfuneko, ivumela ukuma okufushane ukuze ibuze ngaphandle kwemvume. Nokho, iNkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi ukuphenya okunganqamukiyo kwezimoto kudinga imbangela noma imvume.

United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez, 494 U.S. 259 (1990)

Lesi sinqumo salinganisela ukufaneleka kweSichibiyelo sesine kubafo abangahlangani ne-United States. INkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi iSichibiyelo sesine asisebenzi ekuphenyeni impahla yomfokazi ongekho ezweni langaphandle. Lelicala livame ukucashunwa emongweni wokuqashelwa kwesiphambano noma izenzo zokuqashelwa kwamazwe angaphandle.

Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S. 387 (2012)

Nakuba ngokuyinhloko siphathelene nemithetho kahulumeni yokufuduka, lesi sinqumo saqinisekisa isikhulu sikahulumeni esivelele sokugcinwa kwabantu abafudukayo. INkantolo yaphawula ukuthi izikhulu zezomthetho wezwe azinakubamba abantu abasekelwe ngokuyisisekelo ekuphucweni kwezakhamuzi ngaphandle kwemvume. Lesi sinqumo sigcizelela indima elinganiselwe kahulumeni namaphoyisa endawo ekuqikelweni kwezindawo futhi sigcizelela isidingo sezicelo zikahulumeni noma ze-ICE.

Pena v. United States, 2017 (inkantolo ephansi)

Kulendaba, abantu ngabanye babekela inselele ukungena kwe-ICE endlini ngaphandle komthetho phakathi nokusebenza ngokulandelana. Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi imvume yokuqondisa yokususa ayinikezi igunya lokungena endlini ngaphandle kwemvume noma izimo eziqinile, ezivumelana [ Kim[. Lesimiso siye samukelwa kabanzi yizinkantolo zesifunda.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Ngisho nalapho ngokuvamile kudingeka imvume, izikhulu eziningana ezingakhethi zivumela ukuba zithathe isinyathelo ngaphandle kwesimo.

Usizo

Uma umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela ukuseshwa kwempahla yakhe, noma ikhaya, akudingeki. Ukuvuma kumelwe kunikezwe ngokukhululekile, ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa. Izikhulu zokuthutha ziqeqeshelwa ukucela imvume ngokuqondile, futhi zingacela imvume yokungena endlini noma izincwadi zokuhlola. Izinkantolo zihlola ingqikithi yezimo zokunquma ukuthi imvume yayingokuzithandela yini. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ukuba khona kwamanxusa amaningi, izikhali ezidonswayo, noma ama-affff avame ukuvala imvume yokuzithandela.

Izimo Ezibi

Ezimweni lapho ukuthola incwadi yomthetho kungavumela khona ukuba kubhujiswe, kucaciswe ukuthi umuntu ungabaleka, noma usongo olusheshayo lokuphepha komphakathi noma ukuvikela kwesikhulu ukuba lungene, izikhulu zingangena ekhaya noma zithathe uhambo ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umbaleki owaziwayo ebonwa engena ekhaya futhi kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi uzobaleka, amanxusa angafuna ngaphandle kwemvume. Umthetho kumelwe ukuba ulwele iqiniso futhi ungenziwa yimithetho elawulayo.

Ukukhishwa komngcele

Mhlawumbe okuphawuleka kakhulu ekunyanzelweni kokugcinwa kwabantu abafudukayo ukuphenywa komngcele. Ukuhlola okwenziwa emngceleni noma izinto ezilingana nawo (umz., izikhumulo zezindiza zomhlaba wonke, amatheku, izindawo zokuhlola ezingaphakathi), akudingi imvume noma ngisho nesizathu esilindelekile. INkantolo Ephakeme United States v. Ramsey[, 431] U.S. 60677 [intengosi ye-mende], ikholelwa ukuthi ukuseshwa komngcele “kunengqondo” ngokwencazelo yeSichibiyelo sesine ngenzuzo kahulumeni yegunya eliyifaktha lokulawula labo abangena ezweni. Lokhu kudlulela ekuhlolweni kwezimoto, imithungo, nemishini, nakuba ukuhlola kwemishini kuqhubekela ukuphenyanisa.

“ Knock Nenkulumo” Noma Awukho Umthwalo? Ukubonakala Nezindawo Zomphakathi

Amanxusa okuthutha angaya kubantu ezindaweni zomphakathi .Njengoba efuna imigwaqo, amapaki, noma indawo yomsebenzi, futhi ubuze imibuzo ngaphandle kwemvume, uma nje engangeni ekudumazekeni. Umuntu cishe akakhululeki ngokomthetho ukuba ashiye uma izikhulu zibonisa izikhali, sebenzisa iphimbo lokuqondisa, noma zivimbele indlela yomuntu. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukuhlangana kuba ukuqunjelwa okudinga okungenani ukusolwa okunengqondo. Ukuboshwa okungokomthetho (ijele), imvume yokuphatha idingekile ezindaweni zomphakathi, kodwa ukuboshwa okuningi kusadingeka ngemvume yokuba khona noma ukukhishwa kwemvume.

Imingcele Esabekayo: Kuphi Lapho Abashayi Bempi Bengabuqeda Khona?

Izikhulu zokuthutha zinegunya elikhulu lokubopha phakathi kwe-United States ngokusekelwe emvumeni yokuphatha. Nokho, igunya lazo lokungena ezindaweni ezibucayi njengokungathi izindlu zokukhulekela, izikole, izibhedlela, noma izinkantolo − ingaphansi kwezimiso zangaphakathi ze-DHS. Ngo-2021, i-DHS yakhipha isiqondiso sokunqanda izenzo zokugcinwa kwamaphoyisa noma eduze kwezindawo zenkantolo, izikole, nezindawo zezokwelapha. Nakuba lemithetho ingenawo amandla omthetho wezomthetho, iyakusungula izivikelo ezingehlela ukuboshwa uma uphulwa, ngisho noma imvume ngokwayo ifanelekile. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zivame ukubekela inselele izenzo zokuhlanganisa lezi zimiso eziphuthumayo, nakuba izinkantolo zingadingi njalo ukunqanda ubufakazi.

Izincwadi Ezingokoqobo Zezazi Zokuthuthwa Kwezihambi Nabantu Abahlukahlukene

Ukuqonda izimfuneko zokugunyazwa kubalulekile kunoma ubani ongase asebenzelane ne - ICE noma ne - CBP.

Kubantu ngabanye

  • [ Ungavuli umnyango ngaphandle kokuba uzimisele ukukhuluma. Ngaphandle kokuba izikhulu zinikeze imvume yokufuna ubugebengu esayiniwe imantshi kahulumeni, akudingeki ukuba uyivumele ingene ekhaya lakho. Ungakhuluma ngomnyango noma ngefasitela.
  • Cela ukubona isiqinisekiso. Cela abaphathi ukuba bafake umlayezo ngaphansi komnyango noma bawuphakamise efasiteleni. Hlola ukuthi kuyimvume yini yokuphatha (I-200 noma i-I-205) noma isiqinisekiso sokufuna ubugebengu. Owangaphambili akagunyazi ukungena ekhaya.
  • Unelungelo lokuthula. Ngisho nasezokuthutha, akudingeki ukuba uphendule imibuzo ngaphandle kokunikeza igama lakho nezincwadi zokuhlukanisa. Buza ummeli ngaphambi kokwenza noma iziphi izinkulumo.
  • Uma uboshiwe noma uvalelwe, cela ukuqulwa phambi komahluleli wezokufuduka. Unelungelo lokuphikisa ukufaneleka kokuboshwa kwakho nokuzimisela kwakho.

Kubantu Abazazisayo

  • Ukwenamela ukusebenza kwemvume yokuphatha. Ekwenzeni ukususwa kwemicikilisho, unganyakazisa ukuze ucindezele ubufakazi uma uphawu lungahlelekile noma uma lukhishwe ngokungafanele (umz., ukungena ekhaya ngaphandle kwemvume). Nakuba i-Latzez-Menza imingcele ehlukene, ukuchithwa kweSichithi sesine kungaholela ekucini.
  • Sebenzisa ukuzivikela kokuvuma. Uma ikhasimende lakho liboshwe ngaphandle kwemvume ekhaya, uphikisa ngokuthi noma isiphi imvume eshiwoyo sinikezwa ngokungahlosile izimo.
  • isifundazwe se-Monitor kanye nokuxhumana kwendawo. Kusukela Arizona v. United States, izifunda eziningi ziye zadlulisa imithetho yethempeli evimbela ukubambisana kwamaphoyisa ne-ICE. Ukuqonda umthetho wendawo kunganikeza amakhasimende ezinye isivikelo.
  • Uhlala uvunyelaniswe ezinguqulweni zenkambiso ye-DHS. Isimiso sokuqondisa iBiden esingu 2021 esiza kuqala nokuqondisa kokuthatha indawo okusheshayo kungathinta ukuthi kuphi futhi nini lapho i-ICE ikhipha izivumelwano. Ukujeza kungaphakanyiswa ezimisweni zokuphatha nasezinkingeni zenkantolo.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nezindinganiso Ezishintshayo

Izimfuneko eziqinile zokugcinwa kwezokufuduka azikho ezisendaweni eqinile. Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zicwengisisa imingcele yokufuna umngcele, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokuphenywa kwemishini yogesi. United States v. Cano, 944 F.3d 1002 (9 Cr.2019), inkantolo yasekela ukuthi ukuphenywa okungenasiqinisekiso kwe-cellphone emngceleni kwakudinga ukuboniswa kwesizathu esinengqondo sokungaba nemininingwane ekhethekile. INkantolo Ephakeme ayikakhululi impikiswano ethile, ishiya ihlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa okukhulayo kwemithetho yokuphatha njengesisekelo sokuboshwa ngaphandle kokumangalelwa kobugebengu kuhlolwe amaqembu ezakhamuzi nangamajaji.

Enye impikiswano ephumayo ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yokuthunyelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe “kumadolobha nakumazwe. Ezindaweni lapho iziphathimandla zendawo zingafuni ukuhlonipha izicelo zababambeli be-ICE, amanxusa e-ICE angadinga ukukhipha izivumelwano zawo siqu ngokuqondile. Lokhu kuholela ekuhlinzweni kobuchwepheshe ngezinye izikhathi okuhilela ukungena noma ukuthembela ngokungena ngokusemthethweni kumngane noma kumsebenzi. Izinkantolo ziphethe ukuthi umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni ogunyaziwe okhishwa yi-DHS wanele ukubopha obala, kodwa okungaqedi ukuviswa kweSiphendumiso sesine sekhaya.

Isiphetho

Umthetho wezwe olawula izimfuneko zokugunyazwa kwemithetho yokugcinwa kwabantu abafudukayo uyingxubevange yomthetho-mthetho, igunya lomthetho, nesibonelo sokwahlulela. Nakuba imithetho yokuphatha inikeza i-ICE isithili esiphansi sokubopha abantu abasolwa ngokuphulwa kwezindawo zomphakathi, abanikezi i-carrowche ukuba bangene emakhaya noma benze uphenyo olusobala. ISiphendulo sesine siyaqhubeka sinikeza isivikelo esinenjongo, ikakhulukazi ezindlini zangasese, futhi ngaphandle kwemvume, izimo ezixegayo, nokuhlola umngcele kuyaqondakala. Ngoba kokubili odokotela nabantu ngabanye, ulwazi lwalezindinganiso luyintambo yokuqala yokuvikela inqubo engekho emthethweni.

Ukuze ufunde, bheka iwebhusayithi yokuphathwa kwe-'FLT':0] evimbelayo , i-[FLT]'uxhakathiso lwezincwadi oluthi article's production's production. Ochwepheshe bezomthetho wezezimali kufanele bathintane nemithetho yezomthetho yezezezimali njalo, njengoba imingcele yegunya lokugunyazwa iqhubeka nokuguqula.