Isisekelo Somthetho Wesigebengu: Ukuqeda Ubugebengu Nendlela Yokushushisa

Umthetho wesigebengu usebenza njengesisekelo somthetho womphakathi, umisa ukuthi yikuphi ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe yizwe futhi ubeke imiphumela kulabo abephula imithetho enjalo. Kubafundi, othisha, nanoma ubani onesithakazelo esimisweni sobulungisa, ukuqonda izimiso eziyinhloko zomthetho wobugebengu kubalulekile. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucaciswa okucacile kwezenzo zobugebengu, ukuthi amacala ahlelwa kanjani, izici ezibalulekile okumelwe zifakazelwe, nenqubo elandelanayo uhulumeni amangalela ngayo izaphulamthetho.

Ngokungafani nomthetho wesizwe, osingatha izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu abantu, umthetho wobugebengu uhilela uhulumeni othatha isinyathelo ngenxa yomphakathi ukuze ajezise ukuziphatha okubhekwa njengokuyingozi noma okusongela umphakathi. Izigxobo ziphakeme: ukukhohliswa kobugebengu kungaphumela ekulahlekelweni inkululeko, inhlawulo, nehlazo elihlala njalo.

Buyini Ubugebengu?

Kulula kakhulu, ubugebengu buyisenzo (noma ukushiyeka) esiphula umthetho owenziwe yigunya elibusayo futhi esijeziswa umbuso. Umthetho kumelwe uchaze ngokucacile ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe ukuze abantu babe nesaziso esilungile salokho okunqatshelwe. Isimiso somthetho sase-U.S., esisekelwe emasikweni avamile, siqaphela izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko zobugebengu: amaphutha namaphutha. Amanye ama-gamente ahlanganisa isigaba sesithathu, ukwaphula umthetho noma ukwephula umthetho, okuyisijeziso esivamile.

Imikhosi

Izehlo ziyisigaba sobugebengu obungathi sína kakhulu. Zivame ukugwetshwa ukuboshwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, futhi kwezinye izimo, ukuboshwa noma ukufa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, ukuphanga, nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa. Izinkolelo ezifinyelelwe zivame ukuphumela ekulahlekelweni kwamalungelo athile, njengokuthola ilungelo lokuvota, ukuba nezibhamu, noma ukukhonza ejaji. Amazwe amaningi angaphansi kwe-divividefelide felonies emadikeni (umz. umz., okokuqala i-degree ukubulala kokuqala, i-egreegie) okusekelwe ebubini bokulimala kanye nasemgomweni wabamangalelwa.

Amaphutha

Amaphutha ayizigebengu angewona amakhulu kakhulu, ajeziswa ngokukhokhwa, ukugwetshwa, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma ukuboshwa unyaka owodwa (ngokuvamile ejele lendawo kunokuba ijele likahulumeni). Amaphutha avamile ahlanganisa ukweba okuncane (umz., ukweba izinto ezingekho ngqimbeni), ukuhlasela okulula ngaphandle kokulimala okungathi sína, ukuziphatha okungahlelekile, nokushayela ngaphansi kwethonya (i-DUI) lezaphuli zokuqala. Nakuba izigwebo zinezijekethi ezilula kunezezinhlabo, ukukhohliswa komthetho kungaqhubeka kube nemiphumela ehlala njalo emsebenzini nasemathubeni okuhlala.

Iziphambeko Nokuphula Imithetho

Iziphambeko, ezibizwa nangokuthi ukwephulwa, amacala amancane angenakho ukugodla ngokokuziphatha. Avame ukujeziswa kuphela ngenkokhelo futhi awaphumeli embhalweni wobugebengu ngokwesiko. Izibonelo zihlanganisa amathikithi okulala, ukungcolisa, nokuphulwa kwemithetho yezakhiwo. Iziphakamiso ngokuvamile ziphathwa ezinkantolo zokuphatha umphakathi kunokuba zigwetshwe ngecala.

Izakhi Zobugebengu: Actus Reus, Amens Rea, Nangaphezulu

Ukuze kube isenzo sobugebengu, umshushisi kumelwe afakazele izici eziningana ezibalulekile ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Okubili okuyisisekelo yilokhu ctus reus (isenzo sobugebengu) kanye nabantu abathatha i-a[ (ingqondo enecala). Nokho, ezinye izici ezifana ne-cault ne-convectrence zidingeka njalo.

Isenzo Somzimba

Actus reus ibhekisela esicini esingokomzimba sobugebengu. Kungaba isenzo sovuma, njengokudonsa imvuthuluka, noma ukwehluleka ukwenza lapho umthetho uphoqelela ukuba athathe isinyathelo sokwelapha (umz., umzali ohlulekayo ukunikeza umntwana ukunakekela kokwelapha). Isenzo kumelwe sibe sokuzithandela; ukuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo noma sokuhamba ngengozi ngokuvamile akukwanelisi ukwenza isenzo esiphundu. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu ohlaselwa ukuquleka okungabangelwa yisenzo sobugqila. Kwezinye izimo, ukuba nemali nje ye-contraband ingaba i-exus yenze u-reus (inyani iyisenzo "u-atrius"), kodwa umthetho ufuna ukuba umuntu owaziyo ukuthi uphethe into.

Amadoda Ayaphinda: Ingqondo Yecala

I-Mens rea yisimo sengqondo umuntu enza ngaso ubugebengu. Ubugebengu obuhlukahlukene budinga amazinga ahlukene enhloso. I-Model Penal Code, izifunda eziningi eziye zayisebenzisa iyonke noma ngokwengxenye, ichaza amazinga amane ahlukene okulahlwa kwecala:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ngezwi eliphansi:[ Umuntu ufisa ngenhloso ukuhileleka ekuziphatheni noma ukubangela umphumela.
  • [ Ngokuqaphela:[ Umuntu uyazi ukuthi ukuziphatha kungokohlobo oluthile noma ukuthi izimo ezithile zikhona.
  • [ Ngokunganqikazi: Umuntu ngokungazibophi akayinaki ingozi enkulu nengalungiseki.
  • Ngokungaqondi: Umuntu kwakufanele azi ngengozi enkulu nengalungiseki kodwa ahluleke ukuyibona.

Amanye amacala, aziwa ngokuthi amacala angokohlupho, awadingi madoda aphinde angene. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho yokudlwengula ngokwemithetho ayifuni ummangalelwa ukuba azi ubudala besisulu; isenzo sodwa sanele ukuqiniseka. Icala eliqinile lilinganiselwe emacaleni okulawula amacala namacala avikela ukuphepha komphakathi.

Ukuzitika Nokuzitika

Umphumela uveza ubugebengu obuye bavela (njengobubulala), umshushisi kumelwe afakazele ukuthi isenzo sommangalelwa asizange senzeke umphumela owenqatshelwe. Kunezici ezimbili zokuqulwa: ibangela-ubutha[ [umphumela] womphumela olindelekile (uvivinyo: kodwa ngesenzo sommangalelwa], ukulimala bekungeke kwenzeke) futhi kudinga ukuba kubangele imbangela (umonakalo wawuwumphumela olindelekileyo wesenzo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimiso [FLTFLD:4] [FLT] [FFLT] abenziwe bugebengu obuphelele.[FLT] kudinga ukuba isenzo sobuthunye nowenze abantu baphinde babulawe.

Ukuhlelwa Kobugebengu Ngohlobo Nabahlaseli

Ngalé kokwehla kwecala/ukuhlukanisa, ubugebengu buvame ukuhlukaniswa ngengozi eyenzekayo. Lokhu kuhlelwa kusiza abashushisi, abameli, nabahluleli ukuba baqonde umongo wecala nesigwebo esifanele.

Ubugebengu Kumuntu

Lokhu macala kulimaza ngokuqondile noma kusongela ukulimala ngokomzimba noma ngokwengqondo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukubulala (ukubulala nokubulala), ukuhlasela nokwebhethri, ukudlwengula nokuhlasela ngokobulili, ukuphanga (ngokuphoqwa noma ngokuphoqwa), kanye nokuthumba. Ubugebengu kumuntu ngokuvamile bubhekwa njengesijeziso esingathi sína kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile sinezijeziso ezinzima kakhulu.

Ubugebengu Obumelene Nempahla

Ubugebengu bempahla buhilela ukuphazanyiswa kwelungelo lomunye umuntu lokusebenzisa noma lokujabulela impahla yakhe. Abuhileli ukuphoqelela noma ukusongela umuntu (ngaphandle kokuba ubugebengu buqhubekele ekuphangeni). Izibonelo ezivamile yi-larcny/ebart, ukugqekeza (ukungenisa isakhiwo ngenhloso yokwenza ubugebengu ngaphakathi), i-arson, ukucekela phansi, nokukhwabanisa. Ukuphanga ngokuvamile kuxhomeke entengweni yempahla ethathwe noma emoshakeleni.

Ubugebengu Obumhlophe Nobezimali

Ubugebengu belanga obungekhona ubudlova obuyenziwa ukuze kuzuze imali, ngokuvamile ngokukhohlisa noma ngokufihla. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukukhwabanisa ngezikweletu, ukuhweba ngempahla, ukukhokha imali, ukukhokha intela, nokuthumba izimpawu. Lamacala angaba ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ahilela ubufakazi obukhulu obuyikhodi kanye nophenyo olunzulu lwezinhlangano ezinjenge FBI ne-SEC. Intelligence ingahlanganisa izinkokhi ezinkulu, ukukhokhwa, nokugwetshwa okuthatha isikhathi eside, njengoba kuboniswa ezindabeni eziphakeme ze-Entron. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe, bheka [[FLT:].U.U.U.U.U.U.UMnyango we-Checronyment projectal projectal project[FFFlation:1]

Ukuhleleka Komphakathi Nobugebengu Bokuziphatha

Izenzo eziningi ezinjalo ziphikisana nempikiswano, njengoba ngokuvamile ziphambanisa ukuziphatha abanye abakubheka njengokungenazisulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphoqelelwa kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ngegunya.

Ubugebengu Obungalawuleki: Imizamo, Ukuthumba, Nokupholisa

Akuqediwe wonke amacala. Umthetho ujezisa ukuziphatha okuqhubekela phambili ngokwaneleyo ebugebengwini ukuze kuboniswe injongo eqinile yokukwenza. Ubugebengu obungalawuleki buhlanganisa ukuqeda (ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqondile sokuthatha icala), [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] ukuphambana [ [iizenzo zobugebengu] [ [abantu] abavumelana ukuthatha icala, kanye nesenzo esingaphezulu], [[FLT:]] ukuhlanganisa [iisicelo] noma ukucela omunye ukuba enze ubugebengu]). Lokhu macala avumela ukuvinjwa ukuba kungene ngaphambi kokuba kukhiqiniswe umonakalo.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Kwamacala: Ukusuka Ekuhlolweni Kuya Ekugwetshweni

Ukuquliswa kwecala kuyinqubo engokomthetho ehleliwe eqinisekisa amalungelo ommangalelwa avikelwe kuyilapho umbuso uphishekela ubulungisa. Izigaba ezilandelayo ziveza indlela engokoqobo esuka ecalani okuthiwa liyicala kuya esimweni sokugcina.

Ukucwaninga Nokuboshwa

Le nqubo iqala lapho amaphoyisa ethola ukuthi ubugebengu obethiwa buyicala ngombiko wesisulu, ufakazi, noma umnyango osebenza ngokusebenza. Abaphathi baqoqa ubufakazi, ofakazi bengxoxo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi bathole izimpawu zokufuna ezisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka. Uma ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi umuntu othile owenze lobu bugebengu, amaphoyisa angase aboshwe. Ukuboshwa kungabangelwa ngemvume yokuboshwa ekhishwa umahluleli, noma ngaphandle kwemvume uma isikhulu sikhona esibangele ukuba kuthathwe isigwebo. Ngemva kokuboshwa, ukusolwa kufakwe incwadi (ibhalwe, i-find, i-fish, futhi i-octed) futhi ibekwe ilindele ukubonakala kokuqala enkantolo.

Ukubonakala Kokuqala Nebhantshi

Phakathi nesikhathi esifushane ngemva kokuboshwa (ngokuvamile amahora angu- 24-48), ummangalelwa kumelwe avele phambi komahluleli. Umahluleli utshela ummangalelwa ngalokhu kumangalelwa, uchaza amalungelo abo (kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuya elulekweni), futhi ahlele izimo zokudedela ngaphambi kwezakhiwo, ezaziwa ngokuthi ibheyili. Umahluleli ubheka izici ezinjengobukhulu bobugebengu, ingozi yokuhamba kommangalelwa, nengozi emphakathini. Abanye abamangalelwa bakhululwa ngokwabo siqu (ngaphandle kokukhokha ibhete), kuyilapho abanye kumelwe bafake ibheyili noma bahlale ejele. ISiphendulo se-8 se-galelo sivimbela ibheyili ephakeme kakhulu.

Ukuvala Izinqumo

Ngemva kokuboshwa, umshushisi uhlola ubufakazi bokunquma ukuthi kufanele yini ingenwa ngamacala angokomthetho. Abashushisi bangakhetha kakhulu: bangase benqabe ukuqulwa uma ubufakazi bubuthakathaka, banikeze isaziso, noma baphishekele amacala angathi sína asekelwa amaqiniso. Emacaleni kahulumeni, ijaji elikhulu likhipha icala; ezimisweni eziningi zikahulumeni, ukuqulwa kwecala kokuqala kubekwa lapho uma ijaji linquma ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi likhona. Ibhukwana elikhohlazayo (umbhalo noma icala) lisho ukuthi imithetho eqondile yecala yaphulwe yicala.

Ukubekwa Icala Ne - Plea

Kulempikiswano, ummangalelwa ufunda ngokusemthethweni amacala futhi acelwa ukuba angene esicelweni: unecala, ungabi necala, noma ungabi namncintiswano (nolo imastapere). Ukunxusa okungenacala kuyokwenza icala liqhubeke. Unecala noma akukho mncintiswano ungaholela ngokuqondile ekugwetshweni, ngaphandle kokuba inkantolo ivume isivumelwano esixoxwe phakathi komshushisi nolwelu kuzivikela. Icala lezelele lixazululwe ngokufaka isikhalazo, okungasindisa isikhathi nemithombo kodwa kuphakamise imibandela elungile.

Izindlela Zokuhlola Nokuthola

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, zombili izinhlangothi zihlanganyela ekutholeni (ubufakazi obungatholakali, izinhlu zobufakazi, nezinye izinto. Isivikelo singahlela phambili ukuze kuncishiswe ubufakazi (umz., uma kuthathwa ngokwephula iSichibiyelo Sesine), zilahle ukumangalelwa ngenxa yokuntula isizathu, noma ukushintsha indawo. Uma ijaji libeka imithetho kulemicimbi, engahlela ngokuphawulekayo izinga lokuqulwa kwecala. Ukuhamba okubucayi yilungelo [[FLT: 0]] [[FLT:]] ukuzwa okuvivinya ukuvinjelwa okwenziwa phakathi nokuncishwa komfunda. Imininingwane ] [FLT]], bona amalungelo [FLT] [FLT] [FFFF:N]

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala liqhubeka liqulwa, kungase kube phambi kwabahluleli (uma ummangalelwa ekhetha icala labahluleli) noma ijaji lodwa (icala lenkantolo). Icala lilandela ukulandelana okuvamile:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Izinkulumo ezivulayo: zombili izinhlangothi zikhomba lokho ezihlose ukukufakazela.
  • Ukucuthwa kwendaba ye-proseast: Uhulumeni unikeza ubufakazi, ubiza ofakazi ukuba bahlolwe ngokuqondile, futhi uhlala.
  • [ Icala le-Defense':[ Ukuzivikela kungabiza ofakazi, kuzise ubufakazi, noma ukuphumula ngaphandle kokuveza icala (ummangalelwa akadingeki ukuba afakazele).
  • Izimpikiswano ezivezayo: Nhlangothi ngalunye lufingqa ubufakazi futhi lunxuse isinqumo.
  • Iziqondiso ze-JURY:[ Umahluleli uchaza umthetho ijaji kumelwe liwusebenzise.
  • Ukukhipha nesinqumo: Amajaji ngamabomu ngasese futhi abuyisa isinqumo sokuba necala noma ungenacala. Isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane emacala obugebengu.

Kulo lonke icala, abamangalelwa bathwele ubufakazi obungenakungatshazwa ngokunengqondo, futhi kusobala ukuthi indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yomthetho waseMelika.

Ukugwetshwa Nokukhanga

Uma ummangalelwa etholakala enecala, isigwebo sivela enkantolo ehlukene. Umahluleli ucabangela umbiko wokuhlola kwamanje, iziphakamiso zezisulu, nezimpikiswano zombili nhlangothi. Ukugwetshwa kusuka ekukhokhelweni nasekuboshweni kuya ekuboshweni, futhi ngezinye izikhathi isigwebo sokufa (ngokwezisho ezikuvumelayo). Imithetho eminingi isebenzisa iziqondiso zokugweba ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki. Ngemva kokugweba, ummangalelwa angadlulisela imvume noma isigwebo enkantolo ephakeme, aphikisa amaphutha omthetho noma ukwephula umthetho. Inqubo yokudlulisa ingethatha izinyanga noma iminyaka. Icala ngokuvamile alikwazi ukudlulisa isigwebo ngenxa ye-dibird Clay Claus.

Ukuvikela Okuvamile Emthetho Wesigebengu

Ummangalelwa angase avuselele ukuzivikela kokuthi, uma kuvunyelelwe, kunganciphisa noma kuqede izikweletu zobugebengu. Ezinye zezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • [---efense:[ Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla anengqondo ukuze uzivikele ekulimaleni okuseduze.
  • Ukungalungi: ngesikhathi sobugebengu, ummangalelwa wayenokuphazamiseka okukhulu kwengqondo okwamvimbela ukuba aqonde isimo sezenzo zabo noma ahlukanise okulungile kokungalungile.
  • I-Etrapment:[ amanxusa kahulumeni anxenxa ummangalelwa ukuba enze ubugebengu abengeke babenza.
  • [[UMTHO] Umongo: Ummangalelwa wathatha isinyathelo ngaphansi kosongo lokufa ngokushesha noma ukulimala okukhulu komzimba.
  • Ithatha iqiniso:[ Ummangalelwa ukholelwa ngokunengqondo emaqinisweni athile ukuthi uma kuyiqiniso, wayeyokwenza ukuziphatha kwabo kube ngokomthetho.

Ukuze uthole indlela enegunya yokucathula ukuvikela kobugebengu, hlola i-ofisi yombuso ye- ye-U.S. Courts.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Umthetho Wesigebengu

Umthetho wesigebengu uthinta zonke izici zomphakathi, kusukela emacalani anobudlova kakhulu ansuku zonke kuya ekuphuleni umthetho. Ngokuqonda izincazelo, izici, izigaba, nezigaba ezichazwe ngenhla, abafundi nodokotela bazuza isisekelo sokuqonda indlela isimiso somthetho esichaza futhi siqule ngayo icala. Noma ufundela ukuhlolwa, ukufundisa isigaba, noma ukufuna nje ukuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi, ukusebenza komthetho wobugebengu kusiza ekuqiniseni isimiso sobulungisa futhi kugcizelela ukulingana phakathi kwezimiso zomphakathi nelungelo lomphakathi. Izimiso zomthetho zisebenza futhi ziphinde zihlawulwe, amadoda aphinde zihlolwe, futhi ziqinise ukuthi labo abafanelwe isijeziso ngempela banecala. Njengoba umthetho uyaqhubeka ukwenziwa kwezindawo njenge-ibernicculm, inqubo yezokwelapha, futhi ilokhu idingide izisu.