Ukuqonda Ubandlululo Lwenkathi Eqashweni: Umsuka Nezinga

I-Age Discrection in Account Act (ADEA), eyasayinwa emthetho ngo-1967, yaklanyelwa ukuvikela abantu abaneminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu ekucwatshweni ngemisebenzi ngenxa yobudala. Isebenza kubaqashi abazimele abanezisebenzi ezingu-20 noma ngaphezulu, isifundazwe, nohulumeni bendawo, izinhlangano zemisebenzi, nezinhlangano zezisebenzi. I-ADEA ivimbela ukucwaswa ngokuqasha, ngokuqesha, ngokudubula, ngokuphakamisa, ngokukhokhela, ngenkokhelo, umsebenzi, ngokuqeqeshelwa, nanoma yiziphi ezinye izimo zomsebenzi. Ngokungafani no-Siti VII se-Ovi ye-Poligin Rights Act, uMthetho ka-Right Act, i-omsme, i-bala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka ezweni, i-ADEA i-octive i-oct, inesigaba esincane esivikelwayo esemthethweni esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esingundayo.

Umthetho futhi uvimbela ngokuqondile ukuziphindiselela kubantu abamelene nemikhuba yokungakhonziwe komthetho noma abahlanganyela ekwakheni i-ADEA ehlobene nezenzakalo. Emashumini eminyaka, i-ADEA iye yalungiswa izikhathi eziningana, ngokuphawuleka kakhulu yi-Alce Workers Benefit Protection Act (OWBPA) ka-1990, eyaqinisa isivikelo sezisebenzi esezikhulile ngokuphathelene namasu anezimfuneko eziqinile zokuzuza abaphangi bamalungelo e-ADEA.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Ezathonya I - ADEA

Ukumisa Umthwalo Wobufakazi: O’Connor v.

Kulendaba ebaluleke kakhulu, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ngezindinganiso ezisobala ze-ADEA authoriff. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi ummangalelwa akadingi ukubonisa ukuthi wayethathelwe indawo umuntu oneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-40; kwanele ukubonisa ukuthi iminyaka yobudala yayiyisici esinqumayo esinqumweni somqashi. Lesinqumo sehlisa ibhange lababekhona ukuze baqhubeke besahlulelwa ngokuficayo, iphoqelele abaqashi ukuba banikeze izizathu ezingokomthetho, ezingagunyazi izenzo eziyingozi. Isinqumo saveza nokuthi i-AEA isivikelo sidlulisela kunoma ubani oneminyaka engu-40, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ushintsho lungaba ngaphezu kwengu-40, isikhathi eside uma umuntu okwazi ukuthatha ulwazi olunengqondo angaphetha ukuthi isinqumo seminyaka yobudala.

I- “Kodwa ku-” Isimo esivamile: Gross v. FBL Services Financial Service (2009)

Mhlawumbe icala elilandela i-ADEA kakhulu emlandweni wamuva, Gross v. FBL Services official yawushintsha ngokuphawulekayo umthwalo wobufakazi. INkantolo Ephakeme yathi umkhandlu ophakeme kumelwe abonise ukuthi iminyaka yobudala “kodwa ngenxa” yayiyisizathu somsebenzi onzima, ngoba lokhu kwenza ukuba umsebenzi ungawenziwa ngaphandle kokuba ungonyaka. Le nqubo ifuna okukhulu kunezizathu eziningi zokuyilwa kwecala elisetshenziswayo ngaphansi kwesihloko VII. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi [[FLT:] Gros [FLT:] ngokuphumelelayo] kwenze kwaba nzima kakhulu ngezisebenzi ezindala ukuba zinqobe, ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho ubandlululo lungase lube khona esinye sezizathu zokudubula noma ukubulala. Impikiswano enkulu, nakuba ingakavusenziswanga.

Imiphumela ephambene neSmith v. City of Jackson (2005)

Imiphumela engaguquguquki ithi [1] lapho isimiso esingathathi hlangothi silimaza izisebenzi esezikhulile ngokungenakulinganiswa ngaphandle kobufakazi bobandlululo lwenhloso − siye saba yindawo yokuzimela ngaphansi kwe-ADEA. Smith v. City of Jackson[, iNkantolo ePhakamileyo iphethe ukuthi ithonya elihlukanisayo liqashelwa ngaphansi kwe-ADE kodwa linendawo ephawulekayo: abaqashi bangavikela izimiso ezinjalo ngokubonisa ukuthi basekelwe “ezicini ezinengqondo kunezenkathi”. Lento enengqondo eyisicinezeleleyo” ibanzi kunezehlosehlombe elidingayo "izenkani yezehlosi, ukunikeza abaqashi isilinganiso esiphansi somthetho ophansi, ukuveza isilinganiso esilingana nesilinganiso (ECC) esibonisa isilinganiso esincane semithetho ehlelwenindabeni esicacile se-2012. Isikhulu sesigaba esiphambili sesigaba esiphambili sobukhotho siyaqhubeka sesikhathi esiphambili esibonisa ukuthi abaqashi esiqinile sivumele isilinganiso esiqinile sivusemuva seminyaka sivusemuva, si

I - Nkosi enguHulumeni: Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents (2000)

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-ADEA kohulumeni kwahlolwa ku-AIMEl v. i-FLTS. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi i-ADEA ayigunyazi ukunqanda kweSichibiyelo seSijimi seshumi Nenye, incazelo yezisebenzi zikahulumeni ayinakumangalela abaqashi bazo bezwe ngenxa yemali elimazayo ngaphansi kwenkantolo kahulumeni. Lesinqumo salinganisela kakhulu ukufinyelela kwe-ADEA eqenjini yomphakathi, iphoqelela izisebenzi ezindala zikahulumeni ukuba zithembele emithethweni emelene nomthetho emelene nomthetho wesigebengu noma amakhambiso. Isinqumo siyaqhubeka siphikisana, nezinye izazi ezingokomthetho ziphikisa ngokuthi inhloso yokuqala ye-ADEAA ukuze zivikele zonke izisebenzi ezindala, kuhlanganise nalezo zisebenzi zikahulumeni.

Izimpikiswano Ezinkulu EMthethweni Wokwehlukaniswa Kweminyaka

Ukungezwani Kweminyaka Nezinzuzo Zokulahlwa

Nakuba enye yezindawo eziphikisana kakhulu ibiwukusetshenziswa kokwehlukanisa abaqashwa ngokusekelwe ekuzuzeni amasu. I-OWBPA yabekwa kakhulu ekuvaleni izikhalazo ezivumela abaqashi ukuba banciphise noma baqede izinzuzo zezisebenzi esezikhulile ngaphandle kokwephula i-ADEA. Ngisho noma kunjalo, izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngokomthetho wezinhlelo zomhlala-mhlala-phansi. Nakuba izinhlelo ezinjalo zivunyelwe uma zinikezwa ngokuzithandela, i-EOC icubukisisa amasu aphoqesha izisebenzi esezikhulile ukuba zihoxe. Umugqa ophakathi kwesisusa esingokomthetho nenkokhelo enzisakha uhlala ungekho Mnuklo, ngokuvamile kudinga ukuba izinkantolo zihlole ulimi oluqondile nomo wonyaka ngamunye. I-galelo eliphezulu lihilela izinkampani ezithembise izinzuzo zokuhlela izincwadi ezishintshiwe kamuva, zonke izisebenzi ezikhulile zidukile zidukile.

Ukucwasana Kweminyaka Ekhona: “Isimiso Esihlakaniphile” Nezindonga Zokuthengisa

Izindlela zokuqasha zanamuhla ziveza izinselele ezintsha. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso ezisemthethweni zokulandelela izinhlelo ezisekelwe eminyakeni yokuhlangenwe nakho kungaba nethonya elihlukile ezisebenzini esezikhulile. Ngokufanayo, abanye abaqashi bamisa amabhatabhayisekili akhokhela ngokuphumelelayo izisebenzi ezithathe isikhathi eside (zazidala), aholela ekutheni le mithetho iphula umthetho we-ADEA. Ochwepheshe bezomthetho bakhomba amacala lapho izinkampani zagwetshwa khona ngokusebenzisa “iminyaka yolwazi” njengomavota osebenza ngenkathi ethile, ikakhulukazi uma imibandela enjalo ingaboshelwanga ngokucacile ekusebenzeni umsebenzi. Isiqondiso esishayo se-EOC sigcizelela ukuthi abaqashi kumelwe bahlole izinqubo zabo zokuqasha ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi noma iziphi izinqubo zokungathathi hlangothi azifaki ngaphandle kokuba inqubo isekelwe esimweni esinengqondo ngaphandle kokuba isekelwe kwesinye esimweni esivamile.

Ukushintsha Ukucwaswa: Ingabe Izisebenzi Ezisencane Zingawunakekela USue Ngaphansi Kwe - ADEA?

Impikiswano eqhubekayo iwukuthi i-ADEA ivikela izisebenzi ezingaphansi kuka-40 ezisezincane ngenxa yobudala bazo. Izinkantolo ziye zathi ngokungaguquki isigaba se-ADEA esivikelwe silinganiselwe kubantu abaneminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu. Nokho, abanye abavele bazama ukuphikisa ukuthi “osemusha” angaveza icala uma bebandlulwa ngenxa yobudala babo, ngisho noma bewa ngezansi kwengu-40 [[FLY:0] ngesilinganiso esivamile iLands Systems, Inc. v. Cline[FLT:] [204], iNkakhulu leNkantolo linqume ukuthi iADE ayisho ukuthi uma iqhathaniswa nontanga yabo ishiya ubandlululo. Kodwa i-A ayishongoyeli ukuthi i-ahrey ewundlu i-ace.

Indima Ye - EEOC Ekuphoqeleleni Nempikiswano

I-EEOC, ephoqelela i-ADEA, ibilokhu iyinhloko yezimpikiswano zezombangazwe nezezomthetho. Amanye amaqembu abaqashi aphikisa ngokuthi isiqondiso se-EEOC ezindabeni ezinjengo- “zici ezinengqondo kunenkathi” siye sandisa umthetho ngaphezu kwalokho u-Congress ayekuhlongoza. Ngo-202020, i-EEOC yakhipha umthetho wokugcina oshintsha umthwalo wokususa ithonya elingokomthetho, ofuna abasebenzi ukuba baphawule umsebenzi othile obangela ukungalingani. Lomthetho wabekwa inselele enkantolo, ufaka umthetho oqinile ukuthi wawenza ube mkhulu ngokungafanele izimfuneko ezisobala. [FLD:] E. U. Umnyango we-C.[FL.[F.0] u-U.[FF.[F.1] u-E.[Fom.S.[Foffter] [2] [201], impikiswano yenkantolo, kodwa ngokungaphezulu, ibekelwe phambili umthetho, i-EC.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zezisebenzi Nezisebenzi

Lokho Abaqashi Okumelwe Bakwenze Ukuze Bazikhandle

Uma kucatshangelwa indlela esemthethweni yokulawula inqubo, abaqashi kumelwe bathathe izinyathelo ezisemthethweni ukuze bagweme i ADEA ukulahlekelwa kwezisebenzi ezikhulile. Okokuqala, qinisekisa ukuthi zonke izinqubo zemisebenzi ezihlobene nokuncishiswa kwemisebenzi, ukudilizwa, ne-RIFs zenza ukuba ziklanywe ngokucophelela ngezimiso zobudala. Abaqashi kufanele babhale izizathu ezingokomthetho zebhizinisi nganoma yisiphi isinqumo esingase sibe nethonya elibiyo kuzisebenzi ezindala. Okwesibili, lapho kunikezwa izisusa zomhlalaphansi, kunikezwa ukwaziswa okugcwele ngokuvumelana nezimfuneko ze-oWBPA's waiver, kuhlanganise nenkathi yokuhlola isigaba sezinsuku ezingu-21666 (izinsuku ezingu-45 zeqembu elingaphandle) nenkathi ye-7196 losuku lokukhutshwa kwezemfundo engadingekile noma ukugcinwa emsebenzini ongayitholi.

Inkinga Ekhulayo ‘ Ye - RIFS Empunga” Nethonya Elingalingani

Izinqumo zokuhlenga-hlengisa eziphoqelelwe (RIF) ziwumthombo ovamile we-ADEA ligigation. Abaqashi ngokuvamile bahlasela izisebenzi ezikhokhelwa kakhulu, ezikhokhelwe isikhathi eside ukuba zinciphise izindleko, kodwa lokhu kungaphumela ekutheni ithonya elingalinganiyo kuzisebenzi ezikhulile. i-EEOC ikhiphe isiqondiso sokuthi imikhuba enjalo ingase iphambuke i-ADEA uma izinhlelo zokukhetha zingasekelwe kwezinye izici ezinengqondo kuneminyaka yobudala. Izinkantolo ziye zakholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa “izilinganiso” okubonisa izimpawu zenkathi yobudala kungaba yizaba zokucwaswa uma lezo zingasetshenziswa ngokungaguquki. Abameli bamachazi be-Pholitia banci banci ngokuqhubekayo bancike ebufakazini bezibalo ukuze babonise ukuthi i-RFI inemiphumela ephawulekayo ephawulekayo ezisebenzini ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-40, ukuguqula inqubo yokukhetha abaqashi ekuzibekeni kwezenzweni. I-Rdiston iluleka ekuhlolweni kokuziphatha kokugcina kwenkalo."

Ukwanda Kobandlululo Lweminyaka Encane

Ingxenye yobuchwepheshe iye yabhekana nokuqashelwa okukhulayo kwezenkathi yobudala. I-heagle profile imangalela izinkampani ezinjenge-Google, Facebook, ne-IBM isho ukuthi iyindlela yokusekela izisebenzi ezisencane ngokuhlelekayo, ikakhulukazi kwezobunjiniyela nasemkhiqizweni. Ngo-2021, i-EEOC yafaka icala elikhulu ngokumelene nenkampani yeSilicon Valley echaza ukuthi ifuna ngamabomu “abathweswe iziqu zasekolishi zezobuchwepheshe” ngenxa yezikhundla zobuchwepheshe, ngaleyondlela isusa izikhundla zakudala. Izisebenzi eziningi zobuchwepheshe ziye zazinza izibalo ezinjalo eziphawulekayo, kodwa impucuko engaphansi kwenkathi engoko iyaqhubeka. Izazi zisikisela ukuthi isimo esisheshayo semboni yezobuchwepheshe, sihlangene nokuzingalawuleni kobuchwepheshe, zidala isimo esivuthiwe se-ADE. Izisebenzi zezobuchwepheshe ezikhulile zivulela ukuguqula i-Fornia (ngesmotie ) isilinganiso esibanzi sezentententente (ngethe)

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo: Izinguquko Ezingase Zishintshwe Nezimpikiswano Eziqhubekayo

Imizamo Engokomthetho Yokushintsha Ngokukhulu

Kusukela ku- u-Gross isinqumo, amalungu e-Congress aye asungula izikweleti ezinjengethi Ukuthengiselela i-Depating Elder Working Against Tribation Act (POWADA) ukuze abuyisele “isici esishukumisayo” uvivinyo lwe-ADEA. Kusukela ngo-2025, i-POWADA iye yaqala futhi yaziwayeka kaningi kodwa ayidlulisanga womagumbi amabili. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi i-“kakhulu" isilinganiso esingafanele esisikwenzisa izisebenzi esezikhulile, ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho ubandlululo luhlanganiswa nezinye izizathu ezingokomthetho. Abaphikisi baphikisana ngokuthi ukuthoba kwezinga lokuqhuma kwemizwa kwezelishwa namandla okungavikele ngisho nokuxubana ukucwasana kwezindawo. Izikhulu zezombangazwe zisikisela ukuthi ukushintsha kwesimo seze zezentengo yeze yakudala, kodwa kuveza ukuqandayo kweze inguquko yezisebenzi ezisemuva.

Umphumela Wezisebenzi Ezigugile

Izibalo zamanani abantu asebegugile ziyogcina ukucwasana kobudala kuse phambili. Ngo-2030, oyedwa kwabahlanu abasebenza emsebenzini uzoba neminyaka engu-65. Njengoba izisebenzi esezikhulile zithatha umhlalaphansi, inani lezisebenzi ze-ADEA lingase linyuke. Abaqashi bazodinga ukuhlela izimiso zokusekela izisebenzi esezikhulile, njengokukhetha okuguquguqukayo, ukuthatha umhlalaphansi, nokulungisa umsebenzi. Ngaso sinye isikhathi, izisebenzi ezincane zingaphoqelela imithetho elinganisela inzuzo yasebekhulile, ibangele ukuxabana okungabangela ukuthathelwa indawo entsha ngaphansi kwemithetho emisha noma yezwe. Amanye amazwe kakade aqala ukucwasandlululwa kweminyaka yawo siqu, ahlanganisa zonke izisebenzi eziphila iminyaka yobudala, zihamba ngaphandle kwe-40 e-AALAPlane. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia i-mthetho udwebo lwemithetho evimbela ukucwasana okungcono, noma yiziphi izikhala zeminyaka ngokwezi.[0][0][5]

Ukuqhathaniswa Nezifundo Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Nakuba i-ADEA isawumthetho kahulumeni oyinhloko e-U.S., amanye amazwe aye athatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukhetha iminyaka. I-European Union’s Show Shouble Edirective (2000/78/EC) inqabela ukucwaswa kweminyaka emsebenzini kuzo zonke izingxenye zezwe, kodwa ivumela ukuthethelelwa okusekelwe ezimisweni ezingokomthetho zemisebenzi. UMthetho we-United Kingdom we-Eadecity 2010 uqhubekela phambili ngokunqabela ukucwaswa kwemithetho yobudala ngokwelungiselelo lempahla nemisebenzi, hhayi nje umsebenzi. Lezizigelekeqe zezizwe zomhlaba zinikeza isivikelo esikhulu futhi zimbalwa kune-AADE. Abanye abasekela i-U.S. baphikisa ukuthi kufanele bamukele uhlelo olubanzi olufanayo lokuhlukanisa imingcele, njengokusebenzisa imithetho engokokwahlukana kweminyaka engokwakhelwayo, njengokusebenzisa imithetho efuna ukukhokha izikhulu nezisebenzini.

Isiphetho: Ukushintsha Indawo Esemthethweni

I-Age Trust in Act iwusivikela kakhulu izisebenzi esezikhulile cishe iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha, kodwa ukulinganiselwa kwazo kusobala kakhulu ezomnotho ezishintshayo. Izenzakalo ze-modemome njenge Gross ne[FLT]. [FLT]S]Smith v. City yaseJack [i] inciphe kancane ukufinyelela umthetho, kuyilapho izimpikiswano zokushintsha ubandlululo, inzuzo yecebo, nezindlela zobuchwepheshe zokuqasha ziyaqhubeka ziveza ukukhangisa. Abaqashi kumelwe bahlale beqaphile, njengoba i-EEOC ne-omforttiff engcono kakhulu i-off i-ADE. Ngenkathi efanayo, ukukhomba nokufuna inzuzo engokwemisebenzi, abaholi besebenza nakwenye ibhizinisi nakwenye futhi besebenza ngokulunga.

Abaqashi abafuna ukuvumelana ne-ADEA futhi bagweme ukuqashelwa okubizayo, isivikelo esingcono kakhulu siyindlela yokuzigcina: hlola yonke imisebenzi yezemisebenzi ontanga, usebenzise inqubo yokunciphisa ukungathathi hlangothi, futhi njalo ubhale izizathu ezingokomthetho, ezingezona ezenjongo zemisebenzi. Izisebenzi ezindala, nazo, kufanele ziqaphele ukuthi i-ADEA ihlala iyinye yamathuluzi amaningana akhona, futhi imithetho kahulumeni nemithetho yendawo inganikeza isivikelo esengeziwe. Ukulwa nobandlululo lobudala kusekude kakhulu (85) kodwa ngokufundiswa ngemithetho nokwenza inqubo, umsebenzi ungaba indawo lapho ubudala buhlonishwa khona, futhi uvalo lungasatshwa.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngemithetho yokucwasana yobudala, vakashela [[FLT: 0] i-EOC’s Age Are Discrection ikhasi noma ubukeze [[FLT:].U.S. UMnyango wemithombo yemisebenzi yezemisebenzi e-ADE[. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- National Conference of Legstitus[ unikeza isifushayo esiwusizo sesivikelo sikahulumeni [i-pane] sezisebenzi ezindala.