Uphenyo luyimvume eyisisekelo yezimiso zomthetho zomthetho, ukugunyaza ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kuhlolwe futhi kuphathwe isithuthwane uma kubhekiswe kumagodu asemthethweni. Maphakathi ukuthola isiqinisekiso sokufuna ngokomthetho yi-affidavit/a isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni, isifungo esibhaliwe esimisa isisekelo esingokoqobo esidingekayo ukuze kuvunywe imvume yokwahlulela. Ngaphandle kwe-affidavit esemthethweni, ngisho nezingozi zokuhlola ezifaneleke kakhulu ezephula amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ngokunokwenzeka ukunikeza ubufakazi obungaqondakali. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima enzima yokunikeza i-affidavits ekuhlanganeni nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho, ukuhlola incazelo yazo, izingxenye ezibalulekile, izimpande, izinselele, i-stricription, nezigcobo eziphambili zokuhlola.

Siyini Isimangaliso Esiqaphile?

Isiqinisekiso sokugunyaza i-affidavit siyisiqinisekiso esingokomthetho, esasayinwe sagunyazwa esikhuluni sokwahlulela. Ngokuvamile silungiselelwa isikhulu somthetho noma umshushisi, ummeli uveza amaqiniso aqondile nezimo ezibangela ukuba kwenzeke ngokunokwenzeka — inkolelo enengqondo yokuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa nokuthi ubufakazi bokuthi ubugebengu busendaweni ethile noma kumuntu othile. I-ffidavit iwumsuka osobala wesicelo somthetho; ngaphandle kwayo, umahluleli noma umahluleli akanakunikeza isiqinisekiso esingokomthetho.

I-affidavit kumelwe yenziwe ngaphansi kwesijeziso se-prejury, okusho i-affiant (umuntu ofungayo kumaqiniso) angase asolwe ngokungemthetho nganoma imaphi amanga asuselwa ngenhloso. Lemfuneko igcizelela ukungathi sína kwedokhumende futhi iqinisekise ukuthi amaqiniso anikeziwe athembekile ngangokunokwenzeka. I-affidavit iyabukezwa futhi i-part ithexete [[] ngaphandle kokuba khona kwesihloko sokufuna ````-sohight''' uma uma uma uma uma i-ffidavit ikhona.

Izimfuneko Ezingokomthetho Zokulwela Impi

Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo nomthetho-mthetho, i-affidavit kumele isho ngesizathu esizwakalayo. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yaphikelela ikholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka kufuneke “isizathu” sokuthi ukuvinjwa noma ubufakazi kuyotholakala, hhayi ukuqiniseka okuphelele. I-affidavit kumelwe ihlanganise izici ezimbalwa eziyisihluthulelo:

Amaqiniso Aqondile Aveza Imbangela Efanelekile

I-affidavit ayinakho ukuqukethe izinto ezingekho ngqiqweni noma izinsolo nje. Kumelwe inikeze amaqiniso aqinisekile, aqinisekisiwe ahlanganisa umsoleki, indawo, nobufakazi obulindelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, uphenyo lwezidakamizwa kufanele luchaze ukuthengiselana okuqashelwe, izihloko zokwazisa, ukukhipha udoti, noma imiphumela yokuhlola ebonisa izenzo zobugebengu eziqhubekayo. Izinkulumo ezibonisa ukugcona njengesithi “isikhulu sinesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ukudilizwa akunalutho.”

Incazelo Yezinto Okumelwe Zibanjiswe

ISichibiyelo sesine sidinga ukuba kufunwe “ngokuvamile izimpawu zokufuna indawo okumelwe ihlolwe, futhi abantu noma izinto ezizothathwa.” Ngakho, i-ffidavit kumelwe ifanise izinto ezifunwayo ngokunembile (noma yimiphi imithi, izikhali, amabhukwana, noma imishini kagesi. Izincazelo ezibanzi, njenganoma yibuphi ubufakazi bobugebengu,” yandisa ingozi yokufuna okungekho emthethweni. I-affidavit kufanele ibhale uhlu lwezinto ngohlobo, izimpawu ezihlukanisayo, noma ezinye izinto ezihlukanisayo.

Umthombo Wolwazi Nenqubo

Uma i-affidavit incike ekwazisweni okuvela ku-irendathi, emthonjeni oyimfihlo, noma kuthengwa, i-affiant kumelwe ichaze isisekelo solwazi lwalowomthombo nokuthi kungani umthombo uthembekile. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa “ubukhulu bezimo” ukuze zihlole ([[] Izinyathelo [amasango , 462.S 213 (193) ukuze zihlole ukuthi amaqiniso ahlangeneyo yini mayelana nokuhlola kwamaphoyisa] cishe. I-affidat kufanele ichaze izinyathelo ezithathwe ukuqinisekisa ukwaziswa, ukuhlola okunjalo, ukuhlola, ukuhlola, noma ukuthenga okulawulwa.

Isikhathi noma “ukuqamba amanga”

Imbangela efanelekile kumelwe ibe yamanje. I-affidavit esho amaqiniso amasonto noma izinyanga ubudala ingabhekwa “njengento,” ikakhulukazi uma isenzo sobugebengu okuthiwa singesona esiqinisekile noma indawo singalungiswa. Ukusondela ngokushesha kokusebenza kwamaqiniso aqanjiwe, ukuboniswa kwesizathu esingase sibe yisizathu. Umahluleli uyocabangela isimo sobugebengu, imikhuba esolekayo, nohlobo lobufakazi obufunwayo (umz., izidakamizwa ngokuvamile ziyalahlwa ngokushesha, kuyilapho amarekhodi emali engasala isikhathi eside).

Ukubaluleka Kokuchaza Imininingwane Ecacile Ezindabeni Eziqaphile

Ukwaziswa kufeza kokubili izinjongo ezisebenzayo nezingokomthetho. Uma kulindelekile, kulinganisela ukuseshwa ezindaweni ezihlobene ngokunengqondo nomsebenzi wobugebengu, ukuvimbela uhambo lokudoba. Ngokomthetho, i-affidavit eqondile inciphisa amathuba okucindezelelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-affvidat eqamba amagama aqondile futhi ichaza isimo sendlu, i-comptrand, nezinsuku zokuhlola inikeza umahluleli umfanekiso ocacile. Ngokuphambene, isikhulu esimane nje sithi “isikhulu siphawule ukuziphatha okusolayo e-123333 Main Street” cishe siyolahlwa.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yagcizelela ukuthi “imbangela engaqondiki iwumqondo woketshezi .ukushintsha ekuhlolweni kwemiqondo ethile eyiqiniso.” ( Illinois v. Amasango, 462 U.S. ophakathi kuka 2322. I-affidavit kumelwe ivumele imentshisi ukuba yenze isinqumo esizimele, hhayi nje isiphetho senjoloba. Abaphathi kufanele bahlanganise wonke amaqiniso abalulekile, ngisho nalawo angasikwe sizathu, ngoba ukuhlolwa okuphelele kudinga ukuhlolwa okulinganiselwe.

Indima Ye - Affidavit Ekubukezweni Kokwahlulela

Uma i-affidavit isiholiwe, umahluleli noma imantshi uyihlola ukuze athole ukuthi ikhona yini imbangela. Lokhu kuhlola kuyi-sethi yokuhlola amandla okulawula, ngokuvumelana nemfuneko yeSichibiyelo sesine evumela ukuba impikiswano ivumelane “ngesizathu esilindelekile, esisekelwa u-Oath noma isiqinisekiso.” Indima yomahluleli ayikona ukukhipha isahlulelo sesikhulu kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-affidavit iqukethe okuyiqiniso okwanele ukuthethelela ukungezwani.

Ingxenye yokuqala yenqubo isho umahluleli ubheka kuphela imvume yokuhamba. Ngakho - ke, ifomu kumelwe libe eliphelele nelithembekile. Izincwadi zamaqiniso ezinto ezibonakalayo − njengomlando wokwazisa okuyimfihlo, /kamuva liholela ekuzweni kukaFranks (bheka ngezansi). Ngemva kokubukeza, umahluleli angakhipha isiqinisekiso njengoba siceliwe, asishintshe ngokuphelele. Uma imvume ngokwayo ikhishwa, kumelwe ikhishwe phakathi nesikhathi esinengqondo, ngokuvamile izinsuku eziyishumi, njengoba kufunwa u-Federal Ageal of Crignal Procedature 41 kanye noManumston abaningi.

Isimiso Somthetho - sisekelo – ISichibiyelo Sesine

Imvume isekelwe eSichibiyelweni sesine se-U.S., esivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka. ISichibiyelo sesine [ ifuna ukuba imvume “ngokuyinhloko ichaze indawo okumelwe ihlolwe, futhi abantu noma izinto ezimelwe zibanjwe.” Lemfuneko iphoqelelwe nge-affidavit, enikeza umniningwane odingekile. Umthetho owenqabela uhulumeni ukusebenzisa ubufakazi obutholakele ekuphuleni iSichibiyelo sesine sokwehlisa isimilo sokwesine [1] inikeza ikhambiso elibi. Ubufakazi obuthathwe ngaphansi kwesiqinisekiso esisekelwe ekutholeni i-affidavitit enganele, ngokuvamile bungacishwa, futhi bungadizwa.

Izinselele Ezivamile Kubantu Abathuthile

Abalweli bavame ukubekela inselele ukufaneleka kokufuna ngokuhlasela imfijoli esekelayo. Izinselele ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa:

Ukuntuleka Kwembangela Efanelekile

Uma inkantolo ithola ukuthi, lapho ibukeza amakhoneni amane e-affidavit, amaqiniso okuthiwa awafinyeleli emfanelweni okungenzeka iyimbangela, indinganiso ayilutho. Lokhu kungenzeka lapho i - affidavit incike ekwazisweni okungaqondakali, amacebiso angaziwa, noma izinkulumo ezivumelanayo.

Amazwi Angamanga Noma Izimemezelo — Ukuqulwa Kwamacala

Ngaphansi i-Flanks v.Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (188), ummangalelwa anganikezwa ilungelo lokuzwa ngokucacile uma enza isandulela esicacile esibonisa ukuthi i-affiant ngamabomu noma ngokunganaki ihlanganise izinkulumo ezingamanga kuma-affidavit, noma aphucwe amaqiniso aphathekayo, nokuthi okusalokhu okusekhona akusekelwangakho. Uma ummangalelwa ethola isizathu, ulwazi lwamanga lungabekwa phansi futhi isiqinisekiso singancishwa. Lemfundiso ivimbela izikhulu ukuba zingakhohliswa abahluleli abadukisayo futhi isekele ubuqotho benqubo ye-affidavit.

Ukuzibamba

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ukwaziswa okudala kululaza imbangela. Uphenyo lwe-narcotics oluchaza izenzakalo zezinyanga ezimbili ezidlule lungase lungasekeli ukuphenya kwamanje, ikakhulukazi uma kungekho sibonakaliso sesenzo esiqhubekayo. Umbuzo uwukuthi amaqiniso asekela inkolelo enengqondo yokuthi ubufakazi busesendaweni ngesikhathi kufunwa isiqinisekiso.

Ukungakhulumi Kakhulu Ngokufanele

Uma i-affidavit − futhi ngenxa yalokho indida (amaphutha) ukuchaza indawo noma izinto ngokuzichaza ngokwanele, ukuseshwa kungabhekwa njengokufuna okuvamile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-affidavit ebhekisela ku-"indlu engasho ukuthi iyiphi indlu esakhiwo esinamaqoqo amaningi engacacile kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, isicelo sokuthatha “zonke i-computer” ngaphandle kokuyixhumanisa nobugebengu obuthile singadlula.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuphoqelela Abashisekeli Bokulwa

Uma kucatshangelwa izingozi eziphakeme, ukugcinwa komthetho kanye nabashushisi kufanele kunamathele ezindinganisweni eziqinile zokubhala.

  • Ihlanganisa amaqiniso ayisisekelo: faka izinsuku, izikhathi, izindawo, ukuqaphela, nezenzo. Chaza ukuziphatha kosolwayo, imiphumela yanoma yikuphi ukuqapha noma ukulawulwa, nezizathu zokuba indawo ihlangene nobugebengu.
  • [ Izihloko zokwazisa: Chaza ukwethembeka komphathi, umlando wabo wendlela yesikhathi esidlule, nanoma ikuphi ukuqiniseka okuzimele okungenziwa.
  • Akey edala ngokuthulula:[ Uma okunye ukwaziswa kudala, chaza ukuthi kungani kuhlala kubalulekile (umz., ibhizinisi lobugebengu eliqhubekayo, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa isikhathi eside).
  • Sebenzisa ulimi olulula: Gwema ulimi olungokomthetho olungadida imantshi. Bhala ukulandisa okucacile, okulandelana kwezikhathi okulandisa indaba evumelanayo.
  • Thembeka futhi uphelele: Hlanganisa noma imaphi amaqiniso aphathekayo angasusa imbangela, njengokufuna okungaphumelelanga ngaphambili, umlando wobugebengu, noma ukungavumelani. Ukuveza ingcaca kuqinisa ukuthembeka kwe-affidavit futhi kunciphisa ingozi yenselele yamaFrank.
  • Imithetho yesifundazwe neyamazwe ahlukene: ama-over ahlukene anezimfuneko ezengeziwe, njengezinhlobo ezithile, izinqubo zoqiniso, noma imingcele yesikhathi yokukhishwa. I-affiant kumelwe ivumelane nayo yonke imithetho yendawo.

Izibonelo Zomthetho Oyicala

Izinqumo eziningana eziphawula izenzakalo zengqopha - mlando zibonisa indima ebucayi ye-affidavits. Izicathulo ze-Illinois v. , iNkantolo Ephakeme yamukela ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwe-avtime-securstant, ikhipha isinqumo sokuthi incwadi engaziwa esekelwa yizingxebe zamaphoyisa itholakele imbangela okungenzeka. INkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi izimantshi kufanele zenze izinqumo eziwusizo, ezivumelanayo ezisekelwe ekuhlolweni kwe-affidavit yonke.

Fids v. Delaware, iNkantolo yaqaphela ilungelo lokubekela inselele ama-ffidavit anezinkulumo ezingamanga. Icala lalihilela ummangalelwa owathi ummangalelwa wayehlanganise amaqiniso aqanjiwe. INkantolo yaphetha ukuthi uma ummangalelwa engabonisa ngokuqashelwa kobufakazi ukuthi uphambanisa ngenhloso noma ngesisa, futhi okusele akusekelangasekelangayo, ubufakazi kumelwe buvinjelwe.

Indaba ye- Mariaryland v. Garrison, 480 U.S. 79 (1987), ibhekiswe kuye ngokukhethekile. Kulapho, i-affidavit yachaza isitezi sesithathu sesakhiwo, kodwa ukuphenya okungokoqobo kokuthumba kwangena ngephutha endlini ephansi eyayingumuntu ohlukile. INkantolo yayithi lomthetho uyasebenza ngoba izikhulu zazisebenza kahle ngaphansi kwezimo, kodwa indaba igcizelela indlela incazelo eqondile ngayo ku-affidavit engavimbela ngayo amaphutha anjalo.

Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngomthetho weSichibiyelo sesine, bheka ingcebo yezemfundo yejaji . Izinto zokuqeqesha ukugcinwa komthetho, njengalezo ezivela ku- Isethulo soMahluleli , futhi nikeza isiqondiso esiningiliziwe sokulungisa i-affidavits.

I - ftidavit Njengesivikelo Ekuxhashazweni

Ngaphandle komsebenzi waso osobala, imvume isebenza njengesivikelo esibalulekile ekuphathweni. Ngokuphoqelela ukuqiniswa komthetho ukuba ukwenze kucace ngokunembile, ngokufungela, inqubo yokuzimela ivimbela ukungena okungenamthethweni emakhaya, emabhizinisini, kanye nemiphumela yomuntu siqu. Ibuye iveze umbhalo ohlala njalo ongase ubukelwe izinkantolo, abameli, nabameli bomphakathi. Lokhu kukhanya kuqinisa ukuthembela esimisweni sobulungisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusongela kokucinanisa kushukumisela izikhulu ukuba zihlole imvume yokufuna incwadi, okungaholela ezinkantolo eziqinile kanye nemiphumele ethembekile.

Isiphetho

I-affidavits eqinile ingaphezulu kakhulu kokuhlola amaphepha okuqondisa; iwumgogodla ongokomthetho wezicelo zokufuna imvume. I-applidavit ebekwe ngokusemthethweni iqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zokugcinwa komthetho zisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka, ngokuqondene nezimfuneko ezikhethekile zeSichibiyelo sesine, futhi imelana nokuhlola. Ngokuphambene, ukuhlelwa kabi kwe-appidavit izingozi zokuncishwa kobufakazi nokukhishwa kwecala, ukukhulula amacala okungase kukhululeke. Abashushisi, abahluleli, abahluleli, nezikhulu ngokufanayo, ukuqonda indima yokugunyaza i-a i-ffidavit ekuhlanganeni nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho kubalulekile ukugcina ukulingana phakathi kokulwa kobugebengu okuphumelelayo nesivikelo kwamalungelo omthetho. Ngokulawula ubuciko bokulungisa amacala, ukukhomba icala, nokuthembeka komthetho, ukukhokhwakhwaza komthetho, ukuvikela kwezeleleka, ukugcinwa kwenkululeko yecala lapho i-gevitimen.

Ukufundwa okwengeziwe kwe-octal yokubhala nesizathu okungenzeka, kubhekisa ku- Ligle i-database yecala, noma hlola FBI's Legin Handbook[ yeziqondiso ze-athomu.