Wonke umuntu omangalelwa ngobugebengu e-United States uqinisekiswa ngelungelo lomthetho ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sesithupha. Kodwa ezigidi ezingakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli wangasese, leli lungelo liyohlala liqashelwa ngaphandle komsebenzi wabavikeli bomphakathi nezinhlangano zomthetho. Lezi zinhlangano ziyisisekelo sesithembiso somthetho sokulunga, ziqinisekisa ukuthi ubumpofu abuqondisi izinga lokuzivikela komuntu. Abasekeli bomphakathi basingatha amacala obugebengu kulabo abangakwazi ukukhokha, kuyilapho izinhlangano ezingokomthetho zidlulisela izinkonzo ezifanayo ezindabeni zomphakathi ezinjengokuxoshwa kwezindawo zomphakathi, ukuvinjelwa kwamalungelo ehlwiweni, nokuthunyelwa kwezindawo zokuhlala abahlala kuzo. Zibonke, zivikela isimiso sokuthi ubulungisa abuyiyo indawo ebekelwe abacebile. Lesi sihloko sihlola imisebenzi yabo, izinselele ezinkulu ababhekenezelele, futhi zithinta kakhulu imingcele engokomthetho.

Ukuqonda Abavikeli Bomphakathi

Abavikeli bomphakathi bangabameli abaqashwe nguhulumeni abanikeza iziqondiso ezingokomthetho kubantu ababoshelwe amacala abangakwazi ukuqasha iseluleko sabo siqu. Ilungelo kumvikeli womphakathi lamiswa ngokuqinile ecaleni leNkantolo ePhakeme 1963 Gideon v. Wainwright, ekholelwa ukuthi amazwe kumelwe anikeze iseluleko kubamangalelwa emacaleni ayimfihlo. Isinqumo sandisa isibopho sokudukisa abalweli abadumeli abadume nezimpikiswano zentsha. Namuhla, amahhovisi omphakathi asebenza kuhulumeni, umbuso, nakumazinga endawo, asingatha cishe amashumi amahlanu ezenzakalo zobugebengu eminyango eminingi.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yabavikeli Bomphakathi

Abavikeli bomphakathi benza imisebenzi efanayo nanoma yimuphi ummeli wezelelesi, kodwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhubazekile kakhulu zezimpahla. Imithwalo yabo yemfanelo ihlanganisa:

  • Ngiqhuba izingxoxo namakhasimende, ngeluleka ngamalungelo, futhi ngichaza inqubo engokomthetho.
  • Ukuhlola amaqiniso aleli cala, ukuxoxa nofakazi, nokuqoqa ubufakazi.
  • Ukuhamba ngezinyawo ukuze kuvinjelwe ngokungemthetho kwathola ubufakazi noma ukuxosha amacala.
  • Izikhalo ezinxusayo nabashushisi uma ukwenza kanjalo kuzuzisa ikhasimende.
  • Ukumelela amakhasimende kuzo zonke iziqubulo, ukuqulwa kwecala, nezigwebo.
  • Ukuphatha izikhalo nokukhululeka ngemva kokufaka isiqinisekiso.

Ngenxa yokuthi amacala omphakathi agcwele abantu abaningi, abameli abaningi kumelwe banciphise isikhathi sabo, bagxile ezindabeni eziphuthumayo noma ezingathi sína.

Umlando Omfushane Wezokuvikela Komphakathi EMelika

Umqondo weseluleko esixhaswa obala usukela emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, kodwa isimiso somphakathi sanamuhla sokuvikela savela ekufuneni kwenhlangano yamalungelo abantu ukulingana nobulungisa. Ngaphambi kokuba , abamangalelwa abakhokhiwe , ezindaweni eziningi bashiywa ukuba bazimelele noma bathembele kubameli bezisebenzi zokuzithandela. Isinqumo "ukuvula amabhuloho," ukuphoqelela amabutho ukumisa amahhovisi omphakathi okuvikela. Nokho, izimali azizange zihambisane nesidingo. Ngo-1970 no 1980, izikhalo ziyanda njengoba iMpi yeze yezezezidakamizwa igcwele izinkantolo zezephula umthetho. Namuhla, amahhovisi amaningi asebenza ekuhleleni imali yezicathulo, ngokuvamile echazwa ngokuthi ku-"cris.".""."

Abavikeli Bomphakathi Nelungelo Losizo Oluphumelelayo

Ngaphandle nje kokunikeza ummeli, iSichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuthi usizo olusebenzayo lweseluleko . Kodwa ukugcwala kwecala nemithombo elinganiselwe kusho ukuthi abamangalelwa abaningi bathola u-"meate noncelo" kuphela kunokunikeza izimpawu eziqinile. Izinkantolo zimise isiqobo esiphansi sokusebenza okungaphumeleli, okwenza kube nzima ukugcina izimiso ezinciphilekayo zinecala. Amaqembu anezimo eziphezulu kakhulu anjenge ACLU [FLT]] anezizathu ezibhaliwe lapho abameli babenemizuzu embalwa yokukhuluma nabaxhasi ngokufuna ukulwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa, okwenza kube nzima phakathi komthetho wezwe nanhlobo olungokoqobo.

Ukubaluleka Kwezinhlangano Zosizo Ezingokomthetho

Nakuba abavikeli bomphakathi begxile ekuvikeleni ubugebengu, izinhlangano zokusiza ezisemthethweni zikhuluma ngezidingo zomthetho. Abantu abahlawulwayo abaphansi babhekana nezinkinga eziningi ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezindlini, emthethweni womkhaya, ezikweletini zabathengi, ekuthuthweni kwabantu, nasezinzuzoni zabo. Ngaphandle kokumelelwa, bavame ukulahlekelwa amakhaya abo, ukuwinwa kwezingane zabo, noma ukunikezwa izinkonzo ezibalulekile.

Uyini Usizo Olungokomthetho Lwangaphakathi?

Usizo lwasemthethweni lubhekisele ezinkonzweni zomthetho ezikhululekile noma eziphansi ezisemthethweni zabantu abangakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli ezindabeni ezingezona ezobugebengu. INhlangano yezezomthetho ye-Union Services (LSC) yasungulwa ngo-1974 ukuze ixhase izinhlelo zosizo ezingokomthetho zendawo kulo lonke izwe. Namuhla, i-LSC ehlolweyo isingatha amacala angaphezu kwesigidi ngonyaka. Ezinye izinzuzo ezingaholi, imithola-mthetho, nezinhlelo zezemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo yesikole zinikela ngokufanayo.

Izindawo ezivamile zosizo lwasemthethweni zihlanganisa:

  • Ukufaka [ – ukuvimbela ukuxoshwa, ukuvikela izimo ezingahlala, nokubekela izenzo ezingekho emthethweni zendawo.
  • [ Umthetho womkhaya [ – ukuthola isivikelo ebudloveni basekhaya, ukumisa ukuwinwa kwabantwana noma ukusekelwa, nokuphatha isehlukaniso.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Ikhonsommor Rights – Ukulwa nokuboleka ingqwazi, ukukhokha izikweletu, nokukhohlisa.
  • Ukuthutha – ukusiza ngezinhlelo zokukhosela, ama-visa ezisulu zobugebengu, kanye nokuxosha isivikelo.
  • Izinzuzo ze-Public – Ukusiza amakhasimende ukuba angene e-Medicaid, SNAP, ukukhubazeka kwezokulondeka kwezenhlalo, nezinzuzo zonokuhlangenwe nakho.
  • Imfundo-Ukwenza abantwana abakhubazekile bathola izinkonzo ezifanele ngaphansi kwe-IDEA.

Umzabalazo “Wokudumisa UGideyoni"

Ngokungafani nezindaba zobugebengu, akukho lungelo lomthetho-mthetho lokweluleka ezicini zomphakathi. Leligebe liyaziwa ngokuthi "ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko". Izifunda namadolobha amaningana aye azama izinhlelo zokuqondisa izindiza ezinikeza iseluleko ekuxoshweni nasezenzweni zezenhlalakahle zabantwana. Ukucwaninga kokuqala okufana ne- Ayricon to Coalition kubonisa ukuthi abaqashi abanamagqemende basengozini enkulu yokugwema ukungabi namakhaya nemiphumela elondekile. Inhlangano iyaqhubeka ithola i-trakition, nakuba ukufezeka okugcwele kusalokhu kunzima.

Abavikeli Bomphakathi: Umehluko Odingekile

Nakuba bobabili bekhonza abampofu, abavikeli bomphakathi abasebenza phakathi kwesimiso sobugebengu, lapho izigxobo zihlanganisa khona inkululeko nokuboshwa. Abameli abasemthethweni basebenza enkantolo yomphakathi, lapho ukulahlekelwa yizindlu noma ingane kungabhubhisa ngendlela efanayo. Lezi zimiso ezimbili ziyaphelelisana: umuntu oboshelwe ubugebengu angase adinge umvikeli womphakathi, kuyilapho yena obhekene nokuxoshwa ngemva kokukhululwa edinga usizo olungokomthetho. Ngaphansi kokukhishwa kwanoma isiphi isimiso kudala isimiso sobulungisa esikhipha isijeziso sobumpofu.

Izinselele Abavikeli Bomphakathi Nezinhlangano Zosizo Ezingokomthetho

Isithembiso sobulungisa sokulingana sincishiswa ngokuncishiswa okungapheli, ukubekwa kwecala, nokungalingani kwezimiso. Lezinselele zithinta kokubili ukuzivikela komphakathi nosizo lomthetho womphakathi, nakuba ngezindlela ezihlukene kancane.

Umkhuba Wokungadli Nje Okunenzuzo

Amahhovisi amaningi avikela umphakathi axhaswe kakhulu esifundeni noma esifundazweni, ngokuvamile ngezimali ezihluleka ukuhambisana nokunyuka kwamandla emali noma ukukhushulwa kwemali. Umphumela uwukuntuleka kwabacwaningi, izisebenzi zezenhlalakahle, ama-paragali, nofakazi abangochwepheshe. Izinhlelo zokusiza ezingokomthetho, ezithembele kakhulu ezivumelwaneni zeLSC futhi ezivikelwayo, ukubhekana nezici zemali ezifanayo. Abaningi banezinhlu zemali ezilindileyo, eziphoqelela abathengi abasengozini ukuba bahambe ngezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho kuphela. Ngokwe-Aid & I-Intereversation, isilinganiso sezikhulu ezivikela umphakathi ehhovisi lomphakathi.

Ukunqwabelana Kwezifo Nokutubeka Okungalawuleki

Uphawu olubonakala kakhulu lokungajabulisi kakhulu yizigigaba ezishaqisayo ezithwalwa abavikeli bomphakathi. INhlangano ye-American Bar itusa ukuba umvikeli womphakathi ophelele aphathe amaphutha angaphezulu kuka-50, amaphutha angu-400, noma amagalelo ezingane noma ama-500 ezimoto ngonyaka. Kodwa emahhovisi amaningi asedolobheni, abameli bathwele amacala alinganayo angu-500 noma ngaphezulu minyaka yonke. Lokhu kushiya isikhathi esincane sokuphenya, ukunyakaza, ukuhlinzwa, noma ukuphenya. Ukushiswa nokuphenywa kwemoto kudlangile, kwakha umnyango owehlayo owehlanekezela ukuma kwe-jajiya ukuma kwe-jaji.

Ukungalingani Okungokwesimiso Nokungafani Kobuhlanga

Abampofu nabantu abanemibala bamelelwa ngokungenakulinganiswa ezimisweni zomthetho zobugebengu nezesizwe. Abavikeli bomphakathi kanye nabameli abasemthethweni babhekana nobandlululo lwesimiso somthetho nsuku zonke. Ngokwesibonelo, abamangalelwa abamnyama nabano-Latino basengozini kakhulu yokuba sejele langaphambi kokwahlulela, okubangela ukuba kube nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokungalawuleki okukhulu, lezi zigebengu ziyanda. Izinhlelo zokusiza komthetho zibuye zihlangane nabathengi ababhekene nobandlululo ezindlini, emsebenzini, nasebuthweni. Umsebenzi wabalweli bomphakathi nosizo olungokomthetho awuyona nje impi engokomthetho.

Ukucindezela Kwezombangazwe Nokuthandwa Komphakathi

Abavikeli bomphakathi ngezinye izikhathi bahlaziswa ngokuthi "abameli bakahulumeni" noma "abathelisi." Eqinisweni, bangabasekeli abanikezelwe abasebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele enzima. Izinhlangano zokusiza ngomthetho zabhekana nokuhlaselwa kwezombangazwe, kuhlanganise nemizamo yokululaza i-LSC. Izizwe eziningi zivimbela ikhono lokusiza elingokomthetho lokuhileleka ezenzweni zekilasi, ukunxenxa, noma ukumelelwa kwabafuduki abangabhaliwe. Lemithetho ivimbela kakhulu amandla okubhekana nezimbangela eziyinhloko zokungabi nabulungisa.

Umphumela Wabavikeli Bomphakathi Nosizo Olungokomthetho Esimisweni Sobulungisa

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, umsebenzi walaba basekeli uveza imiphumela emihle nengenakubekezeleleka kubantu ngabanye nasemiphakathini.

Ukunciphisa Izinkolelo Ezingalungile Nokusiza Ekulingweni Okufanele

Abavikeli bomphakathi bawuhlu lokugcina lokuvikela izinkolelo ezingalungile. Ukuhlola kwabo kuvame ukuveza ubufakazi bokumangalela, ukuphikisa ukuvuma amanga, nokudalula ukuziphatha okubi. I-Innocence Project iye yafaka ubufakazi obungamakhulu ezinto ezikhishwayo, eziningi zazo ezincike emsebenzini wabavikeli bomphakathi noma ezinhlanganweni zosizo olungekho semthethweni. Ngisho nokuveza inqubo ehleliwe (ukuveza) ukuthi ikhasimende liyaqonda iziphakamiso, ukuvuma, noma inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala kuveza amathuba omphumela ongekhona.

Ukuvimbela Ukungabi Nakhaya Nokuhlukana Komkhaya

Ithonya losizo olungokomthetho ekuzinzeni kwezindlu lisobala kakhulu. Ukuhlolwa okungu-2022 eYunivesithi yaseMichigan kwathola ukuthi abaqashi abamelelwe ngokomthetho ezicaleni zokuxoshwa babesengozini ephindwe kabili yokuhlala emakhaya abo. Ezehlukaniso nasezimpikiswaneni zokuwinwa kwabantwana, usizo olungokomthetho lusiza abazali ukuba balondoloze amalungiselelo alungile futhi luvikele abantwana ekuntengantengantengiseni okuqhubekayo. Usizo olungokomthetho lokuhlukanisa luye lwaboniswa ukukhuphuza izinga lezicelo zobukhoselo ngamaphuzu angamakhulu amaningana.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukwaneliseka Nokunciphisa Inkantolo

Abavikeli bomphakathi abanconywe kahle nezimiso zomthetho zokusiza kulondolozwe imali yomkhokhi wentela. Uma abamangalelwa beneseluleko esifanelekayo, amacala ahamba ngokushesha kakhulu phakathi kwesimiso, ukunciphisa ukuvalelwa okungadingekile kwangaphambi kwecala kanye nokugcinwa kwamajele okubizayo. Ukungenela kwasekuqaleni okungokomthetho ezimweni zokuxoshwa kweqembu kungavimbela ukungabi namakhaya, okunganciphisa izidingo zezikhungo zezikhungo, amagumbi okuphuthuma, nezinkonzo zezenhlalakahle. Lemali egciniwe egciniwe ifaka imali yosizo olungokomthetho kanye nokuvikela umphakathi ngokuhlakanipha.

Ukwakha Ithemba Lomphakathi Nokulunga

Izakhamuzi eziphathwa ngokufanele ngesimiso sobulungisa, − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziphathwa ngokufanele nge-memoric noma usuku olunenzuzo enkantolo("ingenzeka kakhulu ukuba zithembe izinhlangano futhi zivumelane nomthetho. Izinhlelo zosizo olungokomthetho ezinikeza imfundo yomphakathi zinikeza futhi amandla abantu ukuba basebenzise amalungelo abo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma isimiso sihluleka ukunikeza ngisho nokumelela okuyisisekelo, ukugxeka nokuzehlukanisa, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini ephansi.

Indlela Yokuletha Izinguquko Nokuqinisa Isimiso

Ukusingatha izinselele abavikeli bomphakathi nosizo olungokomthetho okudinga indlela ehlukahlukene yokusekela imali, ushintsho lwezimiso nokwakha kabusha.

Ukuxhasa Okwandayo Nokuhlelekile

Isixazululo esilula kakhulu yimali engeziwe. Izwe futhi ama-autrip kumelwe abheke ukuzivikela komphakathi njengenkonzo ebalulekile, hhayi njengento elindelekile. Ukubekwa kwemithetho phakathi kokushushiswa nokusetshenziswa kwemali kungumthetho owamukelekayo kabanzi. Usizo olungokomthetho, ukwandisa ukunikeza i-LSC imvume nokususa imingcele yomsebenzi ofanele kungasiza ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo ezinkulu ezingasemthethweni. Ezinye izinhlangano ziye zamisa imibhoshongo enikezelwe ukuxhasa imali, njengendingako yemali ekhokhwanywayo enkantolo noma ingxenye yemali yokuqopha.

Imingcele Nezindinganiso Zomsebenzi

Izifundazwe eziningana ziye zaphumelela ekufakeni izikhonkwane ezithwele izigwegwe zabavikeli bomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Oregon ne-New York baye bahlela izilinganiso eziphezulu ezisekelwe kwiziqondiso ze-ABA. Uma amahhovisi edlula i-apper, angawalahla amacala amasha noma afune iseluleko sangasese. Lezimiso ziphoqelela isimiso ukuba sixhase izokuvikela ngokufanele noma ukunqanda ukuqulwa komthetho. Izinyathelo ezifanayo zingasetshenziswa ezimisweni zosizo, nakuba ukufakwa kwazo ezikhungweni zomphakathi kunzima ukuqamba amacala.

Izobuchwepheshe neDimensions

Ubuchwepheshe bungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle. Izimiso zokulawula izenzakalo, ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo, nokufakwa kwe-teography kwemihlangano yamakhasimende kunganwebeka imithombo elinganiselwe. Nokho, ukuthembela kwezobuchwepheshe akumelwe kuthathe indawo yokuxhumana kwabantu noma ukuhlukanisa izibalo. Ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane ngemiphumela (umz., amazinga okuqiniseka, ubude bemigqa, izilinganiso zokuxoshwa) kungasiza abameleli ukuba benze isimo senguquko.

Izinhlelo Zokushayela Zelungelo Lomphakathi Lokweluleka

Ukwandisa ilungelo lomphakathi lokunikeza iseluleko sezeluleko eziphakeme mayelana nokuhlelwa kwezenzakalo − njengokuxoshwa, ukususwa kwezingane, neziqondiso zokuvikela − kuyinguquko ethembisayo. INew York City, iSan Francisco, neCleveland kakade imise imithetho eqinisekisa ngeseluleko sabaqashi abahlawulwa abaphansi enkantolo exoshwayo. Ukukhipha laba bashayeli kunganikeza ubufakazi bombono odingekayo ukuze balinganisele kubo bonke ubuzwe.

Izimonyo zezokuvikela ezisekelwe emphakathini

Amanye amahhovisi omphakathi avikela umphakathi aye athatha izindlela zomphakathi, aqasha izisebenzi zezenhlalakahle, ochwepheshe bokusekela ontanga, nabameli bezindlu abakanye nabameli. Lokhu kukhuluma ngezimbangela eziyinhloko zokuhileleka kobulungisa obungabenzi bomthetho, njengokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, ukugula ngengqondo, nobumpofu. Ukuzivikela kobu Holist kuye kwaboniswa ukunciphisa ukuncishiswa kwezimiso zomphakathi nokuthuthukisa ukwethenjwa kwamakhasi.

Isiphetho

Abavikeli bomphakathi nezinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho ziyizinsika ezisemqoka zesimiso sobulungisa baseMelika. Basekela isiqinisekiso somthetho-mthetho seseluleko, ukungalingani kwezimiso, futhi banikeza izinzuzo ezingokoqobo kusukela ekuhlukaneni kuya ekuzinzeni kwezindlu. Nokho ukugxambukela, ukugxambukela, ukugadla kwecala, nokuntengantenga kwezombangazwe kusongela umsebenzi wabo. Imiphumela yokunganaki inzima: izinkolelo ezingalungile, ukungabi namakhaya, ukwahlukana komkhaya, nesimiso sobulungisa esiphatha ubumpofu njengobugebengu. Inguquko engokoqobo (*) ngokwezimali eziqinile, ngokwezikhawulo, ngokwenzuzo, ngokwenzuzo, ekunikezeni izintambo, nasekuvikeleni kwezelulekweni kwezombangazwe iyakuyiguqula isimiso sibe yinto engokoqobo. Isithunzi sawo wonke umuntu obekwe icala lobugebengu noma obhekene nesimo esibucayi somphakathi esibhekene nesebumpondweni. Ayincikekile nje kuphela empilweni yezenzoni yobulungisa nemithetho eyisisekelo.