Isimiso sokulingana ngaphansi komthetho asisona nje isifiso esihloniphekile − siyisici esiyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho waseMelika. Sithembisa ukuthi wonke umuntu, noma uzalelwe elungelweni noma ebumpofu, isakhamuzi noma engaphili, uthola amalungelo afanayo angokomthetho, izivikelo, nezibopho. Nokho, lomgomo uye waphikiswa njalo, futhi ukugcwaliseka kwawo kusewumzabalazo oqhubekayo. Lokhu kuhlola okubanzi okuyisisekelo sobufilosofi nongokomlando kokulingana okungokomthetho, uhlola izivikelo zawo eziyinhloko zomthetho, futhi uhlola izinselele ezingapheli ezifuna ukuqashelwa eMelika yanamuhla.

Izimbangela Ezijulile Zokulingana Ngokomthetho Emicabangweni YaseNtshonalanga

Umqondo wokuthi umthetho kufanele usebenze ngokufanayo kubo bonke abantu awuveli kwabasunguli baseMelika. Amazwi awo okuqala angokomthetho avela eMagna Carta ka-1215, eyasungula ukuthi akekho umuntu okhululekile ongajeziswa ngaphandle kokwahlulela okungokomthetho kontanga yakhe noma ngomthetho wezwe. Nakuba iMagna Carta ekuqaleni yayisebenza kuphela kuma-binalbaron, isimiso sayo esiyisisekelo (hhhhhhayi ukuthi ngisho nenkosi ingaphansi komthetho,) yamisa imbewu eyayizokhula emakhulwini eminyaka. Iphepha kamuva lakhuthaza amasiko omthetho avamile wamaNgisi ayethwalwa amakoloni eNyakatho Melika.

Phakathi ne-Cultleight, izazi zefilosofi njengoJohn Locke zaphikisa amalungelo emvelo abo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangabani. Umqondo kaLocke wokuthi ohulumeni bathola igunya elilungile ngokuvunyelwa ababuswayo, nokuthi kumelwe bavikele ukuphila, inkululeko, nempahla ngokufanayo, kwathonya ngokuqondile uThomas Jefferson lapho enza iSimemezelo seNdende. Ukugomela okudumile ukuthi "bonke abantu badalwa belingana" kwakuyinkulumo eguqulayo ezweni elisabuswa ubukhosi nelungelo lefa.

Kodwa abasunguli bona ngokwabo babephila ngokuphikisana okukhulu. Ukwanda kolimi loMmemezelo kwakuhambisana nokusungulwa kobugqila, futhi uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wabala abantu abagqilazwe njengeziphethu ezintathu zomuntu ngenjongo yokumelelwa. Abesifazane babengenakuvota noma bathathe impahla ezindaweni eziningi, futhi amaMelika oMdabu axoshwa ngesimiso. Ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho kwakuyisithembiso esenziwa, kodwa kwakuyisithembiso esaqanjwa kakhulu kusukela ekuqaleni.

Ukwakhiwa Komthetho - sisekelo Kokulingana

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nesivikelo SikaClaus Esilinganayo

Ithuluzi elingokomthetho elinamandla kakhulu lokuqinisa ukulingana yi-Act Expand Protection Claus yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, eyagunyazwa ngo-1868 ngemva kweMpi Yombango. Liyala ukuba kungabikho mbuso ozothi "wamukele noma ubani onegunya lokuvikela imithetho efanayo" lesi sigqebhezana sasihloselwe ukugumbuqela uScott isinqumo futhi uqinisekise ukuthi amaMelika aseAfrika asanda kukhululwa ayoba khona ayoba namalungelo angokomthetho afanayo njengezakhamuzi ezimhlophe.

Nokho, amashumi eminyaka iNkantolo Ephakeme yachaza le nkulumo ngokulinganiselwe. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), iNkantolo yasekela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ngaphansi kwemfundiso "yokuhlukanisa kodwa ilingana," ngokuphumelelayo ukugunyaza isimiso sokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga. Kwakungaze kube Brown v. Board of Education [1954]) iNkanto ukuthi iNkantolo yamemezela ukuthi izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukene azinawo amasuntswana, isinqumo sophawu esisusa isigaba sokuhlukanisa isigaba somthetho futhi ikhiphela ukuphila okusha ku-Cal Protection Clausleauble.

Izinqumo ezilandelayo ziye zanwetshwa ngokuhlola okulinganayo kokuhlelwa kokuhlelwa okusekelwe ebulilini, ekulinganisweni, nasekuqondiseni ngokobulili. Lovang v. Virginia [1967], iNkantolo yawisa imithetho evimbela ukushada kwezinhlanga. Obergefell v. Hodges [20], yaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-mgaqo womshado ofanayo. Icala ngalinye limelela inyathelo eliqondela ekuqondeni okugcwele lokho ukulingana okukufunayo.

Inqubo Efanele Njengesiqinisekiso Sokulunga

I-Gast Procession Claus yeSichibiyelo se 14th, kanye nesici saso seSichibiyelo sesihlanu esisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni, siqinisekisa ukuthi amacala angokomthetho aphathwa ngokufanele. Inqabela ukuthathwa kwemithetho kahulumeni esemthethweni futhi idinga ukuba imithetho icace, yaziwe obala futhi isetshenziswe njalo. Inqubo yokusebenza iye yahlanganisa inqubo yokuhlela nokuhlela. Inqubo yokukhomba isiqinisekiso iqinisekisa ukuthi isaziso nethuba lokuzwakala ngaphambi kokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla lithathwe.

Isivikelo esilinganayo nenqubo efanele yakha izinsika ezimbili zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Ziyizinqubo abantu abangabekela ngazo inselele imithetho yobandlululo nezinqubo ezingafanele. INkantolo Ephakeme isungule isimiso esilandelanayo sokuhlola: ukucubungula ngokunembeka kokuhlelwa okusekelwe ehlazweni noma emalungelweni ayisisekelo, ukuhlola okuphakathi kokucubungula ubulili noma ubunewuni obunengqondo, kanye nokubukeza isisekelo sezimiso eziningi zezomnotho. Le nqubo izama ukulinganisela izithakazelo zikahulumeni nelungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokukhululeka ubandlululo olusekelwe ekukhetheni.

Imithetho Ewuphawu Yasezweni Eqinisa Ukulingana

Umthetho Ka - 1964 Wamalungelo Abantu

Nakuba ukulungisa komthetho-mthetho kunikeza isisekelo, umthetho wemithetho ugcwalisa izikhala futhi unikeza isivikelo esiqondile. Umthetho we-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 uyi-octal ebaluleke kakhulu yomthetho olinganayo emlandweni waseMelika. Isihloko II sivimbela ukucwaswa ezindlini zomphakathi; isihloko VI sivimbela ukucwaswa ngezinhlelo ezithola izimali zikahulumeni; iSihlomo VII sivimbela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ngesisekelo sohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wesizwe. Lomthetho waguqula umphakathi waseMelika, izingcabo ezivulweni zezizukulwane ezazivalwe.

Umthetho Ka - 1965 Wokulwela Amalungelo Abantu

Isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho sisho okuncane uma izakhamuzi zingenakuhlanganyela enqubweni yezombangazwe edala futhi iphoqelele imithetho. I-Voting Rights Act ka-1965 engekho emthethweni wokuvota, ikakhulukazi ukuhlolwa kobukhoma nokubhala kanye nezinye izinhlelo ezaziye zasusa amaBlackchpotoid eNingizimu. UMthetho wadinga izifunda ezihlangene nomlando wokucwaswa ukuze kutholwe imithetho kahulumeni ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota. /Ilungiselelo elaziwa ngokuthi yi-precratence. Nokho, Shelby County v. Hamer[[FLT:] [20]]), iNkanto ephakeme yashaya umthetho osetshenziswayo ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izikhulu ezisekwenzisweni zokuvota, iholwa kwemithetho ephambili kwezindawo zokuvota ezihlukene.

Isinyathelo Sezindlu Esifanele Nangaphezulu

Ubandlululo olusezinhlabeni zokucwasa nokungalingani kwezomnotho. Umthetho ka-1968 weFair House Act we-Expart unqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, umsuka wesizwe, isikhundla sobufandandi, noma ukukhubazeka lapho kuthengwa noma kuqashwa izindlu. Ukulungisa kabusha kuqinisekile ukugcinwa kwemisebenzi, kodwa ukucwaswa kwezindlu kuyaqhubeka ngezenzo ezinjengokuqondisa, ukuvuselela, nokubolekisa. Ngokufanayo, amaMelika anezimiso zokuvikela ezilinganayo zango-1990, abantu abakhubazekile, adinga indawo yokuhlala engcono emsebenzini, izinkonzo zomphakathi, nezindawo zomphakathi zokuhlala.

Izicelo Zanamuhla Zokulingana Ngaphansi KoMthetho

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Buyashintsha

Mhlawumbe akukho ndawo ehlola isithembiso sokulingana ngokunamandla kunesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu. Umehluko wezinhlanga emazingeni okuboshwa, ukugwetshwa, nokuboshwa uye wafinyelela amazinga ashaqisayo. Ngokwemininingwane evela ku-Sendensing Project, ama-Black America avanjelwa cishe ngokuphindwe kahlanu izinga labamhlophe baseMelika. IMpi Yezidakamizwa, ebekwe imithetho esobala ehlanganisa uhlanga, iye yaphoqelelwa ngezindlela ezithinta imiphakathi emincane ngokungenakuqhathaniswa.

Ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho kufuna ukuba sihlole ngokuhluzekile lokhu kuhlukana. Inguquko yeBail, izinhlelo zokuzilibazisa, nezinye izindlela zokugquma zisetshenziswa ezindaweni ezifuna ukunciphisa ithonya lobandlululo. Brennan Center yeJaji [ amabhukwana amaningi] abhala imizamo yokuqeda ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi futhi aqinisekise ukuthi ubumpofu abunqumi ukuthi umuntu ulindele ukulingwa engqamu noma ekhaya. Nokho ukumelana nokuguqula inguquko kuhlala kuqinile, futhi inzuzo yobulungisa efana nayo ivame ukungqubuzana nombono womphakathi.

Umsebenzi Nethuba Lezomnotho

Isihloko VII soMthetho we-Civil Rights, njengoba ulungisiwe futhi uhunyushwe, unqabela ukucwaswa ngokuqasha, ukukhushulwa, ukubuyiselwa, nokunxenxwa. UMthetho we-Exmeal Pay wemiholo esekelwe endodeni ka-1963, kodwa igebe lobulili obufanayo liyaqhubeka, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane abanemibala. i-Actal Obromplication Commission [[[FLT: 1]] igcizelela lemithetho, kodwa imithombo yayo ilinganiselwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunyuka kwamathuluzi okuthola iziqondiso kuveza izingozi ezintsha zobandlululo olukhona.

Ukungalingani kwezomnotho ngokwako kungalulaza ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho. Abantu abacebile bangakhokha ukumelelwa kangcono komthetho, ukusekela umthetho ovumayo, futhi ngisho nokuthonya ukumiswa kokwahlulela. Isimiso sobulungisa obulinganayo sincishiswa lapho izinga lokuzivikela komuntu lixhomeke ekujuleni kwamaphakethe abo. Izinkonzo ezingokomthetho zabampofu zihlala ziphansi, futhi ukuthwala izimpahla zomphakathi ngokuvamile kulimaza u-"iqiniso elibangela ukungabaza ukufaneleka kokwelashwa okulinganayo.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Enkathini Yokusetshenziswa Kwamanani

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuba nezinselele zokulingana. I-Online platforms iye yaba ibalulekile kwezentengiselwano, ukuxhumana, nenkulumo yasobala. Nokho, ukucwasana kungavela ezimisweni ze-athom ngokukhangisa, ngokuhlela i-algorithm, nangokuphatha okungafani kwabasebenzi bezindawo zobuteji. Izinkantolo zisaphikisana ngokuthi imithetho yamalungelo abantu iyasebenza yini futhi isebenza kanjani ezinkampanini zemishini. Isimiso sokulingana ngaphansi komthetho singadlulela nakuwo wonke umhlaba uma kuzohlala sisebenza ku-inthaneti ekhulwini lamashumi amabili nanhlanu.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Ekuvivinyweni Kokulingana

Ukungalingani Kwesimiso Nokuhlelwa

Ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho akunakufinyelelwa kuphela ngokulingana okungokomthetho okungokomthetho, ngokulinganayo, kwemithetho ecacile ehlukanisayo, − uma izimo zezenhlalo nezomnotho zidala isiqalo esingalingani. Izizukulwane zobandlululo ziye zadala umehluko omkhulu emcebweni, imfundo, izindlu, nempilo eqhubeka ngisho nangemva kokuba imithetho ishintshile. Lokhu kulingana komthetho ofanayo kusho ukuthi ungathinta amaqembu ahlukene kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho ofuna ukuvota ungabonakala ungathathi hlangothi kodwa ungaveza ukungathathi hlangothi okungalinganiyo kwengcebo, futhi ungaba nokhetho abambalwa abangakholeki kakhulu.

Ukwenziwa Kwesinqumo Sokuhlakanipha Okuphelele

Ngisho nabantu abazimisele kakhulu bafukamela ubandlululo olungenazingqondo olungathinta izinqumo zabo. Ukucwaninga kwezesayensi yokusebenza kwengqondo kwezenhlalo kubonisa ukuthi ubandlululo olusobala lwezenhlalo nolwezilili luthonya izahlulelo zezemisebenzi, ukugcinwa komthetho, ukwelashwa, nezilungiselelo zenkantolo. Umahluleli angase akholelwe ngobuqotho ukuthi abangakhethi, nokho ukwaziswa kubonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abaNsundu bathola izigwebo ezinde kunemigwebo emhlophe ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo, ngisho nangemva kokulawula umlando wobugebengu. Izinqumo zamaphoyisa zokuyeka, ukuphenya, noma ukusebenzisa amandla zithonywe ngokufanayo yimibono esobala.

Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha eziklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukucwasana okusobala ziye zabonisa imiphumela ehlukahlukene. Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukugxila ekusolweni komuntu ngamunye kuphazamise isidingo sokulungisa isimo esinjengeminyango yamaphoyisa eqeda impi, ukususa ibheyili yemali, nokuvinjelwa kwamajele. Ukungezwani phakathi komuntu nokushintsha kwezimiso kusemqoka enkulu enkulu enkulumweni eqhubekayo ephathelene nokulingana ngaphansi komthetho.

Impi Yamacala Neyahluleli

Umlando ungahlehla uqonde ekulungeni, kodwa awuhambi ngendlela eqondile. Yonke intuthuko ekulinganani iye yabangela ukuthatha indawo ephikisanayo. Ngemva kokuvuselelwa kwe-Jim Crow, isimiso se-Jim Crow sachitha iziNguqulo zeshumi nane neshumi nanhlanu zekhulu leminyaka. Ngemva kwenani lamaLungu, kwavela i-panel Rights eqhubekeka ukuguqula ezombangazwe zanamuhla. Imithetho ye-ID, i-gerrydering, ukususwa kwe-Voting Rights Act, nokuhlasela ngezenzo zokuyekelela konke kubonisa imizamo yokuzuza inzuzo elingana.

Ukumiswa kokwahlulela kuye kwaba yizikhundla zokulwa zemibono encintisanayo yokulingana. Abanye abahluleli banamathela ekuchazeni komthetho-sisekelo kwasekuqaleni okulinganisela amandla kahulumeni okulungisa ukucwasana. Abanye bakhetha indlela ephilayo yokuhlela evumela izindinganiso ezivumelanayo zokulingana. Ukuhlelwa kwejaji likahulumeni, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, ngakho kunemiphumela ejulile ngekusasa lesivikelo esifanayo.

Indima Yemfundo Neyokuhlanganyela Emsebenzini Wokuguqula

Ukufundisa Izimiso Zobulungisa

Ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho akunakuqhubeka ngaphandle kwesazi somphakathi esifundile. Imfundo ye-Civic ezikoleni zaseMelika iye yancipha phakathi namashumi eminyaka amuva, ingaphansi kwesigamu sezifundazwe ezifuna izifundo zomphakathi. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Isikhungo se-CCOPF Education ne-iCBIP, ezasungulwa yi-Our Court Sandra Day O'Connor, zisebenza ukuguqula lomkhuba. Izifundo zazo zesikole azigcizeleli nje kuphela abakhi bohulumeni kodwa futhi nezisekelo zefilosofi zamalungelo nokulingana.

Imfundo ephumelelayo ngokulingana ihlanganisa ukubheka umlando wobulungisa baseMelika. Ukufundisa ngobugqila, uJim Crow, amakamu afunyaniswe ngokuqhubekayo kubalulekile ukuze abafundi baqonde ukuthi kungani ukulingana kusewumsebenzi ongakapheli. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abafundi kufanele bafunde ngabantu ngabanye nezinhlangano ezilwele ubulungisa, ngakho baqonda ukuthi intuthuko ingenzeka ngezenzo zomphakathi.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Futhi Wazi Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi amalungelo omuntu kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuwasebenzisa. Izinhlelo zemfundo engokomthetho ezisekelwe emphakathini zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde izivikelo zazo ngaphansi komthetho, kusukela ezimpikiswaneni ezikhona kumnini-fulethi kuya ekubhekaneni namaphoyisa. Izinhlelo zomthetho, ngokuvamile ezilawulwa abafundi bomthetho, zifundisa ulwazi olungokomthetho ezikoleni, emajele, nasezindaweni zomphakathi. Uma abantu bazi ukuthi yini efunwa umthetho, bayakwazi kangcono ukubeka izinhlangano ezimweni.

Ukuhlanganyela kuhlanganisa nangaphandle kokuvota. Ukukhonza emajajini, ukuya emihlanganweni yasobala, ukubhalela izikhulu ezikhethiwe nokuhlanganyela ekubhikisheni ngokuthula zonke izindlela abantu abangathuthukisa ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho. Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa nokunxusa kukahulumeni livikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala, futhi kuye kwaba yithuluzi elibalulekile lezinhlangano zomphakathi kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.

Ukubheka Phambili: Umsebenzi Ongaphendulwanga Wokulingana

Isimiso sokuthi bonke abantu bayalingana phambi komthetho singumqondo oweqisayo ongakaze uqashelwe ngokugcwele. Nokho siseyindinganiso enamandla esingalinganisa kuyo izinhlangano zethu. Intuthuko yekhulu leminyaka elidlule(ukusukela ekupheleni kokuhlukaniswa okungokomthetho kuya ekuqapheleni ukulingana komshado), qhakambisa ukuthi iqoqo lomlando lingavumelana nobulungisa lapho izakhamuzi zifuna ukuba buthathwe.

Kodwa intuthuko ayiqinisekwa. isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sivuselele ukuzimisela ukulingana, imithetho nemikhuba ebekela inselele edala noma eqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani. Lo msebenzi udinga ukuqapha, uzwela, nokuzimisela ukubhekana namaqiniso angajabulisi. Kudinga ukuqonda ukuthi ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho akusona isimo esikhona kodwa inqubo enamandla yokufaka nokulungisa.

Njengoba iUnited States ihlukahluka ngokwengeziwe, isithembiso sesivikelo esifanayo siyovivinywa ngemibuzo emisha: Umthetho kufanele ululange kanjani ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ukucwasana kwemithetho engokwemvelo, nokuhlola isayensi yezinto eziphilayo?

Lemibuzo ayinazimpendulo ezilula. Kodwa ingaphendulwa ngokulunga uma sibambelela ngokuqinile esimisweni esiyisisekelo: ukuthi wonke umuntu, ngaphandle kokwethulwa, unelungelo lokuvikelwa nokuhlonipha umthetho okulinganayo. Lowo umsebenzi ongakapheli wokulingana ngaphansi komthetho, i-(a) umsebenzi ophuthumayo namuhla njengango-1776, ngo-1868 nango-64.