Ikhambi Elingenakugwenywa Lobubusi

Kuzo zonke izimiso zokwenza izinqumo ezihlangene, kusukela emabhodini esikole asendaweni, kunezindlu zomthetho zesizwe, abaholi babhekana neqiniso eliyisisekelo: akukho nqubo efika ngaphandle kwezindleko. Inzuzo ngayinye etholakala kwenye indawo ithengwa ngenani lethuba lokungahlangani kwenye indawo. Lokhu kuyisisekelo sokwephulwa kwemithetho. Kukude ukuba uphawu lobuthakathaka noma lokungaqiniseki, ukuzimisela ukuvuma nokulawula lemisebenzi iwuphawu lokubusa okuvuthiwe. Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani ukuyekethisa kungesona nje isici esihloniphekile kodwa ithuluzi elibalulekile lobuholi elibalulekile lobuholi kuyagxeka noma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela izinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo ngempela futhi zithuthuke ngayo.

Indawo ezungezile yanamuhla yokwenza inqubo iwuxhaxha lwezidingo ezincintisanayo. Izakhamuzi zifuna izintela eziphansi kodwa futhi zifuna izinkonzo eziqinile zomphakathi; amabhizinisi afuna ukunqanda ukuvinjelwa kodwa futhi azimisele ngokusemthethweni; abasekeli bendawo ezungezile bakhuthaza ukunqanyulwa kokukhishwa kwegesi okusheshayo kuyilapho izimboni zamandla zixwayisa ngokuphazamiseka kwezomnotho. Akukho mqondo owodwa noma iqonga leqembu lingasuthisa zonke lezi zimfuno. Ubuciko bokulawula, khona - ke, bukhona ekwenzeni, ukuhweba okusobala okuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle yomphakathi kuyilapho kuhlonipha izithakazelo ezingokomthetho zababambi bemidayisala. Lesisimo sohwebo, indima eyisisekelo yokuhlehla, kanye namasu angenza inqubo ephumelelayo.

Isimo Sezokuhweba Ngemithetho

Ekujuleni kwayo, ukuhweba ngezimiso kuyisimo lapho ukufinyelela umgomo owodwa ofiselekayo kunciphisa ikhono lokufinyelela omunye. Lokhu akukhona ukwehluleka ukuhlela; kuyisici sokwakha sezwe elinemithombo elinganiselwe, izindinganiso eziphikisanayo, nokwaziswa okungaphelele. Ukuqaphela lesi isinyathelo sokuqala sokubusa okungokoqobo nokuqinile.

Ukushesha Njengembangela

Umshayeli osobala kakhulu wezokusebenza ukuntuleka. Uhlelo lwemali lulinganiselwe, isikhathi silinganiselwe, futhi isikhathi sokwalalelisisa komuntu sifushane. Imali echithwa emgwaqweni omkhulu omusha ayinakusetshenziswa esibhedlela esisha. Amahora anikezelwe ekulahlweni kwemithetho yenguquko yezempilo angenikezelwe kanye kanye enqubweni yokufuduka. Ngisho nalapho kungekho kuntuleka okusobala, ukuhweba kuvela ngenxa yokuthi imigomo yemithetho ngokuvamile ithintana. Ngokwesibonelo, ikhulisa impumelelo yezomnotho (umz., ukukhipha i-regileation) kungavela ngezindleko ze-equity (umz. isivikelo sezisebenzi).

Izithakazelo Ezinamandla Nezindinganiso Ezingqubuzanayo

Ama-trandoff awayona nje inqubo yobuchwepheshe; angeyezombangazwe nezimiso zezimiso. Amaqembu ahlukene emphakathini anezimo ezihlukile nezinto eziza kuqala. Isimiso esijabulisa abaholi bemisebenzi abakhathazekile ngeNyuselo yeNtlalo kungase kukhungathekise izisebenzi ezisezintsha ezikhetha ukukhokha intela ephansi. Isinqumo somhlaba esanelisa abathuthukisi bangase bathukuthele. Ukubusa okuphumelelayo kufuna ukuba lemibono ephikisanayo ivunywe futhi ihlonishwe, ingashaywe. Njengoba iqala ukuphenya i-Brookings Instition [[[FLTLT:1]], inqubo eqinile kakhulu enikeza labo abathuthukisa ukulandisa okucacile ngezohwebela imisebenzi.

Inzuzo yesikhashana izuziwe vs. Ukuzinziswa kwebanga elide

Mhlawumbe okuyingozi kakhulu ekulawuleni ukuncishiswa kwezinzuzo ezisheshayo zezombangazwe kanye nempilo yezenhlalo ende. Izikhulu eziqashelwayo zivame ukubhekana nokucindezela okukhulu ukuze zinikeze imiphumela esheshayo(-intela esikwe phambi kokhetho, ukusetshenziswa kohlelo oluthandwayo. Kodwa izinqumo ezinjalo zingancishiswa kakhulu esikhathini sokuzinza kwesimiso noma ukuqina kwesisekelo sezezisekelo. Isimiso sezulu siyisibonelo sencwadi yezifundo: izindleko zezomnotho ezimfushane zokuncishiswa kwecarbon ex zibonakala ngokushesha futhi zibonakala, kuyilapho izindleko zenhlekelele zokungathathi hlangothi zikude futhi zinciphe. Ukubusa okuphumelelayo kudinga isibindi sokusinda kwemiphumela emide kakhulu, ngisho nalapho imivuzo yezombangazwe ithatha isikhathi eside.

Isihluthulelo sokuthatha indawo: Ama-Proff azimiso okungaxazululwanga ukuba asuswe; ayisici esiyinhloko sendawo yokwenza izinqumo. Umgomo akukona ukuyigwema, kodwa ukuyiphatha ngokubonana nangokuqina.

Indima Ebalulekile Yokuhlehla

Uma ukuthena kuyinkinga, ukuyekethisa kuyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuyixazulula. Ukuyekethisa ekubuseni yinqubo lapho amaqembu anezithakazelo noma izindinganiso ezingafani efinyelela khona isivumelwano sokuthi, nakuba mhlawumbe kungenakho ukufanela noma iliphi iqembu elilodwa, kwamukeleka kubo bonke futhi kuveza imiphumela engcono kakhulu kunempi eqhubekayo noma isenzo esingahlangani. Ukuyekethisa akukona ukudela izimiso; kuwukuqaphela okusemqoka ukuthi intuthuko idinga indawo yokuhlala.

Ukuhlehla Kwakha Ukubambisana Nokwethembana

Uma abaphethe bebona ukuthi ukukhathazeka kwabo kuthathwa ngokungathi sína, bathambekele kakhulu ekungeneleni ngokwakhayo. Ukuhlehla kuguqula ubuhlobo obungavumelaniyo bube ubudlelwano. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kwakha ukwethembana okuhlobene . Inhloko - dolobha yezenhlalo eyenza ukuhlehla kube lula futhi kusheshiswe. Ukwethemba kuyindlela yokuthambisa amagiya kahulumeni, ukunciphisa ukungezwani kokuphikiswa nokungavumelani. iCarnegie Endowment for International Peace [ iphawulile, ulawulo lwentando yemvelo oluyekelelayo luvame ukuba nezinga eliphakeme lokwaneliseka nokuzimisela komphakathi.

Ukuhlehla Kuthuthukisa Umthetho

Isimiso esivela ekuyekethiseni okuqotho sithatha ngokomthetho kakhulu kunesokubekwa yisibalo esincane. Ngisho nalabo abangavumelani namalungiselelo akhethekile bathambekele kakhulu ekuthobeleni uma benomuzwa wokuthi lenqubo yayilungile futhi amazwi abo ezwakalayo. Lokhu kusemthethweni kubalulekile emithethweni efuna ukubambisana okusakazekile kokuzithandela − ukugunyazwa kwemithetho, ukukhokhwa kwentela, imithetho yendawo ezungezile. Inqubo ebhekwa njengokudlala okungalawuleki ikhuthaza ukumelana, ukulwa namacala, nokungahlangani; umthetho obhekwa njengomthetho wokuthengiselana izinto ezithengwayo.

Ukuvumelana Nezimo Kuthuthukisa Ukuzinza Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

Izimiso ezihlotshiswe ngokuyekelela zithambekele ekulinganiseleni futhi ziqine. Kulula ukubuyiselwa ngokushintsha kweqembu ngenxa yokuthi kakade linendawo ephakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuhlobo obakhelwe phakathi nenqubo yokwephula budala iziteshi zokuxoxa okuqhubekayo, ukuvumela izimiso ukuba zishintshwe njengoba ulwazi olusha luvela noma izimo zishintsha. Lokhu kuvumelana nezimo kuyinzuzo enkulu ezweni elishintsha ngokushesha.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Zokuhweba Ngezimiso Zomthetho

Ukuhlola indlela izikhangiso eziye zadlala ngayo ezicini ezihlukahlukene kwembula ukuthi kuhileleke kanjani.

Ukushintsha Indawo Ezungezile ngokumelene Nezimo Ezingokomnotho

Ukungathiyana phakathi kokuvikela indawo ezungezile nomsebenzi wezezimboni kuyindlela ejwayelekile yokudayisa. Izindinganiso zokukhipha igesi, imithetho yokulondoloza umhlaba, nokulawula ukungcola kungandisa izindleko zamabhizinisi, kunganciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwemisebenzi nomphumela wezezomnotho. Nokho, zinikeza futhi izinzuzo zempilo yomphakathi, zilondoloze imithombo yemvelo, futhi zingavuselela intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile. U.S. Ukuhlola kwezemvelo i-Eatvition Devision Act[ kwathola ukuthi izinzuzo zezomnotho zokuncishintshwa ukufa nokuhla kweminyango esibhedlela zinkulu kakhulu izindleko zokulalela. [intengiselwano] yayiyinzuzo yangempela. kodwa i-net coetal effent trave traves Agement yayilungile kakhulu.

Izindleko zokuthola imvume yosizo lwempilo ja.

Ukunyuswa kwemali yezokwelapha − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikhona ngomshuwalense womphakathi, izimali, noma umqashi ugunyaza cishe ngokungenakugwenywa ukukhuphula ngokuphelele ukunakekelwa kwempilo okuchithwa ngesikhathi esifushane. I-thenaff iphakathi kwemithetho eyimfuneko yokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zingathola ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye neqiniso lokukhokha imali elinganiselwe kahulumeni nokumelana nokukhokha intela. Amazwe aye afinyelela imali eseduze kakhulu, njenge United Kingdom neCanada, aye enza kanjalo ngokwamukela imithwalo yentela ephakeme kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile alinde izikhathi eziningi ukuze athole inqubo ekhethekile yezokwelapha. Inselele noma isiphi isimiso sezempilo esibhekenezentengo emalini ehambisana nezindinganiso zomphakathi nempahla.

Imfundo Exhasa Ukungangeni

Ukutshala inzuzo emfundweni yomphakathi .-othisha abaqashayo, izimali zezinhlelo zabantwana bakudala, ezivame ukukhokha izintela. Ukuhweba kuphakathi kwemfundo ephezulu, ezuzisa umphakathi ngemisebenzi engcono futhi enciphise ukungalingani, kanye nokungathandwa kwezombangazwe kwentela ephakeme, ikakhulukazi kubanikazi bempahla noma abathola imali eshibhile. Amanye amagunya aye asebenzisa le nzuzo ngokwenza izimali zemfundo ezinikezelwe noma ngokufaka intela ekwandiseni okukhethekile, intuthuko ebonakalayo. Abanye baye bakhetha ukukhokha intela ephansi kwemfundo ephakeme, ukwamukela imiphumela emide yemisebenzi encintisanayo.

Ukuvikelwa Kwesizwe Kuyaphikisana. Ukukhululeka Kwangaphakathi

Ngenxa yokuhlasela kwamaphekula noma phakathi nezinhlekelele, ohulumeni bavame ukwandisa amandla okuhlola, ukuvimbela, noma ukulawula imingcele eqinile. Ukudayisa kuphakathi kokulondeka okukhulisweyo kanye nesivikelo samalungelo abantu afana nokuhlangana ngokukhululekile. Umsebenzi onzima ukuqinisekisa ukuthi noma ikuphi ukungenela kwenkululeko yomphakathi kuyalingana, kuhloselwe, futhi kuqondiswa. Izinhlangano zedemocratic kumelwe ziphinde zilinganisele lolu hlangothi njengoba kuvela izinsongo.

Izithiyo Zokuhlehla Ngokuphumelelayo

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo ezicacile, ngokuvamile ukuvumelana nezimo akuvamile ukufinyelelwa.

Ukuguqula Imibono Yezombangazwe Nemfundiso Yenkolo

Kuyidemokrasi eminingi, amaqembu ezombangazwe aye angena ekwandiseni kwemibono. Amavote ayaqhubeka ezihlela ezokuxhumana ezisekela isayensi yezokuxhumana ezikhuthaza isayensi yezokuxhumana ekhuthaza isimo somhlaba owodwa. Kulendawo ezungezile, ukuhlehlisa kungahlelwa njengokukhashelwa abashisekeli beqembu noma abavoti abayinhloko. Abaholi abafinyelela ezingeni lokuwela emaphasejini “abanganyangenwa” noma babhekene nenselele yobumsulwa. Ukumelana nalokhu kudinga izinguquko zezinhlangano − njengokuvula amaprotheni noma ukuvota okungahlungwa kweqembu − lelosu elinomvuzo elinomklo.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Nezici Zokucabanga Ngeqanda

Amaqembu ezombangazwe ngokuvamile afakwa ekwamukeleni ukunqoba kwemithetho yezomthetho kwabaphikisi bawo, ngisho noma kudlalwa umthetho olungile. Uma iqembu likholelwa ukuthi linganqoba ukhetho olulandelayo ngokupenda uhulumeni wamanje njengongawuphumeleli, kungavimbela ukuhlehliswa ngenjongo. Lokhu kucabangela ukuphathana njengesimiso sempi sokulwa kunokusebenzisa izinkinga ezihambisanayo. Umphumela ubangela ukuphelelwa kwethemba ezinhlanganweni, ukuncipha kokuthembana ezinhlanganweni, nokuhluleka ukuxazulula izindaba ezicindezelayo njengenguquko noma ukufuduka.

Ukungathembani Nokuwohloka Kokukhulumisana

Ukuyekelela akunakwenzeka ngaphandle komfantu wethemba. Uma ababambene bekholelwa ukuthi olunye uhlangothi luxoxa ngokholo olubi, noma ukuthi izibopho zabo azinakuhlonishwa, inqubo iyaphela. Ukwakha kabusha kudinga ukuphindaphindwa, ukusebenzelana okuncane ezimisweni eziphansi, [1] Lokho ososayensi bezombangazwe abakubiza ngokuthi “ukubambisana okungalawuleki.” Kusiza nokuba nezilwi ezingathathi hlangothi ezingathathi hlangothi ezingasenzi izingxabano futhi zigxile emigomweni efanayo.

Izimemezelo Zokuhweba Nokuhlehla Ekwakheni

Uma kucatshangelwa isithiyo, ukufinyelela ukuvumelana kudinga umzamo wenhloso. Amasu alandelayo abonakala ephumelela ezimweni zezwe langempela.

Ukukhulumisana Okuhle Nokuhle Kuvula Imithombo

Dala ama-fourum lapho bonke abaphethe i-technology bangakhuluma khona ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindiselwa. Lokhu kungahilela ukuzwa okusemthethweni, izikhombi zangasese, noma amaqembu asebenzayo. Isihluthulelo siwukuhlela ingxoxo ukuze isuka ekuthatheni indawo-eyinkinga. Ama-technique afana “nokuthola ulwazi oluhlangeneyo,” lapho amaqembu evumelana khona ngeqoqo lokwaziswa elifanayo ngaphambi kokuphikisana, kungavimbela ukuxabana ngamaqiniso ayisisekelo ekunqandeni inqubo.

Thola Imigomo Efanayo Futhi Uyibeke Phambili

Ngisho nezitha ezithukuthele zivame ukuhlanganisa izinhloso ezinkulu: umnotho oqinile, imiphakathi elondekile, indawo ezungezile enempilo. Ngokuqokomisa lemigomo ehlanganyelwe, abaholi bangayihlela ingxoxo ku- “indlela yami kanye nendlela yakho” ku-“singakufinyelela kanjani kangcono lokho esikufunayo sobabili?” Lokhu kushintsha kokukhohlisa kunamandla. Kuguqula abaphikisi babe ababambi ababambisanayo abafuna ukuhweba okungathandeki.

Kwenziwa Imali Eqophelweni Lokwakha Ubuhlobo

Ukwethembana kwakhiwa ngokuxhumana komuntu siqu. Abameli abahlangana phakathi kwemigqa yedili, abazanayo emikhayeni nemilandweni, bakuthola kulula ukuxoxa. Izakhiwo zezinhlangano ezikhuthaza ukuhlangana kwamakomiti ahlangeneyo − njengezabelo zekomiti ezihlangene, ama-bipartisan, noma ama-caucreauses zenza umehluko omkhulu. Njengoba isisho sakudala sisho ukuthi, “Kunzima ukwenza umuntu obekudlile abe yidemoni.””

Sebenzisa Amathuluzi Okuhlola Ukuhweba Nokubona Izindawo

Ukuhlola okungokwesiko kwentengiselwano − njengokuhlola izindleko zemali, ukuhlaziya izinqumo eziningi ze-crinear, noma ukuhlelwa kwendlela yokuhlela imali yomphakathi − kungaveza kahle izinqumo. Uma abakhi bezimiso nomphakathi bekwazi ukubona ukwaziswa ngalokho okuzuzweyo nalokho okulahlekile, ingxoxo iba nengqondo ngokwengeziwe. Ukubona kahle ngentengiselwano kuyasiza futhi ekulawuleni amathemba: akukho muntu othola konke abakufunayo, kodwa wonke umuntu uqonda ukuthi kungani.

Umphumela Oshintshayo Wokuhlehla Okuphumelelayo

Ukuziphatha okubangelwa ukubambisana ngobuqotho kuyashintshashintsha, kuqine futhi cishe kufinyelele imiphumela ehlosiwe.

Ukuncintisana Okwandayo Nokuthenga Ngezenhlalo

Abantu balandela imithetho abayisizayo. Uma abaphethe behlanganyela ekuxoxisaneni ngokuhlehliswa, baqala umuzwa wobunikazi ngenxa yomphumela. Lokhu kuthengwa okungokwengqondo kuguqula izinga eliphakeme lokulalela ngokuzithandela, kunciphisa isidingo sokuphoqelelwa kwemali ebizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile eyasungulwa ekuhloleni izimboni namaqembu omphakathi ithambekele ekungcoliseni izinga eliphansi kunalelo elibekwe ngaphandle kokuzibeka.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Okuthuthukisiwe Nokuzivuselela

Ukuhlehla kuvame ukuphoqelela abathatha ingxenye ukuba bacabange ngokusungula. Uma kungekho nhlangothi engawufinyelelanga umphumela wayo ofanele, baphoqelelwa ukuba basungule amakhambi amasha ayengawacabangelanga kuphela. Isimiso se-cap-radis Air no-trade semvula ene-acid sasiwukuhlehlela emuva phakathi kwabalondolozi bemvelo nemboni (imboni) futhi yagcina iphumelela kakhulu futhi ishibhile kakhulu kunemithetho engokwesiko. Ukusuka kokusuka kokuncishiswa kwe-inst.

Izinhlangano Ezibusa Ngentando Yeningi Zaqiniswa

Ekugcineni, umkhuba wokuyekethisa uqinisa isimilo esiyisisekelo sedemokrasi ngokwaso, ukubuyiswa kwentando yeningi, ukuhlonipha imibono ephansi, nokuzinikela kokuhle okuvamile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lemiqondo iba lukhuni esikweni lezombangazwe, ikwenze kube nzima ngabaholi besikhathi esizayo ukuba basebenzise amasu abusa ngempoqo noma amandla ka-zerom. Ukuyekelela akusona nje ithuluzi lokwenza isimiso; kuwumkhuba osekela isimiso esenza kube nokwenzeka.

Isiphetho

Ukuthengiselana kwemithetho akulona uphawu lokwehluleka; kuyinto esobala yokubusa. Abaholi abahlakaniphile abazenzi ngokungathi le mithetho ayikho, futhi abalindeli ikhambi eliphelele elinganelisa wonke umuntu. Kunalokho, bamukela umsebenzi onzima wokuyekelela ($gogotod), ukukhulumisana, nokwakha ubuhlobo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, izimiso zobungcweti zokulungisa izinto, ukuthi nakuba zingaphelele, zingcono kunezindlela zokusebenzisa i-rocklet, ipetrantification, noma ukuthatha indawo ethile. Ukuqonda nokuhweba ngemikhumbi kuwumncintiswano oyinhloko wombuso wentando yeningi. Kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi noma umholi ofuna ukuthuthukisa impilo yomphakathi waso, lokhu ukuqonda akubalulekile.