Isisekelo sikahulumeni wase-U.S.: Ukuhlukana kwamandla

Uhulumeni we-United States usebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso esiklanywe ngokucophelela semibuso ehlukene futhi ehlola futhi ilinganise. Lesi sakhiwo, esifakwe eMthethweni, sihlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene: i-Legislative, iSikhundla somthetho, noMyalo-mthetho. Umgomo uwukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba libuse amanye, ngaleyo ndlela lilondoloze ukubusa kwentando yeningi nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukuqonda ukuthi lamagatsha asebenza kanjani kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuqina kwesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi nemithetho, umthetho, nokwahlulela.

Lomqondo, obizwa kakhulu ngoMontesquieu isazi sezombangazwe saseFrance, wamukelwa yiziferencers zoMthetho-sisekelo, ezazisaba ukugxiliswa kwamandla. Zaklama igatsha ngalinye elinemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile nezindlela zokuvimbela ezinye. Lokhu kulingana okunamandla akumi ndawonye; kulokhu kushintshashintsha njalo ngomthetho, izibopho zenkantolo, nangezenzo zomongameli. Lesihloko sihlola igatsha ngalinye ngokujule futhi sibonise indlela ababambisana futhi baxabane ngayo ukuze balondoloze irepublic esebenzayo.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ingqungquthela

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo sinikeza wonke amandla omthetho eSishaya-mthetho sase-United States, esiyisishaya-mthetho se-bamaral. Lesi sakhiwo se-kamber ezimbili (jelo Lomzi Wabaphathi) neSigele () sasiwukuhlehla phakathi kwezifunda ezinkulu nezincane. Umsebenzi oyinhloko weSishaya-mthetho ukwenza imithetho, kodwa futhi uphethe amandla aphawulekayo okuqondisa, ulawula uhlelo lwemali lukahulumeni, futhi unegunya lokumemezela impi.

Indlu Yabameleli

Indlu iklanyelwe ukumelela abantu ngokuqondile. Ihlanganisa amalungu ovota angu-455, kanye nesabelo esisekelwe ehlalweni lombuso ngamunye njengoba kunqunywa ukubalwa kwabantu kwamashumi amabili eminyaka. Ummeleli ngamunye ukhonza igama elithatha iminyaka emibili, okwenza iNdlu ibe yindawo esabela kakhulu embonweni womphakathi. Indlu inegunya elikhethekile lokungamele izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, ngevoti nje elula. Inegunya lokusungula zonke izikweletulo zemali, iqinisekisa ukuthi intela iqala ngabameleli babantu.

Umholi weNdlu uhlanganisa iSpeaker of the House, okhethwe yilungu elikhulu futhi ongowesibili ohlwini lobumongameli. Indlu isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho eqinile elinganiselayo evimbela impikiswano, ikwazi ukumisa umthetho ngokushesha kakhulu kuneSigele. Amakomiti eQeqesha, njengeKomiti yeGradiyo ne-Ash, iKomiti ye-Judicary, neKomiti yoMnyango, isingatha umsebenzi oningiliziwe ngentela, izindaba ezingokomthetho, nangokuchitha imali. Ukuze ubheke ngokujulile isakhiwo sendlu, vakashela isikhulu sewebhusayithi [

ISigele

ISigele simelela izifunda ngokulinganayo. Isifundazwe ngasinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sinabantu abaphi, sithumela amaSenator amabili, amalungu ayikhulu. Abaququli bakhethwa ukuba babe nemibandela eneminyaka eyisithupha, nengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zeSigele esizokhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili. Lesi simiso esishaqekayo sinikeza ukuqhubekeka futhi sivumele abaqondisi ukuba babe nombono omude ngezindaba zobuzwe. ISigebengu sinemithetho embalwa kakhulu ngokuphathelene nempikiswano, evumela ukuba i-Piciobusters , lapho i-seneter ikhuluma isikhathi eside ukuvimbela ivoti (hn-* ngaphandle kokuba i-tenaivoti enkulu yamavoti angu-60 i-magetting i-ractive i-ractive isho impikiswano.

ISigele siphethe amagunya akhethekile iNdlu engawathathi. Iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, kuhlanganise nonobhala bamaKhabhinethi, amajaji ombuso, namajaji eNkantolo ePhakamileyo, ngeningi elivamile. ISigele sibuye sifake izivumelwano namazwe angaphandle ngevoti lama-35. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSigele siqhubele phambili ukuqulwa kwecala ngemva kwendlu; iningi lidingeka ukuba liboshelwe isigwebo futhi lisuse isikhulu esikhundleni. UMongameli ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele seSishayamthetho kodwa umane kuphela uvota ukuphula utha. Ulwazi lwamanje oluphathelene-Antabe namakomiti lungatholakala kuwebhungamelwa ngemva kwe-webhsayithi [FLT]

Indlela Ibhili Eba Ngayo Umthetho: Ukwehla Kwemizimba Yama - bankal

Ukuze umthetho ube umthetho, kumelwe udlule womabili amagumbi afanayo bese usayiniwa nguMongameli (noma udluliswe i-veto). Lenqubo ivame ukuqala ekomitini, lapho kuvela khona ukuzwa nokubhaka. Ngemva kokuvuma, imvume ingena egumbini eligcwele ukuze kuqhutshwe impikiswano yaphansi kanye nevoti. Uma idluliselwe kwelinye igumbi, ihamba kwenye, lapho ingalungiswa khona. Ukungavumelani phakathi kwendlu ne-Batenala kuxazululwa yikomiti yengqungquthela. Isivumelwano sokugcina sibuyela emuva kuwo womagumbi ayo omabili amagumbi ukuze kuthathwe i-ye-o - or - ovsss ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kuMongameli.

Le nqubo ayisebenzi ngamabomu, iklanyelwe ukunciphisa umthetho futhi ikhuthaze ukuyekethisa. Ama-veto amaningi akhomba i-(ikomiti, amavoti aphansi, amakomiti engqungquthela, kanye nesigqebhezana sikamongameli () qinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isekelwa kabanzi.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Lishaya Imithetho

ISiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo simisa iGaza eliphethe, elisebenza ngokuphoqelela imithetho edluliswa yiKhongolo. Inhloko yaleligatsha inguMongameli wase-United States, okhonza njengenhloko yombuso nomphathi kahulumeni. UMongameli ukhethwa ngokungaqondile nge-Electoral College futhi ukhonza isigaba seminyaka emine, esilinganiselwe kuma-galelo amabili ngeSichibiyelo sama-22. Leligatsha lihlanganisa futhi uMongameli, i-Kbitte, ne-acciom.

Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Kamongameli

Amagunya kaMongameli makhulu. NjengoMphathi-iNdlu yempi yamabutho ahlomile, uMongameli angaqondisa imisebenzi yezempi, nakuba kunguMkhandlu kuphela ongamemezela impi. UMongameli uqhuba inkambiso yakwamanye amazwe, uxoxa ngezivumelwano (othobela iSigele sokuhlobisa), kanye namanxusa amisiwe. Ekhaya, uMongameli angakhipha iziyalo zokuqondisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni, anikeze ukuthethelelwa komthetho kahulumeni, futhi akhiphe umthetho odluliswe yiKhongolo. I-veto iyi-ekekisi elinamandla kuphela ngenani elikhulu elingu-3 emagumbini omabili, okungandile.

UMongameli futhi unendima ebalulekile enqubweni yokushaya umthetho ngaphandle kwe-veto. UMongameli angamisa umthetho, acindezele uMkhandlu ngepulpiti eliqinela abanye, futhi asebenzise izinkulumo zokusayina ukuze abonise indlela umthetho ozochazwa ngayo noma ophoqwa ngayo. Ukuvunyelwa kukaMongameli kuyadingeka futhi ezivumelwaneni eziningi, ezibumba izinhlangano zejaji nezikhulu iminyaka engamashumi amaningi. Isikhulu Swebster House [ sinikeza ukwaziswa kwamanje ngezenzo nangezinto ezizandulelayo.

IKhabhinethi Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

IKhabhinethi inezinhloko (izimfihlo) zeminyango engu-15 ephethe, njengezwe, i-Defense, i-Treaty, ne- Justice. Laba bantu bamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqiniswa iSigele. Baluleka uMongameli ngezindaba zesimiso futhi bengamele izikhulu zikahulumeni ezinkulu ezisebenzisa imithetho nezimiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele nezikhomishane, njengeFederal Reserve ne-Evironment Protection Agency, zisebenza ngaphansi kwegatsha lesikhulu kodwa zinezinga elithile lokuzimela ngaphansi kokulawulwa okuqondiswe ngumongameli.

Izisebenzi zikahulumeni, ezibalelwa ezizisebenzini ezivamile ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili, zikhipha ukuqondisa kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni usuku nosuku, ekuthumeleni iposi nokuqoqa intela kuya ekuqinisekiseni ukulondeka kokudla nokuvikela uzwe. Lenhlangano ibalulekile ekuguquleni imithetho emiphumeleni yangempela kodwa futhi ibhekene nokugxekwa ngenxa yokungagculisi nokungacunuli, okuholela ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo mayelana nokulungisa inqubo.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Imithetho

ISiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo sikha iGatsha Lokwahlulela, negunya lokuchaza imithetho nokunquma umthetho wazo. Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sihlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States, iziNkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala (izinkantolo ze-circit), kanye neziNkantolo zeSithili (izinkantolo zenkantolo). Abahluleli kuzo zonke izinkantolo zikahulumeni bamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswa yiSigele, futhi bakhonza izibopho zabo zokuphila konke phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle, baqinisekisa ukuzimela kwabo ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.

INkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni futhi inegunya lokugcina emibuzoni yomthetho-sisekelo. Ihlanganisa amajaji ayisishiyagalolunye, kuhlanganise noMahluleli oyedwa oMkhulu noMahluleli abayisishiyagalombili. INkantolo izwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni futhi ishaya izinkantolo eziphakeme ezindabeni zomthetho kahulumeni. Amandla ayo abaluleke kakhulu ukuhlolwa , asungulwe embonini yecala . [[FLT] Marbury v.[FLD:3]. [FLT]] [igunya elivumela iNkanto eshaya imithetho nezenzo zobukhazimfawuli ukuba ishaye umthetho.

Izinqumo zeNkantolo ziwubumba kakhulu umphakathi waseMelika, zithinta kakhulu umphakathi, izindawo ezinjengelungelo lomphakathi, ukukhipha isisu, umkhankaso wezimali, kanye namandla kahulumeni. Amajaji asebenza ngesimiso se-ceretiori, lapho akhetha khona cishe iphesenti lezinkulungwane zezicelo azitholayo unyaka ngamunye. Izimpikiswano ezibhaliwe, iziphakamiso ezibhaliwe, neziphendu zangaphakathi ziholela emibonweni eholela emibonweni elandela izinkantolo eziphansi. Isikhulu Suplememe Wewebhsayithi yeNkathi yeNkantolo [[] inikeza imibiko, nemininingwane yabavakashi.

Izinkantolo Eziphansi EziwuFederal

Ngezansi kweNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu, inkantolo yezenkantolo yesifunda kahulumeni ihlelwe yaba izinkantolo zesifunda ezingu- 94 (izinkantolo zecala) kanye nezinkantolo zesifunda ezingu-13 zecala lamacala. Izinkantolo zesifunda zisingatha amacala obugebengu nomthetho kahulumeni. Izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda zingadluliswa enkantolo yesifunda efanelekile. Izifunda, njengesifunda se-9 eSan Francisco ne-D.C, ngokuvamile zimisa izenzakalo ezibalulekile ezifundeni zazo. Uma icala lihilela umbuzo obalulekile womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma lidala izingxabano phakathi kwezifunda, iNkantolo Ephakeme ingathatha isinyathelo sokuzixazulula.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha futhi amacala akhethekile anjengokuwa kwamali, intela, nokuhweba kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezinkantolo ezinikezelwe. Isabelo sokuphila kwamajaji kahulumeni sihloselwe ukubavikela ekuphindiseleni izikhulu ezingathandwa, kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi ukumiswa kwamongameli kungathonya ukulinganisela kwemibono yejaji ngezizukulwane.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela akuyona nje indlela yokucabanga; idlala njalo ekubuseni kwaseMelika. Igatsha ngalinye linamathuluzi okulinganisela ezinye, futhi ukungezwani kwazo ngokuvamile kuphoqelela ukuyekethisa noma ukuvivinya imingcele engokomthetho - sisekelo.

Inhlangano Ihlola Isikhulu Sawo

  • Ukuthatha izigwegwe: Umkhandlu ungadlulisa umthetho phezu komongameli iveto enomphakathi ophindwe kathathu egumbini ngalinye, njengoba kuboniswa kuyi 2020 National Defense Reviception Act.
  • Ukuhlanganisa nokususa: Indlu ingaphazamisa uMongameli, uMongameli ongumKhosi, noma noma isikhulu somphakathi nge "ngesizathu, ukufumbathisa, noma obunye ubugebengu obukhulu namacala angafanele." ISigele sizama icala. Abameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump bafundiswa yindlu kodwa bakhululwa yiSigele. Akukho mongameli osusiwe ngalenqubo.
  • Ukuqinisekiswa kokumiswa: ISigele kumele sivumele amalungu eKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni, namajaji eNkanto Ephakeme. Lokhu kunikeza i-explorence ezinqumweni zezisebenzi zikaMongameli.
  • [ Ukuhlanganisa: Isigele kumelwe sivume izivumelwano ngevoti yama-3, sinike isisho ezindabeni zangaphandle.
  • I-Bridget kanye ne-appropring: Congress ilawula izintambo zesikhwama; ayikho imali engasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuba igunyazwe uMkhandlu. Lamandla angasetshenziselwa ukuqeda izinhlelo zezikhulu ezingcono.
  • Umqondisi wezengamela: Amakomiti angathatha izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe amabhande kanye nezincwadi zokuhlola ukuziphatha okubi okungavela.

Isigungu Esiphethe Sihlola Izishaya - mthetho

  • Amandla: UMongameli anganqaba ukusayina isikweleti, asithumele esixukwini ngempikiswano. Iveto inganqotshwa kuphela ngesithathu esikhulu.
  • Iziqondiso ezisebenzayo: UMongameli anganikeza iziqondiso ezinamandla omthetho, nakuba kumelwe zibekwe egunyeni lomthetho-mthetho okhona noma amandla omthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo zingashaya iziyalo zesikhulu ezidlula igunya lomongameli.
  • Izikhulu:[ UMongameli anganikeza ukuthethelelwa kobugebengu bukahulumeni, aqede izigwebo zokwahlulela ngokuphumelelayo. Lomandla asetshenziswa kakhulu ekupheleni kobuPresidenti.
  • [ Ukunqaba ukuphoqelela imithetho:[ Nakuba bephikisana, abaMongameli ngezinye izikhathi baye benqaba ukumisa imithetho abakholelwa ukuthi ayivumelani nemithetho, nakuba lokhu kungaholela ezinkingeni zenkantolo.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Zombili Izigatsha

  • Ukubukeza umthetho okungokwesiko: INkantolo Ephakeme ingagadla izenzo zoMkhandlu ophula umthetho. Izibonelo ezidumile zihlanganisa Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo[ (ukungagunyazi) kanye Roe v. [ (ukwamukele amalungelo okukhishwa kwesisu).
  • Ukubukeza kwezenzo zobuphathi: Izinkantolo zingachitha iziyalezo zezikhulu nezimiso zezinhlangano ezidlula igunya elingokomthetho. Intsha ye-town Comment Comment & Tube Co. v. Sawyer[ [1952], iNkantolo yalahla umzamo kaMongameli Truman wokuthatha izinsimbi phakathi nesethi.
  • Imithetho edlulisayo: izinkantolo zinikeza incazelo enegunya emithethweni, enganweba noma ilinganisele izinga lomthetho ngokuphumelelayo.

Amasheke Esibhakabhakeni

Amanye amagatsha anamathuluzi okuhlola inkantolo. UMkhandlu ungahlongoza ukulungisa komthetho-mthetho ukugumbuqela izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme (nakuba lokhu kudinga amavoti amabili-mithathu kuwo womabili amagumbi nokuhlanganisa amagatsha ngezingxenye ezintathu zesifunda). I-Congress ingamisa futhi ubukhulu beNkantolo Ephakeme (ukuze kube seqophelweni) kanye nokubekwa kwemithetho yezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni. UMongameli umisa amajaji, futhi iSishaya umthetho uziqinisekisa, inikeza omabili amagatsha ithonya phezu kohlelo lwejaji. Ukuhlanganisa nokususwa kwamajaji nakho kungenzeka, nakuba kungavamile inani elincane labahluleli bombuso elikhona emlandweni.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela

Isimiso siye savivinywa izikhathi eziningi. Ngawo-1930, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal yashaywa umthetho okokuqala yiNkantolo Ephakeme. FDR wasikisela "umthetho-wokufaka amajaji" ukuze afake amajaji, kodwa uKhongolo lwenqaba lomqondo. Ekugcineni iNkanto yashintsha incazelo yayo, yasekela imithetho ye-New Deal kamuva. Lesi senzakalo sabonisa ukuzimela kwejaji kanye nezindleko zezombangazwe zokulihlasela.

Phakathi nehlazo leWatergate, iNkantolo Ephakeme yayala uMongameli Nixon ukuba akhiphe amakhasethi aqoshiwe, okwaholela ekuyekeni kwakhe. Uphengululweni komthetho womthetho nokuzimisela kweNkantolo ukuphoqelela umlawuli ongaphansi kwe-Athoba ukuba ahlole amandla. Muva nje, ukugunyaza kukaMongameli uDonald Trump ngo-2019 ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya nesithibelo soMkhandlu kwaqokomisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamagatsha, futhi iSigebengu ekugcineni samkhulula. Imvume yeNkathi Yendlu yokuqinisekisa ukuhlola umthetho wayo ibonisa i-mthetho - ngokomthetho, kuyilapho i-Alegractive ibonisa insimbi ephakeme yokususa.

Isiphetho: Isimiso Esinamandla Nesingazenzisi

Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni wase-United States aklanyelwe ukuncintisana nokulinganiselwa. IGigislative Branch ibhala imithetho, iSebe eliphethe i-Grade liyayiphoqelela, futhi i-Reaudiers Brants iyayichaza, kodwa ngalinye linezwi emsebenzini wamanye. Lesakhiwo sibambezela ngamabomu ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni, sifune ukuvumelana okukhulu ngezinguquko ezinkulu. Nakuba lingaholela ekuvuseleni i-grock, livikela nasekubuseni kobushiqela futhi liqinisekise ukuthi amandla ahlala ehloniphekile.

Ukuqonda amasheke namaqiniso kubalulekile ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezinolwazi. Izakhamuzi zingalandela indlela abameleli bazo abakhethiwe ekwakheni umthetho weKhomishane, indlela uMongameli asebenzisa ngayo igunya eliphetheyo, nendlela izinkantolo ezixazulula ngayo izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo. Isimiso asiphelele, kodwa ukuqina kwaso emakhulwini amabili eminyaka kubonisa ukuhlakanipha kwabenzi bezinto zaso. Njengoba isizwe siguqula, ukulinganisela phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kuyaqhubeka kushintsha, kudinga ukuqapha njalo nokuthembisana kubantu. Kulabo abafisa ukubhukuda kakhulu, [[FLT: 0] iSibonelo soMthetho-sisekelo weZigcino-zincwadi zesizwe unikeza umbhalo wokuqala nomongomlando.