Ukuqonda ukulinganisela phakathi komthetho wezembutho nowobugebengu kuyisisekelo kudokotela abasemthethweni, abafundi, nanoma ubani oweqa umthetho. Nakuba womabili amagatsha ekha umgogodla womthetho, afeza izinjongo ezihlukene, asebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene, futhi aveza imiphumela engafani. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okungalinganiyo komthetho wombango nobugebengu, ukuhlola izincazelo zawo, izici eziyinhloko, ukungafani komthetho, nokusebenza okunempikiswano phakathi kwawo. Ngokuhlola izibonelo zangempela zezwe kanye nezimiso eziyisisekelo, sihlose ukucacisa indlela lezizimiso ezimbili ezisebenza ngayo ndawonye ukuze kugcinwe ukuhleleka nokukhipha ubulungisa.

Ukuqonda Umthetho Wangaphakathi

Umthetho wesizwe ulawula izingxabano phakathi kwabantu abazimele − abantu abazimele, amabhizinisi, noma ezinye izinhlangano. Azikhathazeki ngokujezisa ububi ngokwe-se, kodwa ngokuxazulula izingxabano nokunikeza amakhambi kulabo abaye balimala. Umthetho wesizwe mkhulu, uhlanganisa izindawo ezinjengezivumelwano, impahla, ama-tort (ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukuhlanjalazwa), umthetho womkhaya (ukugcinwa kwabantwana), nefa.

Injongo eyinhloko yomthetho kahulumeni iwukubuyisela olimele esimweni ebesingaba sikhona uma bekungeke kwenzeke. Lokhu kufinyelelwa ngokunxeba kwemali, okubizwa ngokuthi ukulimala, kodwa futhi kungahlanganisa iziyalo (iziyalezo zomthetho zokumisa noma zokuphoqelela), ukwenza okuthile (ukuphoqelela othile ukuba afeze isivumelwano), noma izahlulelo zokukhipha izintambo. Ngenxa yokuthi izigxobo zihilela amalungelo omuntu siqu kunokuphepha emphakathini, isivikelo sangaphakathi asiqinile kakhulu kunezezezezobugebengu.

Izimpawu Eziyinhloko Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

  • Party Explore: Icala liqulwa ummangalelwa (umbango olimele) (ummangalelwa owaziwayo umenzi wobubi). Umbuso awulona idili ngaphandle kokuba usebenza njengenhlangano yangasese.
  • I-Bride yobufakazi: I-paltiff kumele ifakazele udaba lwabo ukunaka ubufakazi[, okusho ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba kungabi (amathuba angaphezu kuka-50%) ukuthi izenzo zommangalelwa zibangele umonakalo.
  • Izindlela: Ikhambi eliyinhloko yimali eyimali elimazayo (isijeziso, isijeziso, noma igama loqobo). Amakhambi angenakuguqulwa njengeyale noma umsebenzi othile nawo ayatholakala.
  • Icala: Icala ligcinwa abameli abangabodwa abamele i-paltiff. Uhulumeni akahilelekile ekusunguleni noma ekuxhaseni amasudi omphakathi.
  • Ukutholakala kwe-avail act: Ezizweni eziningi, noma yiliphi iqembu lingacela icala lokwahlulela, kodwa amajaji awaphoqelelwe ezicabeni zomphakathi, ikakhulukazi ukuze kushiwo ukuthi alikho icala elilinganayo.

Umthetho womphakathi usekelwe emqondweni umthwalo wemfanelo ongaqondile [1] [ii-individict] imisebenzi ebolekisanayo. Ukuphulwa kwalowomsebenzi, njengokweqisa kukadokotela okubangela ukulimala, kwakha iphutha langasese elingalungiswa ezinkantolo zomphakathi. Ukunyukela kakhulu enqubeni yomphakathi, bheka [ [inhlangano yolwazi lomthetho] i-Cornell's Superture Information on systemment [.

Ukuqonda Umthetho Wesigebengu

Izenzo zomthetho zezephulamthetho ezenqatshelwe ngoba zisongela ukuphepha komphakathi, ukuhleleka kokuziphatha, noma ukuqina kwezwe. Izenzo ezinjengokweba, ukuhlasela, ukukhwabanisa, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, nokubulala zibhekwa njengezingalungile emphakathini uwonke, ngisho noma zenziwa kumuntu othile. Uhulumeni − owenzela abashushisi − onikeza abantu amacala. Imigomo eyinhloko yomthetho wobugebengu ukujezisa izaphulamthetho, ukuvimbela ubugebengu, ukubuyisa abenzi bobubi besikhathi esizayo, ukuguqula abantu abayingozi.

Ngoba izinkolelo zobugebengu zingaphumela ezijezisweni ezinzima(ukuboshwa), inhlawulo, ukulingwa, noma ngisho nesigwebo sokufa ($"isimiso somthetho siphoqelela isivikelo esiqinile somthetho. Ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala, onelungelo lokuqulwa ngecala, ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, nelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi. Umthwalo wobufakazi uphakeme kakhulu emthethweni: ummangalelwa kumelwe amise icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo [[, angashiyi sizathu esizwakalayo sobufakazi.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zomthetho Wesigebengu

  • Party Extube: Icala lilethwa uhulumeni (ukumangalelwa) kumuntu obekwe icala. Isisulu asilona iqembu kodwa singahlanganyela njengofakazi noma sinikeze izimpawu zesifo.
  • I-Briden yobufakazi: Ukushushisa inkantolo kumelwe kufakazele zonke izici zobugebengu ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo, qha okungadingi ukuqiniseka okuphelele kodwa kushiya abasizi bejaji beqiniseka ngokuqinile.
  • [ Imiphumela ingahlanganisa ukuboshwa, amafa akhokhwa kuhulumeni, umsebenzi womphakathi, ukugcinwa kwecala, noma isijeziso sokufa. Ngokungafani nokulimala komphakathi, lezijeziso ziklanyelwe ukujezisa kunokuba zikhokhele.
  • [ Icala lobugebengu liqala ngokuboshwa noma ukumangalelwa okulandelwa amacala angokomthetho abekwe umshushisi. Izisulu azilethi amacala obugebengu ngokuqondile.
  • Isivikelo sobuPhontshiya: Abalweli bajabulela amalungelo ngaphansi kweyesine, eyesihlanu, eyesithupha neyesishiyagalombili, kuhlanganise nesivikelo ekufuneni okungacabangeki, ukuzithethelela, kanye nezingozi ezimbili.

Isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu sigcizelela [ ukulandisa okuqinile []]. Umbuso ubheka abantu ngabanye ukuba balandise ngokwephula umthetho womphakathi. Kunokwengamela okunegunya ezimisweni zomthetho wobugebengu, kubhekisa ku- u-U.S. uMnyango wobulungisa we- Justice 101 [ikhasi.

Ukuhlaziya Umthetho Wombango Nowesigebengu Oqhathaniswayo

Nakuba umthetho wezembu jikelele nowezobugebengu usebenza ezingxenyeni ezihlukene, bahlanganyela izisekelo. Zombili ziyizimiso ezisekelwe emithethweni ezidinga ukuqulwa ngokulunga, ukumelelwa komthetho, nokunamathela enqubweni efanele. Zombili zivumela ukudluliswa. Futhi zombili zinemiphumela emikhulu ekuphileni kwalabo abahilelekile. Nokho, ukungafani kwazo kuqinile futhi kubaluleke ekuqondeni indawo ebanzi engokomthetho.

Ukufana Phakathi Komthetho Wesizwe Nowesigebengu

  • [[QURT:0] Uphawu lwe-Legal: Idili kulezozimiso zombili ligcina abameli ukuba basekele bona, nakuba abamangalelwa bezigebengu benelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokululeka uma bengakwazi ukulithenga.
  • Isakhiwo sekhothamo:[ Zombili lezi zinhlobo zamacala zinqunywa esimisweni esisodwa senkantolo (izinkantolo zenkantolo, izinkantolo ze-appeltate) ezibusweni eziningi, nakuba kungase kube khona izinkantolo ezikhethekile (umz., iziphakamiso ezincane, izinkantolo zezidakamizwa).
  • [ Ukungaqondi kuyabusa: Bobabili bancike emithethweni yobufakazi, ubufakazi, nobufakazi obuhleliwe ukuze bathole amaqiniso. Nokho, izindinganiso nezimiso ezingaqondakali zingahlukahluka.
  • [[QULT:0] Appals:[ Amaqembu angaphumeleli kokubili imicimbi yomphakathi neyobugebengu anelungelo lokudlulisa icala ezinkantolo eziphakeme ezisekelwe emaphutha omthetho noma enqubo.
  • Ukususa nokukhipha isijeziso: Zombili izimiso zijonge ukuqeda ukuziphatha okulimazayo. Amasudi omphakathi avimbela ukunganaki ngosongo lwemali, kuyilapho umthetho wobugebengu uvimbela isijeziso nehlazo.

Ukwehluka Phakathi Komthetho Wangaphakathi Nowesigebengu

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukubekwa kwenobubi: umthetho wezakhamuzi ukhuluma ngamaphutha ayimfihlo kubantu ngabanye; umthetho wobugebengu ujezisa umphakathi amaphutha emphakathini.
  • Ingxenye yesenzo sokungathathi hlangothi: iziphathi zangasese ziletha amasudi omphakathi; uhulumeni uqulisa amacala obugebengu.
  • Ibheji yobufakazi: Thupha: ukucabangisisa ngobufakazi (cishe kungenjalo). Isigebengu: ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo (ukuqiniseka ngokokuziphatha).
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Inzuzo: Amakhambi omphakathi ayasebenza (amashwa, imiyalo). Izijeziso zobugebengu yisijeziso (ukujeziswa, amahlawuli, ukugcinwa).
  • Ekulungeni ku Jury: Ezindabeni zobugebengu, iSichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala elingathi sína. Ecaleni lomphakathi, iSichibiyelo seSember silondoloza ilungelo kubahluleli-mthetho ababodwa kuphela uma kulandela amaR1, kodwa izindaba eziningi zezakhamuzi ziqhubeka ngaphandle kokuba abahluleli.
  • U-Reopardy ka-kubini:[ Isichibiyelo sesihlanu senqabela ukuquliswa kwecala komthetho kwesibili ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunywa kwecala. Nokho, isenzo esifanayo singaholela kukho kokubili ukujeziswa kwecala lomphakathi kanye nokuqulwa kwecala ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi ezimbili (izenzo ezimbili zibhekwa njengezihlukene).

Ukuze kuhlolwe incazelo yomthwalo wobufakazi, i-Cornell LII ekungeneni emthwalweni wobufakazi inikeza ukuqhathaniswa okuningiliziwe kwezindinganiso.

Ukungezwani Komthetho Wombango Nowesigebengu

Isenzo somthetho wezemthetho womphakathi nowesigebengu asicacile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Isenzo esisodwa singabangela kokubili ukubekwa icala komphakathi kanye namacala obugebengu. Lokhu kwenza ukuvumelana okunamandla kokuthi ochwepheshe bezomthetho kumelwe bahambe ngokucophelela. Ngokwesibonelo, umshayeli ogijimela ukukhanya okubomvu futhi abulale umuntu ohamba ngezinyawo angabhekana nokumangalelwa kobugebengu ngokubulala abantu ngenkathi futhi emangalelwa ngokufa okungalungile umkhaya wesisulu. Icala lobugebengu lingagxila ehlonisweni nasekunganakini, kuyilapho icala lomphakathi lingagxila ekunganakini nasekulaleni nasekulahleni.

Izibonelo Zokuwa Ngokweqile

  • Assault: Ukuhlasela okungokomzimba kungaphumela ekumangalelweni kobugebengu (intambo nebhetri) kanye nokuzisholo kwempoqo ukuthi kulimaza umuntu.
  • [ Fraud:[ Ukukhwabanisa kwezezimali, njengokuphanga, kuholela ekumangalelweni ngecala lobugebengu lokweba noma lokukhwabanisa, kanye nokumangalelwa komphakathi ngenxa yokuphulwa komsebenzi wokuzijezisa noma ukukhwabanisa ngengozi yokujezisa nokujezisa.
  • [ Ubudlova obungalawuleki:[ ukuziphatha kokuxhaphaza kuvame ukubangela ukumangalela kobugebengu (assult, bhetri) nohlelo lokuvikela kwezakhamuzi (ukunqanda) okuqalwa yisisulu.
  • Iprojectt Libility:[ Umkhiqizo okhubazekayo obangela ukulimala ungaphumela ezijezisweni zobugebengu uma inkampani iphula imithetho yokuphepha ngamabomu, kuyilapho abathengi belimaza imikhiqizo yomphakathi izaba zokubopha.

Umphumela ophawulekayo wemvume umqondo wokululama komphakathi ngemva kokulahlwa. Ngisho noma ummangalelwa etholakala engenacala (ngenxa yomthwalo ophezulu wobufakazi), ummangalelwa ofanayo angabekwa icala enkantolo yomphakathi. Isibonelo esivelele singu-O.J. uSimpson unecala enkantolo lobugebengu ngokubulala futhi agcine enecala lomphakathi ngokufa okungalungile. Lokhu akuyona ingozi ephindwe kabili ngenxa yokuthi lezi zigigaba zithathwa njengezihlukene futhi zifeza izinjongo ezihlukene.

Ukucatshangelwa Okufanele Kochwepheshe Bezomthetho

Ama-athorney amelela amakhasimende abekwe ezimweni eziphambanayo kumelwe asungule amasu ahlangene. Ummeli wesigebengu angaluleka ngokumelene nokufaka ubufakazi ekuqulweni kwecala ukuze agweme ukuziphindiselela, kodwa ukuthila kungasetshenziswa kukhasimende ekufakeni imvume yomphakathi. Ngokuphambene, ummeli wesizwe ozimeleyo ophethe ungabambisana nabashushisi ukuze asebenzise uphenyo lobugebengu ukuze avulule ubufakazi, njengoba ukuvubukulwa kobugebengu kuvame ukuba kwande. Ukuqonda incazelo yezehlakalo zezelele [[FLT:] Fifth ye-PTY], i-evalselp (is preclusion), nokudlala kwemithetho yokulinganisela kudingekile.

Indima Yamaphupho Nezindinganiso Zobufakazi

Umthwalo wokwehluka kobufakazi ungaphezu komthetho ongekhona okucatshangwayo; ubumba indlela amacala aqulwa ngayo nangaleyo enkantolo ngamabomu. Ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu, umahluleli uyayala abahluleli ukuba baqiniseke ngecala eliqinisekile ngokuziphatha (-*) noma ikuphi ukungabaza okunengqondo okumelwe kuholele ekukhululweni. Ezicabeni zomphakathi, abakhohlisi batshelwa ukuba banqume ngokusekelwe kuyiphi indlela yezenzakalo ethembeke kakhulu, ngisho noma bengaqiniseki ngokugcwele. Lendinganiso ephansi ibonisa ukungathi isiphetho sikhulu: ukulahlekelwa kwempahla.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amacala omphakathi ngokuvamile asebenzisa ukuqulwa kwecala lebhentshi (ukwahlulela) lapho kufunwa ukukhululeka okunganqamukiyo noma lapho kufunwa ukulingana. Ukuqulwa kwecala, ikakhulukazi kumafensi, cishe njalo kuhilela ijaji ngaphandle kokuba abamangalelwa benqabe ilungelo. Ukuba khona kwejaji kunezela uhlakalo lomphakathi, olusebenza njengenhlawulo emacaleni obugebengu emibuso kahulumeni.

Izinkinga Zangesikhathi Esidlule Nemingcele Eshintshashintshayo

Umngcele phakathi komthetho wezenhlalakahle nowezelele uyaqhubeka uguqukela. Ukuthambekela okukodwa kuwukwenziwa kwemithetho enqabelayo , lapho ukuziphatha okwake kwasingathwa khona ngesijeziso sangaphakathi (umz., ukuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile, ukungaphathi kahle ngokwezimali) manje kunezijeziso zobugebengu. Lokhu kuveza ukufunwa komphakathi ngecala elikhulu kodwa futhi kukhulisa ukukhathazeka ngokudlulele kokubekwa komthetho ngecala nesijeziso esingapheli. Enye impikiswano iwukusetshenziswa kwempahla yomphakathi elahlwayo, lapho umthetho uthatha khona impahla esolwayo ingeniswa nobugebengu ngaphandle kokukhohliswa ngobugebengu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhushulwa kwezinhlelo zobulungisa kuhlanganisa izilinganiso ezixubile zombili izinhlelo. Izinqubo zobulungisa ezibuyiselwe zihlanganisa ukukhipha izisulu nokuhlukanisa komphakathi, ngokuvamile njengokunye ukujeziswa okungokwesiko. Nakuba kusekelwe ekuxazululeni kwempikiswano yombango, izinhlelo ezinjalo zihlanganiswa kakhulu ezinkantolo zobugebengu, ikakhulukazi emacaleni ezingane noma aphansi.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zabafundi Abangokomthetho

Kubameli, ukukwazi ukulinganisela phakathi komthetho wesizwe nowesigebengu akuyona nje imfundo. Ummeli olimalayo kumelwe aqonde lapho ukulimala kwekhasimende nakho kuhlanganisa ubugebengu, nendlela ukugwetshwa kwecala (noma ukulahlwa) okungathinta ngayo ukusho kwezembulo ezihlobene nemithetho yomphakathi. Ummeli wesigebengu kumelwe axwayise amakhasimente ngecala elifanayo nelezephulamthetho. Iseluleko se-Corpopateclease kumelwe sithathe iziphetho zokuhlola okungagunyaza kokubili izenzo zomthetho kanye nezigwebo zobugebengu zezikhulu.

Abafundi bomthetho nochwepheshe bezomthetho abasungulile kufanele bahlole imithetho ecacile nesobala yazo zombili izimiso. Izifundo ezifaka ubufakazi, ukuqulwa kwecala, nomthetho womthetho ngokuvamile ziqokomisa umehluko. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kusiza futhi ekukhetheni indlela yomsebenzi: abanye abameli bakhetha idrama ewumthetho owenziwe ngemithetho yobugebengu; abanye bathambekele ekwakheni izigebengu nenkambiso yezebhizinisi.

Isiphetho

Ukulinganisela komthetho wesizwe nowezobugebengu kuyisici esinamandla nesibalulekile sanoma isiphi isimiso somthetho esivuthiwe. Nakuba umthetho wesizwe ugxila ekuxazululeni izingxabano zangasese nasekuxazululeni izisulu, umthetho wobugebengu usiza ekujeziseni ukungafaneleki komphakathi futhi uvikele umphakathi. Ukungavumelani kwabo nomthwalo wobufakazi, isimo seqembu, izinhloso, nemiphumela ibonisa izindinganiso ezihlukile zesimiso ngasinye esisekelayo. Nokho, lapho isenzo esifanayo singaveza khona kokubili ukubekwa icala komphakathi kanye nokubekwa kwecala kobugebengu. Izeluleko ezingokomthetho. Izazi zomthetho ezibamba kokubili izakhiwo zihlonyiswe kangcono ukusekela ngokunenzuzo, ukubeka inzuzo ebanzi yobulungisa. Noma ungumfundi, umsizi, noma uphathisiwe isakhathi, ukwazisa lokhu kuqondana kwakho ukuhleleka komthetho, ukulimaza, nokulimaza, nokulungisa.